Ethereum Improvement Proposals - InterfaceEthereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs & ERCs) describe standards for the Ethereum platform, such as core protocol changes and application-level standards.Zola2026-02-11T14:49:28+00:00https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/category/interface/atom.xmlRPC Method for Transaction Gas Limit Cap2026-01-11T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Paul Razvan Berghttps://github.com/PaulRBerghttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/8123/Add an RPC method to query the EIP-7825 transaction gas limit cap<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This EIP specifies a new Ethereum JSON-RPC method, <code>eth_txGasLimitCap</code>, which returns the maximum transaction gas limit
(<code>tx.gas</code>) that the node will accept under the current fork rules (and any stricter local policy). This enables wallets,
SDKs, bundlers, and tooling to discover the effective per-transaction gas limit cap without simulation or out-of-band
knowledge.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/7825/">EIP-7825</a> introduces a protocol-level per-transaction gas limit cap (e.g. <code>2^24 = 16,777,216</code> on Ethereum) to bound
worst-case single-transaction work. However, it does not specify any way to query this cap.</p>
<p>As a consequence, users and tools must:</p>
<ul>
<li>infer it from failed transaction submissions,</li>
<li>hardcode network assumptions,</li>
<li>read client source code,</li>
<li>or rely on Internet documentation.</li>
</ul>
<p>This is brittle because:</p>
<ul>
<li>the cap may change in future upgrades,</li>
<li>different chains intentionally set different cap values (e.g. Arbitrum and Polygon both use <code>32,000,000</code>),</li>
<li>and there already are some proposals to make the transaction gas limit cap dynamic, rather than hardcoded, based on new
fee calculation rules</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words “MUST", “MUST NOT", “SHOULD", and “MAY" are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.</p>
<h3 id="new-method-eth-txgaslimitcap">New method: <code>eth_txGasLimitCap</code></h3>
<h4 id="request">Request</h4>
<ul>
<li><strong>Method</strong>: <code>eth_txGasLimitCap</code></li>
<li><strong>Params</strong>: <code>[]</code> (no parameters)</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="response">Response</h4>
<ul>
<li><strong>Result</strong>: <code>QUANTITY</code> or <code>null</code>
<ul>
<li>If the node enforces a finite transaction gas limit cap, it <strong>MUST</strong> return that cap as a <code>QUANTITY</code>.</li>
<li>If the node does not enforce a finite cap, it <strong>MUST</strong> return <code>null</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Returning <code>null</code> indicates that no finite per-transaction gas limit is enforced by the node.</p>
<h4 id="semantics">Semantics</h4>
<p>Let:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>protocolCap</code> be the maximum <code>tx.gas</code> permitted by the active protocol rules at the node's current head (e.g. from
EIP-7825 when enabled).</li>
<li><code>policyCap</code> be any stricter local cap applied by the node to transaction acceptance (e.g. txpool admission), if
configured; otherwise, unbounded.</li>
</ul>
<p>Then the node <strong>MUST</strong> return:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>min(protocolCap, policyCap)</code> if finite, else <code>null</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>A node <strong>MUST NOT</strong> return a value higher than the protocol cap when the protocol cap is finite.</p>
<h4 id="example">Example</h4>
<p>Ethereum (EIP-7825 cap = <code>2^24</code>):</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eth_txGasLimitCap</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span>]</span><span> }</span></span></code></pre><pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1000000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span> }</span></span></code></pre>
<p>A chain with a <code>32,000,000</code> cap:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1e84800</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span> }</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>A dedicated method is needed because there is currently no way to query the maximum allowed <code>tx.gas</code> without simulation
or out-of-band knowledge.</p>
<p>Returning the <em>effective</em> cap (<code>min(protocolCap, policyCap)</code>) matches what users need when constructing transactions to
submit.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>This EIP adds a new JSON-RPC method and does not modify existing methods. Existing clients and applications remain
compatible.</p>
<h2 id="reference-implementation">Reference Implementation</h2>
<p>Pseudo code:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>if protocol has finite tx gas cap at head:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> protocolCap = that value</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>else:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> protocolCap = +infinity</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>if protocol has policy cap:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> policyCap = that value</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>else:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> policyCap = +infinity</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>cap = min(protocolCap, policyCap)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>if cap is finite:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> return cap</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>else:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> return null</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>This EIP only exposes information that is already public or otherwise observable by probing. It does not expose secrets
or user data.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via CC0.</p>
Transaction Inclusion Subscription2025-10-31T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Łukasz Rozmejhttps://github.com/LukaszRozmejhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/8072/Submit transactions and subscribe to transaction inclusion events using eth_subscribe<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This EIP extends the existing <code>eth_subscribe</code> JSON-RPC method with a new subscription type <code>transactionInclusion</code> that enables clients to receive real-time notifications when transactions are included in blocks. This subscription-based approach provides efficient transaction confirmation monitoring without blocking connections, supporting both combined transaction submission and monitoring in a single call, as well as monitoring of already-submitted transactions.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Current transaction submission workflows require separate calls to <code>eth_sendRawTransaction</code> followed by repeated polling of <code>eth_getTransactionReceipt</code>, creating unnecessary latency and network overhead. While <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/7966/">EIP-7966</a> proposes <code>eth_sendRawTransactionSync</code> to address this through a synchronous blocking approach, blocking HTTP connections presents significant drawbacks:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Connection hogging</strong>: Each transaction blocks one HTTP connection until confirmation or timeout</li>
<li><strong>Limited scalability</strong>: Cannot efficiently monitor multiple transactions over a single connection</li>
<li><strong>Timeout complexity</strong>: Requires careful tuning of timeout parameters for different blockchain slot times</li>
<li><strong>Resource inefficiency</strong>: Repeated polling consumes bandwidth and server resources</li>
</ul>
<p>The subscription-based approach leverages the battle-tested <code>eth_subscribe</code> mechanism already implemented across all major Ethereum clients, providing superior resource efficiency and scalability while maintaining feature parity with synchronous approaches.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in <a rel="external" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119">RFC 2119</a> and <a rel="external" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174">RFC 8174</a>.</p>
<h3 id="new-subscription-type">New Subscription Type</h3>
<p>A new subscription type <code>transactionInclusion</code> is added to the <code>eth_subscribe</code> method.</p>
<h3 id="subscription-request">Subscription Request</h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eth_subscribe</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">transactionInclusion</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">transaction</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">includeReorgs</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> false</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Or for monitoring an already-submitted transaction:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eth_subscribe</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">transactionInclusion</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">hash</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">includeReorgs</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> false</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="parameters">Parameters</h3>
<p>The subscription parameters object accepts the following fields:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>transaction</code> (DATA, optional): Signed transaction data to submit and monitor. When provided, the node MUST immediately submit this transaction to the network.</li>
<li><code>hash</code> (DATA, 32 bytes, optional): Transaction hash to monitor for already-submitted transactions.</li>
<li><code>includeReorgs</code> (boolean, optional, default: <code>false</code>): Controls reorg monitoring behavior.
<ul>
<li>If <code>false</code>: Subscription auto-unsubscribes immediately after first inclusion notification. Reorgs are not monitored.</li>
<li>If <code>true</code>: Subscription actively monitors for reorgs and sends notifications for reorgs, re-inclusions, and finalization.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Exactly one</strong> of <code>transaction</code> or <code>hash</code> MUST be provided. If both or neither are provided, the node MUST return a JSON-RPC error with code <code>-32602</code> (Invalid params).</p>
<h3 id="subscription-response">Subscription Response</h3>
<p>Upon successful subscription, the node MUST return a subscription ID:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1234567890abcdef</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="notification-format">Notification Format</h3>
<p>When the transaction status changes, the node MUST send a notification:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eth_subscription</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">subscription</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1234567890abcdef</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">status</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">included</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">blockHash</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">blockNumber</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">transactionIndex</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">receipt</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">transactionHash</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">transactionIndex</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">blockHash</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">blockNumber</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">from</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">to</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">cumulativeGasUsed</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">gasUsed</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">contractAddress</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> null</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">logs</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span>]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">logsBloom</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">status</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The <code>status</code> field MAY be one of:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>"included"</code>: Transaction has been included in a block</li>
<li><code>"finalized"</code>: Transaction's block has reached finality (only sent when <code>includeReorgs</code> is <code>true</code>)</li>
<li><code>"reorged"</code>: Transaction was removed from the canonical chain (only sent if <code>includeReorgs</code> is <code>true</code>)</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>receipt</code> field MUST contain the complete transaction receipt object as defined by <code>eth_getTransactionReceipt</code>.</p>
<h3 id="behavior">Behavior</h3>
<p>The node MUST implement the following behavior:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>When <code>transaction</code> is provided</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>The node MUST immediately submit the transaction to the network using the same semantics as <code>eth_sendRawTransaction</code></li>
<li>The node MUST derive the transaction hash and begin monitoring for inclusion</li>
<li>If submission fails, the node MUST return a JSON-RPC error and MUST NOT create the subscription</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Transaction Already Included</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>If the monitored transaction is already included in a block at subscription time:
<ul>
<li>If <code>includeReorgs</code> is <code>false</code>: The node MUST immediately send an inclusion notification and automatically unsubscribe</li>
<li>If <code>includeReorgs</code> is <code>true</code>: The node MUST immediately send an inclusion notification and continue monitoring until finalization</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Pending Transaction</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>The node MUST monitor the transaction pool and canonical chain</li>
<li>When the transaction is included in a block, the node MUST send an inclusion notification</li>
<li>If <code>includeReorgs</code> is <code>false</code>, the node MUST then automatically unsubscribe</li>
<li>If <code>includeReorgs</code> is <code>true</code>, the node MUST continue monitoring</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Reorg Monitoring</strong> (when <code>includeReorgs</code> is <code>true</code>):</p>
<ul>
<li>The node MUST continue monitoring the transaction after initial inclusion</li>
<li>If the transaction is removed from the canonical chain due to a reorg, the node MUST send a notification with <code>"status": "reorged"</code></li>
<li>If the transaction is re-included in a different block, the node MUST send a new inclusion notification with <code>"status": "included"</code></li>
<li>When the block containing the transaction reaches finality, the node MUST send a finalization notification with <code>"status": "finalized"</code></li>
<li>The node MUST automatically unsubscribe after sending the finalization notification</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Auto-unsubscribe</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>If <code>includeReorgs</code> is <code>false</code>, the node MUST automatically unsubscribe after sending the first inclusion notification</li>
<li>The node SHOULD send an <code>eth_subscription</code> unsubscribe confirmation</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Transaction Not Found</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>If monitoring a transaction by <code>hash</code> that doesn't exist in the mempool or chain, the subscription remains active</li>
<li>The node SHOULD monitor for the transaction appearing in the future</li>
<li>Clients MAY manually unsubscribe if desired</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<h3 id="why-subscription-over-synchronous">Why Subscription Over Synchronous?</h3>
<p>Subscriptions provide several advantages over the synchronous approach proposed in EIP-7966:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Non-blocking</strong>: Clients can perform other operations while waiting for confirmation</li>
<li><strong>Multiplexing</strong>: Multiple transactions can be monitored over a single WebSocket connection</li>
<li><strong>No timeout complexity</strong>: Subscriptions naturally handle varying confirmation times without timeout parameters</li>
<li><strong>Proven infrastructure</strong>: Leverages existing <code>eth_subscribe</code> implementation present in all major clients</li>
</ul>
<p>The addition of the <code>transaction</code> parameter provides complete feature parity with <code>eth_sendRawTransactionSync</code> by enabling submission and monitoring in a single call.</p>
<h3 id="why-extend-eth-subscribe">Why Extend <code>eth_subscribe</code>?</h3>
<p>The <code>eth_subscribe</code> mechanism is battle-tested and already implemented across all major Ethereum clients. Extending it with a new subscription type requires minimal implementation effort compared to introducing entirely new RPC methods.</p>
<h3 id="why-support-both-transaction-and-hash">Why Support Both <code>transaction</code> and <code>hash</code>?</h3>
<p>Supporting both parameters provides maximum flexibility:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>transaction</code>: Optimal for new transactions, matching the convenience of synchronous methods</li>
<li><code>hash</code>: Enables monitoring of transactions submitted through other means or by other parties</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="why-support-reorg-monitoring">Why Support Reorg Monitoring?</h3>
<p>Applications requiring high confidence in transaction finality benefit from reorg notifications. This is particularly important on chains with faster block times where reorgs may be more common. The optional nature of this feature allows applications to choose the appropriate trade-off between functionality and resource usage.</p>
<h3 id="resource-efficiency">Resource Efficiency</h3>
<p>A single WebSocket connection can support unlimited concurrent transaction subscriptions, whereas synchronous approaches require one blocking HTTP connection per transaction. This represents a significant improvement in resource utilization for applications monitoring multiple transactions.</p>
<h3 id="why-always-auto-unsubscribe">Why Always Auto-unsubscribe?</h3>
<p>Both modes auto-unsubscribe to prevent unbounded subscription accumulation and provide clear lifecycle management:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong><code>includeReorgs: false</code></strong>: Unsubscribes immediately after first inclusion for fast feedback with minimal resource usage. Users accepting this mode understand the transaction may still be reorged and can manually monitor if needed.</li>
<li><strong><code>includeReorgs: true</code></strong>: Unsubscribes after finalization when reorgs are no longer possible, providing complete transaction lifecycle monitoring.</li>
</ul>
<p>The key difference is the level of guarantee:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>includeReorgs: false</code>: Fast notification, transaction is included (may still reorg)</li>
<li><code>includeReorgs: true</code>: Complete lifecycle tracking until finality (cannot reorg)</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>This EIP is fully backwards compatible. It extends the existing <code>eth_subscribe</code> method with a new subscription type. Clients that have not implemented this feature will return a standard JSON-RPC error indicating the subscription type is not supported. Existing applications continue to function unchanged.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<h3 id="test-case-1-submit-and-monitor">Test Case 1: Submit and Monitor</h3>
<p><strong>Request:</strong></p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eth_subscribe</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">transactionInclusion</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">transaction</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xf86c098504a817c800825208943535353535353535353535353535353535353535880de0b6b3a76400008025a028ef61340bd939bc2195fe537567866003e1a15d3c71ff63e1590620aa636276a067cbe9d8997f761aecb703304b3800ccf555c9f3dc64214b297fb1966a3b6d83</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p><strong>Expected Behavior:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Node submits transaction to network</li>
<li>Node returns subscription ID</li>
<li>When transaction is included, node sends notification with <code>"status": "included"</code> and receipt</li>
<li>Subscription automatically closes immediately</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="test-case-2-monitor-existing-transaction">Test Case 2: Monitor Existing Transaction</h3>
<p><strong>Request:</strong></p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eth_subscribe</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">transactionInclusion</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">hash</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">includeReorgs</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> false</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p><strong>Expected Behavior:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>If transaction already included, immediately send notification with <code>"status": "included"</code></li>
<li>If transaction pending, wait and send notification upon inclusion</li>
<li>Subscription automatically closes immediately after notification</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="test-case-3-reorg-monitoring">Test Case 3: Reorg Monitoring</h3>
<p><strong>Request:</strong></p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eth_subscribe</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">transactionInclusion</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">hash</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">includeReorgs</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p><strong>Expected Behavior:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Send inclusion notification when transaction is included (with <code>"status": "included"</code>)</li>
<li>Continue monitoring for reorgs</li>
<li>If reorg occurs, send reorg notification (with <code>"status": "reorged"</code>)</li>
<li>If re-included, send new inclusion notification (with <code>"status": "included"</code>)</li>
<li>When block is finalized, send finalization notification (with <code>"status": "finalized"</code>)</li>
<li>Subscription automatically closes after finalization</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="test-case-4-invalid-parameters">Test Case 4: Invalid Parameters</h3>
<p><strong>Request:</strong></p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eth_subscribe</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">transactionInclusion</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">includeReorgs</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> false</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p><strong>Expected Response:</strong></p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">error</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">code</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> -32602</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">message</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Invalid params: exactly one of transaction or hash must be provided</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="reference-implementation">Reference Implementation</h2>
<p>A minimal reference implementation can be realized by:</p>
<ol>
<li>For <code>transaction</code> parameter: Call internal <code>eth_sendRawTransaction</code> logic and capture the transaction hash</li>
<li>Register the transaction hash in a subscription manager</li>
<li>Monitor the transaction pool and canonical chain for the transaction</li>
<li>When the transaction is included in a block, query the receipt and send notification</li>
<li>If <code>includeReorgs</code> is false, automatically unsubscribe after first inclusion</li>
<li>If <code>includeReorgs</code> is true, continue monitoring for chain reorganizations</li>
</ol>
<p>Implementation pseudo-code:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="python"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> handle_transaction_inclusion_subscription</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">params</span><span>)</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">transaction</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> in</span><span> params</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> tx_hash</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> submit_transaction</span><span>(</span><span>params</span><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">transaction</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>]</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> elif</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">hash</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> in</span><span> params</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> tx_hash</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> params</span><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">hash</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> else</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> raise</span><span> InvalidParamsError</span><span>(</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> include_reorgs</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> params</span><span>.</span><span>get</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">includeReorgs</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> False</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> subscription_id</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> generate_subscription_id</span><span>(</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> register_subscription</span><span>(</span><span>subscription_id</span><span>,</span><span> tx_hash</span><span>,</span><span> include_reorgs</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> subscription_id</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> on_block_added</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">block</span><span>)</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> for</span><span> tx</span><span class="z-keyword"> in</span><span> block</span><span>.</span><span>transactions</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> subscriptions</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> get_subscriptions_for_tx</span><span>(</span><span>tx</span><span>.</span><span>hash</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> for</span><span> sub</span><span class="z-keyword"> in</span><span> subscriptions</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> receipt</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> get_transaction_receipt</span><span>(</span><span>tx</span><span>.</span><span>hash</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> send_notification</span><span>(</span><span>sub</span><span>.</span><span>id</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">included</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span> receipt</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span class="z-keyword"> not</span><span> sub</span><span>.</span><span>include_reorgs</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> unsubscribe</span><span>(</span><span>sub</span><span>.</span><span>id</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> on_chain_reorg</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">old_blocks</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> new_blocks</span><span>)</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> removed_txs</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> get_transactions_from_blocks</span><span>(</span><span>old_blocks</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> for</span><span> tx_hash</span><span class="z-keyword"> in</span><span> removed_txs</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> subscriptions</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> get_subscriptions_for_tx</span><span>(</span><span>tx_hash</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> for</span><span> sub</span><span class="z-keyword"> in</span><span> subscriptions</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span> sub</span><span>.</span><span>include_reorgs</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> send_notification</span><span>(</span><span>sub</span><span>.</span><span>id</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">reorged</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> None</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> on_block_finalized</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">block</span><span>)</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> for</span><span> tx</span><span class="z-keyword"> in</span><span> block</span><span>.</span><span>transactions</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> subscriptions</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> get_subscriptions_for_tx</span><span>(</span><span>tx</span><span>.</span><span>hash</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> for</span><span> sub</span><span class="z-keyword"> in</span><span> subscriptions</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> receipt</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> get_transaction_receipt</span><span>(</span><span>tx</span><span>.</span><span>hash</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> send_notification</span><span>(</span><span>sub</span><span>.</span><span>id</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">finalized</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span> receipt</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> unsubscribe</span><span>(</span><span>sub</span><span>.</span><span>id</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<h3 id="transaction-submission-validation">Transaction Submission Validation</h3>
<p>When <code>transaction</code> is provided, nodes MUST perform the same validation as <code>eth_sendRawTransaction</code> before creating the subscription. Invalid transactions MUST result in an error response without creating a subscription.</p>
<h3 id="privacy-considerations">Privacy Considerations</h3>
<p>Monitoring transactions by hash does not introduce new privacy concerns beyond existing <code>eth_getTransactionReceipt</code> polling. However, applications should be aware that subscribing to transaction hashes reveals interest in those transactions to the node operator.</p>
<h3 id="reorg-attack-considerations">Reorg Attack Considerations</h3>
<p>Applications using <code>includeReorgs: true</code> should implement appropriate logic to handle reorg notifications, particularly on chains where reorgs may be used maliciously. The notification mechanism provides transparency but does not prevent reorg-based attacks.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
eth_sendRawTransactionSync Method2025-06-11T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Sam Battenallyhttps://github.com/SmoothBotHai Nguyenhttps://github.com/hai-riseThanh Nguyenhttps://github.com/LampardNguyen234Loc Nguyenhttps://github.com/silver-risehttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/7966/A JSON-RPC method to reduce transaction submission latency by allowing synchronous receipt of transaction hash and block inclusion.<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This EIP proposes a new JSON-RPC method, <code>eth_sendRawTransactionSync</code>, which submits a signed raw transaction and waits synchronously for the transaction receipt or a configurable timeout before returning. This method addresses the user experience gap in high-frequency applications by offering stronger delivery guarantees than <code>eth_sendRawTransaction</code>. Additionally, when a transaction cannot be immediately executed due to a nonce gap, it returns the expected nonce as a hex string in the error response, eliminating the need for additional RPC calls to query account state.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Currently, Ethereum clients submit signed transactions asynchronously using <code>eth_sendRawTransaction</code>. Clients receive a transaction hash immediately but must poll repeatedly for the transaction receipt, which increases latency and complicates client-side logic.</p>
<p>This asynchronous approach is not efficient for high-frequency blockchains or Layer 2 solutions with fast block times and low latency, where rapid transaction throughput and quick confirmation feedback are critical. The need to separately poll for receipts results in increased network overhead, slower overall transaction confirmation feedback, and more complex client implementations.</p>
<p>Additionally, when transactions cannot be immediately executed (e.g., due to nonce gaps or insufficient funds), existing methods provide generic error messages that don't help developers understand or fix the issue. Developers must make additional RPC calls to query account state, creating unnecessary round-trips and delays.</p>
<p><img src="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/7966/./assets/sync-vs-async.png" alt="Sync vs Async Transaction Sending" />
<em>In a low-latency blockchain, transaction receipts are often available right after the transactions land in the block producer’s mempool. Requiring an additional RPC call introduces unnecessary latency.</em></p>
<p><code>eth_sendRawTransactionSync</code> addresses these issues by combining transaction submission and receipt retrieval into a single RPC call. This helps:</p>
<ul>
<li>reduce total transaction submission and confirmation latency by approximately 50%;</li>
<li>simplify client implementations by eliminating the need for separate polling loops;</li>
<li>improve user experience by enabling more responsive dApps and wallets;</li>
<li>align blockchain interactions closer to traditional Web2 request-response patterns;</li>
<li>maintain backward compatibility and optionality, preserving existing RPC methods and semantics.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<h3 id="method-name">Method Name</h3>
<p><code>eth_sendRawTransactionSync</code></p>
<h3 id="parameters">Parameters</h3>
<table><thead><tr><th>Position</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th><th>Required</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td><code>DATA</code></td><td>The signed transaction data</td><td>Yes</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td><code>INT</code></td><td>Maximum wait time in milliseconds</td><td>No</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 id="parameter-validation-rules">Parameter Validation Rules</h4>
<ul>
<li><strong>Transaction Data</strong>. MUST be a valid hex-encoded, RLP-encoded signed transaction (same as in <code>eth_sendRawTransaction</code>).</li>
<li><strong>Timeout</strong>. MUST be a positive integer not greater than the node-configured maximum timeout.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="returns">Returns</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>On success</strong>. Node implementations MUST return the transaction receipt object as defined by the <code>eth_getTransactionReceipt</code> method.</li>
<li><strong>On timeout error</strong>. Node implementations MUST return an error code <code>4</code> with a timeout message.</li>
<li><strong>On unreadiness error</strong>. Node implementations SHOULD return an error code <code>5</code> with an error message.
<ul>
<li>This happens when the processing node is not ready to accept a new transaction or the transaction is erroneous (DX improvement).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On standard error</strong>. Node implementations MUST return a JSON-RPC error object consistent with existing RPC error formats.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="error-codes-and-response-structure">Error Codes and Response Structure</h3>
<p>The following error codes are specific to <code>eth_sendRawTransactionSync</code>:</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Code</th><th>Error Type</th><th>Description</th><th>Data Format</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>4</td><td>Timeout</td><td>Transaction was added to mempool but not processed within timeout</td><td>Transaction hash (hex)</td></tr>
<tr><td>5</td><td>Unknown/Queued</td><td>Transaction is NOT added to mempool (not ready for execution)</td><td>Transaction hash (hex)</td></tr>
<tr><td>6</td><td>Nonce Gap</td><td>Transaction is NOT added to mempool (nonce gap detected)</td><td>Expected nonce (hex)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>When an error occurs, the response includes:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>code</code>: The error code indicating the error type</li>
<li><code>message</code>: A human-readable error message</li>
<li><code>data</code>: Error-specific data:
<ul>
<li>For error code <code>4</code> (Timeout): Contains the transaction hash as a hex string (e.g., <code>"0x1234abcd..."</code>)</li>
<li>For error code <code>5</code> (Unknown/Queued): Contains the transaction hash as a hex string (e.g., <code>"0x1234abcd..."</code>)</li>
<li>For error code <code>6</code> (Nonce Gap): Contains the expected nonce as a hex string (e.g., <code>"0x5"</code>)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="node-configured-timeouts">Node-Configured Timeouts</h3>
<ul>
<li>The handler function of this RPC SHOULD incorporate a configurable timeout when waiting for receipts (RECOMMENDED: 2 seconds).</li>
<li>Node implementations SHOULD provide a way to configure the timeout duration.</li>
<li>Node operators MAY implement dynamic timeout adjustment based on real-time network conditions.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="behavior">Behavior</h3>
<p>Upon receiving an <code>eth_sendRawTransactionSync</code> request, the handler function performs the following tasks.</p>
<ul>
<li>If timeout parameter is provided, the handler function MUST validate its validity.
<ul>
<li>If the timeout is invalid, the handler function MUST use the default node-configure timeout.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The handler function MUST check if the transaction is ready for immediate execution BEFORE adding it to the mempool:
<ul>
<li>If the transaction has a nonce gap (transaction nonce is higher than the expected nonce), the handler function MUST NOT add the transaction to the mempool and MUST return error code <code>6</code> with the expected nonce as a hex string directly in the <code>data</code> field.</li>
<li>If the transaction is queued for any other reason (not ready for immediate execution), the handler function MUST NOT add the transaction to the mempool and MUST return error code <code>5</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If the transaction is ready for immediate execution, the handler function MUST submit the signed transaction to the mempool as per the existing <code>eth_sendRawTransaction</code> semantics.</li>
<li>The handler function MUST wait for the transaction receipt until the timeout elapses.</li>
<li>If the receipt is found within the specified timeout, the handler function MUST return it immediately.</li>
<li>If the timeout expires without obtaining a receipt, the handler function MUST return an error code <code>4</code> with a timeout message and the transaction hash.</li>
<li>If the transaction submission fails (e.g., due to invalid transaction data), the handler function MUST return an error (following the <code>eth_sendRawTransaction</code> definition) immediately.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="example-request-no-timeout">Example Request (No Timeout)</h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eth_sendRawTransactionSync</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xf86c808504a817c80082520894ab... (signed tx hex)</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="example-request-with-timeout">Example Request (With Timeout)</h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eth_sendRawTransactionSync</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xf86c808504a817c80082520894ab... (signed tx hex)</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-constant"> 5000</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="example-response-success">Example Response (Success)</h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">transactionHash</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1234abcd...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">blockHash</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xabcd1234...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">blockNumber</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x10d4f</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">cumulativeGasUsed</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x5208</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">gasUsed</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x5208</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">contractAddress</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> null</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">logs</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span>]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">status</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="example-response-timeout-error-code-4">Example Response (Timeout - Error Code 4)</h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">error</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">code</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 4</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">message</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">The transaction was added to the mempool but wasn't processed within the designated timeout interval.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">data</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1234abcd...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Note: The <code>data</code> field contains the transaction hash as a hex string.</p>
<h3 id="example-response-nonce-gap-error-code-6">Example Response (Nonce Gap - Error Code 6)</h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">error</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">code</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 6</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">message</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">The transaction was rejected due to a nonce gap. Please resubmit with the next on-chain nonce.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">data</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Note: The <code>data</code> field contains the expected nonce as a hex string. No transaction hash is returned because the transaction was never added to the mempool.</p>
<h3 id="example-response-rejected-transaction-error-code-5">Example Response (Rejected Transaction - Error Code 5)</h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">error</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">code</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 5</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">message</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">The transaction was rejected for an unknown reason.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">data</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1234abcd...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="example-response-standard-error">Example Response (Standard Error)</h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">error</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">code</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> -32000</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">message</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Invalid transaction</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<h3 id="why-not-extend-existing-rpc">Why Not Extend Existing RPC?</h3>
<p>Modifying <code>eth_sendRawTransaction</code> to support this behavior would risk compatibility issues and ambiguity. A separate method makes the semantics explicit and opt-in.</p>
<h3 id="node-configured-timeouts-1">Node-Configured Timeouts</h3>
<p>Node implementations SHOULD allow configuration of the timeout period, defaulting to 2 seconds (depending on the implementation). This balances responsiveness and propagation guarantees without creating excessive overhead in node clients.</p>
<h3 id="user-configured-timeouts">User-Configured Timeouts</h3>
<p>The optional timeout parameter allows clients to specify their preferred maximum wait time for transaction processing.</p>
<ul>
<li>Applications can adjust timeouts based on their specific latency requirements.</li>
<li>The optional timeout prevents the RPC call from blocking indefinitely.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="optionality">Optionality</h3>
<p>This method is optional and does not replace or change existing asynchronous transaction submission methods. Nodes that do not implement this method will continue to operate normally using the standard asynchronous RPC methods.</p>
<p>This RPC method is particularly suitable for EVM-compatible blockchains or L2 solutions with fast block times and low network latency, where synchronous receipt retrieval can significantly improve responsiveness. On high-latency or slower blockchains (e.g., Ethereum mainnet pre-sharding), the synchronous wait may cause longer RPC call durations or timeouts, making the method less practical.</p>
<h3 id="improved-ux">Improved UX</h3>
<p>The synchronous receipt retrieval reduces the complexity of client applications by eliminating the need for separate polling logic.</p>
<h3 id="returned-nonces-in-error-code-6">Returned Nonces in Error Code <code>6</code></h3>
<p>When a transaction is rejected due to a nonce gap, error code <code>6</code> returns the expected nonce as a hex string in the <code>data</code> field. This design provides several benefits:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Immediate Nonce Recovery</strong>: Applications receive the correct nonce directly in the error response, eliminating the need for a separate <code>eth_getTransactionCount</code> call.</li>
<li><strong>Reduced Latency</strong>: By avoiding additional RPC round-trips to query account state, applications can immediately construct and resubmit the transaction with the correct nonce.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>This EIP introduces a new RPC method and does not modify or deprecate any existing methods. Nodes that do not implement this method will continue operating normally. Existing applications using <code>eth_sendRawTransaction</code> are unaffected. Node implementations that do not support the method will simply return <code>method not found</code>.</p>
<h2 id="reference-implementation">Reference Implementation</h2>
<p>A minimal reference implementation can be realized by wrapping existing <code>eth_sendRawTransaction</code> submission with logic that waits for the corresponding transaction receipt until a timeout elapses. Implementations MAY either rely on event-driven receipt-availability notifications or poll <code>eth_getTransactionReceipt</code> at short intervals until a receipt is found or a timeout occurs. Polling intervals or notification strategies and timeout values can be tuned by node implementations to optimize performance.</p>
<p>For example, in <code>reth</code>, we can implement the handler for <code>eth_sendRawTransactionSync</code> as follows.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="rust"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">async</span><span class="z-keyword"> fn</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> send_raw_transaction_sync</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> &</span><span class="z-variable z-language">self</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> tx</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Bytes</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> user_timeout_ms</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Option</span><span><</span><span class="z-entity z-name">u64</span><span>></span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"> -></span><span class="z-entity z-name"> RpcResult</span><span><</span><span class="z-entity z-name">OpTransactionReceipt</span><span>></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> const</span><span class="z-constant"> MAX_TIMEOUT_MS</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> u64</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> 2_000</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> const</span><span class="z-constant"> ERROR_CODE_TIMEOUT</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> i32</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> 4</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> const</span><span class="z-constant"> ERROR_CODE_UNKNOWN</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> i32</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> 5</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> const</span><span class="z-constant"> ERROR_CODE_NONCE_GAP</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> i32</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> 6</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> const</span><span class="z-constant"> ERROR_MSG_TIMEOUT_RECEIPT</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword"> &</span><span class="z-entity z-name">str</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">The transaction was added to the mempool but wasn't processed within the designated timeout interval.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> const</span><span class="z-constant"> ERROR_MSG_UNKNOWN</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword"> &</span><span class="z-entity z-name">str</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">The transaction was rejected for an unknown reason.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> const</span><span class="z-constant"> ERROR_MSG_NONCE_GAP</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword"> &</span><span class="z-entity z-name">str</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">The transaction was rejected due to a nonce gap. Please resubmit with the next on-chain nonce.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> let</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> start_time</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Instant</span><span class="z-keyword">::</span><span class="z-entity z-name">now</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> let</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> timeout</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Duration</span><span class="z-keyword">::</span><span class="z-entity z-name">from_millis</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> user_timeout_ms</span><span class="z-keyword">.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">map_or</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">MAX_TIMEOUT_MS</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword"> |</span><span class="z-variable z-other">ms</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> ms</span><span class="z-keyword">.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">min</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">MAX_TIMEOUT_MS</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> )</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> let</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> pool_transaction</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> OpPooledTransaction</span><span class="z-keyword">::</span><span class="z-entity z-name">from_pooled</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">recover_raw_transaction</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">tx</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> let</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> sender</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> pool_transaction</span><span class="z-keyword">.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sender</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> let</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> outcome</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> .</span><span>pool</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">add_transaction</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">TransactionOrigin</span><span class="z-keyword">::</span><span class="z-entity z-name">Local</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> pool_transaction</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> .</span><span class="z-keyword">await</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">map_err</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">OpEthApiError</span><span class="z-keyword">::</span><span class="z-variable z-other">from_eth_err</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> If transaction is queued (not ready for immediate execution), remove it and return error</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> let</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> AddedTransactionState</span><span class="z-keyword">::</span><span class="z-entity z-name">Queued</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">reason</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> outcome</span><span class="z-keyword">.</span><span>state </span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span class="z-keyword">.</span><span>pool</span><span class="z-keyword">.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">remove_transaction</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">outcome</span><span class="z-keyword">.</span><span>hash</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> match</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> reason</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> QueuedReason</span><span class="z-keyword">::</span><span class="z-entity z-name">NonceGap</span><span class="z-keyword"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> let</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> expected_nonce</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> .</span><span>pending_state</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">basic_account</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">sender</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">ok</span><span>(</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">flatten</span><span>(</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">map</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">acc</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> format!</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">{</span><span class="z-string">:x</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> acc</span><span class="z-keyword">.</span><span>nonce</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Err</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">ErrorObject</span><span class="z-keyword">::</span><span class="z-entity z-name">owned</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-constant"> ERROR_CODE_NONCE_GAP</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-constant"> ERROR_MSG_NONCE_GAP</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> expected_nonce</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> )</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> _</span><span class="z-keyword"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Err</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">ErrorObject</span><span class="z-keyword">::</span><span class="z-entity z-name">owned</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-constant"> ERROR_CODE_UNKNOWN</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-constant"> ERROR_MSG_UNKNOWN</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> Some</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">hash</span><span>)</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> )</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> let</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> hash</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> outcome</span><span class="z-keyword">.</span><span>hash</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> match</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> .</span><span>pending_state</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">get_receipt</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">hash</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> timeout</span><span class="z-keyword">.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">saturating_sub</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">start_time</span><span class="z-keyword">.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">elapsed</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> .</span><span class="z-keyword">await</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> Some</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">receipt</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"> =></span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Ok</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">receipt</span><span>)</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> None</span><span class="z-keyword"> =></span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Err</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">ErrorObject</span><span class="z-keyword">::</span><span class="z-entity z-name">owned</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-constant"> ERROR_CODE_TIMEOUT</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-constant"> ERROR_MSG_TIMEOUT_RECEIPT</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> Some</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">hash</span><span>)</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> )</span><span>)</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Other implementations such as <code>go-ethereum</code> can utilize a channel to signify receipt availability instead of polling.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<ul>
<li>This method does not introduce new security risks beyond those inherent in transaction submission.</li>
<li>The node-configured timeout prevents indefinite blocking of RPC calls, protecting nodes from hanging requests.</li>
<li>Node implementations should handle timeout responses gracefully and continue monitoring transaction status as needed.</li>
<li>Nodes must ensure that the implementation does not degrade performance or cause denial-of-service.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
eth_config JSON-RPC Method2025-03-18T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Danno Ferrinhttps://github.com/shemnonhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/7910/A JSON-RPC method that describes the configuration of the current and next fork<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This document describes an RPC method that provides node-relevant configuration data for the current, next, and last known forks.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Throughout Ethereum's history, there have been multiple instances where a client was not correctly configured for an upcoming hard fork, causing it to fall out of consensus when the fork boundary was crossed. Most incidents have been minor, such as a single client forking the chain in proof-of-work or having its blocks orphaned in proof-of-stake.</p>
<p>The most significant occurrence was during the Pectra activation on the Holešky testnet. Four out of six clients on the network had an incorrect configuration for the deposits contract. Instead of being orphaned, the incorrect chain was justified, and the side effects persist on Holešky even after reaching finality.</p>
<p>By providing an RPC method that allows clients to report key configuration variables before the next hard fork, operations teams can gain greater confidence that clients are correctly configured and prepared for upcoming forks.</p>
<h3 id="target-audience-and-use-cases">Target Audience and Use Cases</h3>
<p>This method is intended for node operators, validator teams, and network monitoring tools to verify client readiness for upcoming forks. Use cases include:</p>
<ul>
<li>Automated pre-fork validation scripts comparing <code>eth_config</code> outputs across nodes.</li>
<li>Manual checks by validator operators to ensure alignment with fork specifications.</li>
<li>Debugging by client developers to identify configuration mismatches.</li>
<li>Automated checks by Consensus Layer counterparties.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 and RFC 8174.</p>
<p>Clients MUST expose a new RPC method to report the current functional configuration and the expected next configuration via the standard JSON-RPC port.</p>
<p>Clients MAY also expose this method through the Engine API.</p>
<p>Clients MAY use these configuration objects to manage their per-fork configurations, though they SHOULD NOT simply return unprocessed configuration data.</p>
<p>When reporting the current, next and last configurations, clients MUST include every configuration parameter specified in this EIP.</p>
<p>Clients MUST return up-to-date configuration values, reflecting the most recent block header they provide. If clients cache the configuration, they MUST ensure such caches are purged when fork boundaries are crossed.</p>
<h3 id="configuration-rpc">Configuration RPC</h3>
<p>A new JSON-RPC API, <code>eth_config</code>, is introduced. It takes no parameters and returns the result object specified in the next section.</p>
<h3 id="result-object-structure">Result Object Structure</h3>
<p>The RPC response contains three members: "current", "next", and "last". These members contain the configuration object currently in effect, the next configuration, and the last known configuration, respectively. "next" and "last" will be <code>null</code> if the client is not configured to support a future fork. "next" and "last" members will contain the same configuration in the case where the next configured fork is also the last configured fork.</p>
<h3 id="members-of-the-configuration-object">Members of the Configuration Object</h3>
<p>Each configuration object MUST contain the following members, presented in alphabetical order. This RPC assumes the network is post-merge, and no accommodations are specified for proof-of-work-related issues.</p>
<p>Future forks may add, adjust, remove, or update members. The respective changes MUST be defined in either their EIPs or their respective meta-EIPs. Added members MUST be alphabetically sorted, so simply naming the new members is sufficient definition.</p>
<h4 id="activationtime"><code>activationTime</code></h4>
<p>The fork activation timestamp, represented as a JSON number in Unix epoch seconds (UTC). For the "current" configuration, this reflects the actual activation time; for "next" and "last", it is the scheduled time.</p>
<p>Activation time is required. If a fork is activated at genesis, the value <code>0</code> is used. If the fork is not scheduled to be activated or its activation time is unknown, it should not be in the RPC results.</p>
<h4 id="blobschedule"><code>blobSchedule</code></h4>
<p>The blob configuration parameters for the specific fork, as defined in the genesis file. This is a JSON object with three members—<code>baseFeeUpdateFraction</code>, <code>max</code>, and <code>target</code>—all represented as JSON numbers.</p>
<h4 id="chainid"><code>chainId</code></h4>
<p>The chain ID of the current network, presented as a string with an unsigned <code>0x</code>-prefixed hexadecimal number, with all leading zeros removed, in lower case. This specification does not support chains without a chain ID or with a chain ID of zero.</p>
<p>For purposes of canonicalization, this value must always be a string.</p>
<h4 id="forkid"><code>forkId</code></h4>
<p>The <code>FORK_HASH</code> value as specified in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6122/">EIP-6122</a> of the specific fork, presented as an unsigned <code>0x</code>-prefixed hexadecimal number, with zeros left-padded to a four-byte length, in lower case.</p>
<h4 id="precompiles"><code>precompiles</code></h4>
<p>A representation of the active precompile contracts for the fork. If a precompiled contract is replaced by an on-chain contract—or removed—then it is not included.</p>
<p>This is a JSON object where the members are the agreed-upon names for each contract, typically specified in the EIP defining that contract, and the values are the 20-byte <code>0x</code>-prefixed hexadecimal addresses of the precompiles (with zeros preserved), in lower case.</p>
<p>For Cancun, the contract names are (in order): <code>ECREC</code>, <code>SHA256</code>, <code>RIPEMD160</code>, <code>ID</code>, <code>MODEXP</code>, <code>BN254_ADD</code>, <code>BN254_MUL</code>, <code>BN254_PAIRING</code>, <code>BLAKE2F</code>, <code>KZG_POINT_EVALUATION</code>.</p>
<p>For Prague, the added contracts are (in order): <code>BLS12_G1ADD</code>, <code>BLS12_G1MSM</code>, <code>BLS12_G2ADD</code>, <code>BLS12_G2MSM</code>, <code>BLS12_PAIRING_CHECK</code>, <code>BLS12_MAP_FP_TO_G1</code>, <code>BLS12_MAP_FP2_TO_G2</code>.</p>
<p>For Osaka, the added contract is: <code>P256VERIFY</code>.</p>
<h4 id="systemcontracts"><code>systemContracts</code></h4>
<p>A JSON object representing system-level contracts relevant to the fork, as introduced in their defining EIPs. Keys are the contract names (e.g., <code>BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS</code>) from the first EIP where they appeared, sorted alphabetically. Values are 20-byte addresses in <code>0x</code>-prefixed hexadecimal form, with leading zeros preserved, in lower case. Omitted for forks before Cancun.</p>
<p>For Cancun, the only system contract is <code>BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS</code>.</p>
<p>For Prague, the system contracts are (in order) <code>BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS</code>, <code>CONSOLIDATION_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS</code>, <code>DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS</code>, <code>HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS</code>, and <code>WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS</code>.</p>
<p>Future forks MUST define the list of system contracts in their meta-EIPs.</p>
<h3 id="blob-parameter-only-bpo-forks">Blob Parameter Only (BPO) Forks</h3>
<p>BPO forks should be interpreted as new forks, taking the parent fork as base (recursively, if the parent fork is also a BPO) and updating only the appropriate values in the <code>blobSchedule</code> object to produce the new fork configuration.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<h3 id="why-enumerate-precompiles-and-in-general-why-track-a-particular-config-item">Why Enumerate Precompiles? (And in General, Why Track a Particular Config Item?)</h3>
<p>The purpose of this specification is to enable nodes to advertise, prior to a fork, that they have the correct configurations loaded and ready. Past testnet and Ethereum Mainnet forks have revealed clients with incorrect precompile sets, chain IDs, deposit contract addresses, and other configuration errors.</p>
<p>For precompiles in particular there has been discussion about removing or replacing precompiles in future forks, so a full enumeration of precompiles will reflect removal.</p>
<p>Generally, if a configurable variable or constant causes a client to diverge at a fork—whether on Ethereum Mainnet, a testnet, a devnet, or a public rollup—that variable or constant is a candidate for inclusion in the reportable configuration.</p>
<h3 id="full-configs-instead-of-deltas">Full Configs Instead of Deltas</h3>
<p>An initial design considered using a partial configuration for the "next" fork instead of a complete one. However, analysis of past events showed that some parameters causing divergence (e.g., the deposit contract) were introduced in earlier forks, with consensus failures occurring in later forks due to unrelated EIPs relying on those configurations. A partial "next" configuration hash would not have detected such errors.</p>
<p>An alternative—embedding the prior fork’s hash in the next fork—would require defining rules for extracting differences and merging configurations, as well as specifying all prior fork configuration hashes. This would also complicate retroactively adding parameters (e.g., gas schedule constants and variables). The use of config hashes was also removed in a subsequent update.</p>
<h3 id="nested-vs-flat-variables">Nested vs. Flat Variables</h3>
<p>Nested structures are easier to read, while flat structures are easier to merge. Since this specification uses full configurations for the current and next forks, merging is unnecessary, making readability the priority.</p>
<h3 id="serving-data-not-specified-in-genesis-json">Serving Data Not Specified in genesis.json</h3>
<p>Some reported values are specification-level constants, which many clients do not include in their configuration files. However, certain EIP constants (e.g., the deposit contract) have become variables in testnets, necessitating their inclusion.</p>
<h3 id="json-as-config-format">JSON as Config Format</h3>
<p>JSON was chosen for its ubiquity, machine and human readability, and the existence of a standardized canonical form via <a rel="external" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8785">RFC-8785</a>. YAML lacks a standard canonical form. No Ethereum software uses XML for configuration, and adopting it would increase every client's library size. An invented format would be possible but would require definition and standardization within this specification.</p>
<h3 id="why-no-configuration-hash">Why no configuration hash</h3>
<p>Initial drafts included a hash of the configuration data for quick comparison. There was disagreement about the data format used to generate the hash (plain JSON, RLP, SSZ). Because tooling can effectively diff JSON objects by alphabetizing object keys, the hash is superfluous.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>This EIP does not alter previous behavior. Configurations prior to Cancun are non-standard, and clients sharing pre-Cancun configurations will produce non-standard results.</p>
<p>Clients supporting pre-Cancun forks MAY return partial or non-standard configurations but SHOULD strive to follow the spirit of the members specified for Cancun configurations. Full compliance is REQUIRED only for Cancun and later forks.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<h3 id="sample-configs">Sample Configs</h3>
<p>Hoodi Prague Config</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">activationTime</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1742999832</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">blobSchedule</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">baseFeeUpdateFraction</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 5007716</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">max</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 9</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">target</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 6</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">chainId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x88bb0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">forkId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0929e24e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">precompiles</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLAKE2F</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000009</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_G1ADD</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_G1MSM</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000c</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_G2ADD</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000d</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_G2MSM</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_MAP_FP2_TO_G2</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000011</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_MAP_FP_TO_G1</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000010</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_PAIRING_CHECK</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000f</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_ADD</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000006</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_MUL</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000007</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_PAIRING</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000008</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">ECREC</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">ID</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000004</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">KZG_POINT_EVALUATION</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">MODEXP</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000005</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">RIPEMD160</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000003</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">SHA256</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">systemContracts</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000f3df6d732807ef1319fb7b8bb8522d0beac02</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">CONSOLIDATION_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000bbddc7ce488642fb579f8b00f3a590007251</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x00000000219ab540356cbb839cbe05303d7705fa</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000f90827f1c53a10cb7a02335b175320002935</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x00000961ef480eb55e80d19ad83579a64c007002</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Hoodi Cancun Config</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">activationTime</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">blobSchedule</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">baseFeeUpdateFraction</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 3338477</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">max</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 6</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">target</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 3</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">chainId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x88bb0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">forkId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xbef71d30</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">precompiles</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLAKE2F</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000009</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_ADD</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000006</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_MUL</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000007</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_PAIRING</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000008</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">ECREC</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">ID</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000004</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">KZG_POINT_EVALUATION</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">MODEXP</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000005</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">RIPEMD160</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000003</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">SHA256</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">systemContracts</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000f3df6d732807ef1319fb7b8bb8522d0beac02</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h4 id="sample-json-rpc">Sample JSON-RPC</h4>
<h5 id="with-future-fork-scheduled">With Future Fork Scheduled</h5>
<p>The following RPC command, issued on Hoodi when Prague was scheduled but not activated:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">H</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Content-Type: application/json</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_config","id":1}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string"> http://localhost:8545</span></span></code></pre>
<p>would return (after formatting):</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">current</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">activationTime</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">blobSchedule</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">baseFeeUpdateFraction</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 3338477</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">max</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 6</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">target</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 3</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">chainId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x88bb0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">forkId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xbef71d30</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">precompiles</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLAKE2F</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000009</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_ADD</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000006</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_MUL</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000007</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_PAIRING</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000008</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">ECREC</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">ID</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000004</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">KZG_POINT_EVALUATION</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">MODEXP</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000005</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">RIPEMD160</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000003</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">SHA256</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">systemContracts</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000f3df6d732807ef1319fb7b8bb8522d0beac02</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">next</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">activationTime</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1742999832</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">blobSchedule</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">baseFeeUpdateFraction</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 5007716</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">max</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 9</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">target</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 6</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">chainId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x88bb0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">forkId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0929e24e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">precompiles</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLAKE2F</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000009</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_G1ADD</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_G1MSM</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000c</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_G2ADD</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000d</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_G2MSM</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_MAP_FP2_TO_G2</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000011</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_MAP_FP_TO_G1</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000010</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_PAIRING_CHECK</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000f</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_ADD</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000006</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_MUL</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000007</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_PAIRING</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000008</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">ECREC</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">ID</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000004</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">KZG_POINT_EVALUATION</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">MODEXP</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000005</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">RIPEMD160</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000003</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">SHA256</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">systemContracts</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000f3df6d732807ef1319fb7b8bb8522d0beac02</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">CONSOLIDATION_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000bbddc7ce488642fb579f8b00f3a590007251</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x00000000219ab540356cbb839cbe05303d7705fa</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000f90827f1c53a10cb7a02335b175320002935</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x00000961ef480eb55e80d19ad83579a64c007002</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">last</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">activationTime</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1742999832</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">blobSchedule</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">baseFeeUpdateFraction</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 5007716</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">max</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 9</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">target</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 6</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">chainId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x88bb0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">forkId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0929e24e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">precompiles</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLAKE2F</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000009</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_G1ADD</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_G1MSM</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000c</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_G2ADD</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000d</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_G2MSM</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_MAP_FP2_TO_G2</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000011</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_MAP_FP_TO_G1</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000010</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLS12_PAIRING_CHECK</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000f</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_ADD</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000006</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_MUL</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000007</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_PAIRING</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000008</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">ECREC</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">ID</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000004</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">KZG_POINT_EVALUATION</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">MODEXP</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000005</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">RIPEMD160</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000003</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">SHA256</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">systemContracts</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000f3df6d732807ef1319fb7b8bb8522d0beac02</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">CONSOLIDATION_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000bbddc7ce488642fb579f8b00f3a590007251</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x00000000219ab540356cbb839cbe05303d7705fa</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000f90827f1c53a10cb7a02335b175320002935</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x00000961ef480eb55e80d19ad83579a64c007002</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h5 id="without-future-fork-scheduled">Without Future Fork Scheduled</h5>
<p>When no future forks are configured, the same RPC command would return:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">current</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">activationTime</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">blobSchedule</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">baseFeeUpdateFraction</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 3338477</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">max</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 6</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">target</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 3</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">chainId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x88bb0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">forkId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xbef71d30</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">precompiles</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BLAKE2F</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000009</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_ADD</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000006</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_MUL</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000007</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BN254_PAIRING</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000008</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">ECREC</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">ID</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000004</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">KZG_POINT_EVALUATION</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">MODEXP</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000005</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">RIPEMD160</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000003</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">SHA256</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">systemContracts</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000f3df6d732807ef1319fb7b8bb8522d0beac02</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">next</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> null</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">last</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> null</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Exposure Risks</strong>: Incorrect configurations could leak operational details. Operators SHOULD restrict <code>eth_config</code> to trusted interfaces (e.g., local access or authenticated endpoints).</li>
<li><strong>Dishonest Nodes</strong>: Clients may report false configurations. Peers or monitoring tools MAY cross-check <code>eth_config</code> outputs against known fork specifications or other nodes' responses to detect anomalies.</li>
<li><strong>DDoS Mitigation</strong>: Clients MAY cache configuration objects internally and rate-limit <code>eth_config</code> requests to prevent resource exhaustion. Implementations MAY impose a minimum response interval (e.g., 1 second).</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
ABI attachment in `wallet_sendCalls`2025-02-27T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Francisco Giordanohttps://github.com/frangiohttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/7896/A capability to enable calldata decoding in wallets.<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This EIP extends <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/5792/">EIP-5792</a> with a new <code>interfaces</code> capability, whereby an application can attach the contract interface specifications (aka. ABIs) that the wallet needs to reliably decode the calldata in the request.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>The security model of Ethereum accounts relies on a separation of concerns between applications and wallets, the latter being responsible for securing private key material and providing restricted access to it. When an application requests a transaction or a signature, the wallet prompts the user to accept it or reject it. The user is expected to make an assessment about the desirability of the operation, given that it can potentially operate on all account assets, in the extreme case "draining" them all for the benefit of an attacker. The wallet is tasked with providing information about the request to lead to an accurate assessment, in particular to help detect unintended effects and attacks.</p>
<p>This idealized vision is far from realized. "Blind signing", the practice of accepting a request without full visibility of its contents or understanding of its implications, is a pervasive problem across Ethereum. This is a puzzling situation given what's at stake. A likely explanation is that it is simply very difficult for wallets to extract and provide good information about requests.</p>
<p>Before accepting a transaction request, a user would ideally like to know exactly what effects the transaction will have when included on chain. Transaction simulations have become widespread throughout wallets in recent years, where the wallet (or a service provider) runs the transaction and summarizes the observed effects in a friendly description such as "-1 ETH, +2400 USDC". However, exactly predicting these effects is impossible due to mutable shared state, and describing the range of possible effects is intractable due to the turing completeness of the EVM, so we should be cautious and not overly rely on this kind of approach.</p>
<p>Whereas transaction simulations try to provide insight into the dynamic behavior of a transaction, wallets should also surface all of the statically available information, such as transaction parameters and application metadata.</p>
<p>Some parameters have clear semantics, for example, the <code>value</code> in a transaction expresses how much of the native token is transferred. The <code>data</code> in a transaction, however, presents a challenge, as it is provided to the wallet as a bytestring and cannot be reliably decoded into more meaningfully structured information without knowledge of the target contract ABI. The wallet can try to use a database of function selectors to try to guess an ABI, but this will fail for new and unknown contracts, and known selectors can be ambiguous due to collisions, including those deliberately introduced by attackers. Alternatively, the wallet can obtain an ABI from a repository of verified source code, with the downside that the main such repository is managed by a centralized party.</p>
<p>Since applications that request transactions are necessarily aware of the relevant ABIs, this EIP proposes a mechanism where they can attach ABIs in transaction requests, so that wallets can show decoded call data to users and help make a more informed assessment.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 and RFC 8174.</p>
<p>A new capability called <code>interfaces</code> is added to EIP-5792 requests.</p>
<h3 id="wallet-sendcalls"><code>wallet_sendCalls</code></h3>
<p>When this capability is supported, <code>wallet_sendCalls</code> requests MAY include a global <code>interfaces</code> field.</p>
<p>The <code>interfaces</code> field provided by an application MUST map contract addresses to interface specs. These contract addresses SHOULD correspond to those of the <code>to</code> fields in the <code>calls</code> array of the request, and SHOULD be compared with them case-sensitively. There MAY be addresses in <code>calls</code> without a matching interface spec, and there MAY be addresses in <code>interfaces</code> without a matching call.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">type</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> SendCallsParams</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> {</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> default fields omitted</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> capabilities</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span> {</span><span class="z-variable"> interfaces</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> InterfacesCapability</span><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword"> &</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Record</span><span><</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Capability</span><span>></span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">type</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> InterfacesCapability</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> [</span><span class="z-variable">contract</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> version</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> spec</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> unknown</span><span>;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> version-dependent</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> optional</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> boolean</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>An interface spec MUST describe how a contract will decode calldata into a series of function arguments. The interpretation of a spec as a decoding procedure depends on a version string.</p>
<p>The two initially defined versions are <code>abi-v1</code> and <code>abi-v2</code>, corresponding to the Contract Application Binary Interface as defined by Solidity and adopted by other languages. In these cases, the spec MUST be provided as an array as described in Solidity's documentation, page "Contract ABI Specification", section "JSON". The array MAY contain event and error descriptions in addition to function descriptions, though applications SHOULD exclude irrelevant items. The v1-v2 distinction corresponds to Solidity's <code>pragma abicoder v1</code> and <code>pragma abicoder v2</code> (or <code>pragma experimental ABIEncoderV2</code>). Vyper implements <code>abi-v2</code>.</p>
<p>Applications SHOULD mark the <code>interfaces</code> field as <code>optional</code>, so that the user is able to proceed if their wallet does not support the capability or a provided spec version. If the field is marked <code>optional</code>, the wallet MAY ignore interfaces with unsupported spec versions.</p>
<p>Wallets SHOULD use the provided interface specs to decode the <code>data</code> of each call in the <code>calls</code> array in order to present the user with the decoded function arguments. Wallets MAY validate the provided specs against a database of verified or trusted specs.</p>
<h4 id="example-request">Example Request</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>[</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">version</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">1.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">from</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xa22cc169386b820ab57c006a5b4980add068a7eb</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">chainId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x01</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">calls</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">to</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xdac17f958d2ee523a2206206994597c13d831ec7</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">value</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x00</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">data</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xa9059cbb000000000000000000000000f0c87f351435211efa00938a33771bf38302d1f10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000056bc75e2d63100000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">capabilities</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">interfaces</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">optional</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">0xdac17f958d2ee523a2206206994597c13d831ec7</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">version</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">abi-v1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">spec</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">function</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">name</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">transfer</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">stateMutability</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">nonpayable</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">inputs</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">name</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">to</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">address</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">name</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">value</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">uint256</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">outputs</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>]</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="wallet-getcapabilities"><code>wallet_getCapabilities</code></h3>
<p>Under the <code>interfaces</code> capability, wallets MUST include a <code>versions</code> array field listing the supported interface spec versions.</p>
<h4 id="example-response">Example Response</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">0x0</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">interfaces</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">supported</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">versions</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">abi-v1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">abi-v2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<!-- TODO -->
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>No backward compatibility issues found.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>Needs discussion.</p>
<!-- TODO -->
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Flow Control Wallet Call Capability2025-01-17T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Sam Wilsonhttps://github.com/SamWilsnsam@binarycake.cahttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/7867/An EIP-5792 capability providing atomicity and flow control configuration.<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This proposal extends <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/5792/">EIP-5792</a> to allow dapps to downgrade their required atomicity guarantees and control the behaviour after a failed/reverted call. It introduces the batch-scope concept of <code>strict</code> vs. <code>loose</code> atomicity, where a <code>strict</code> batch remains atomic in the face of chain reorgs and a <code>loose</code> batch does not; and the per-call ability to continue after a failed/reverted call (<code>continue</code>) or stop processing (<code>halt</code>).</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>While the base EIP-5792 specification works extremely well for smart contract wallets, it does not allow the expression of the full range of flow control options that wallets can implement. For example, a dapp may only be submitting a batch for gas savings and not care about whether all calls are reverted on failure. A wallet may only be able to offer a limited form of atomicity through block builder backchannels, but that may be sufficient for a trading platform.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 and RFC 8174.</p>
<h3 id="rpc-interface">RPC Interface</h3>
<p>The following subsections are modifications to the API endpoints from EIP-5792.</p>
<p>If a request does not match the schema defined below, the wallet MUST reject the request with an error code of <code>INVALID_SCHEMA</code>.</p>
<h4 id="wallet-sendcalls"><code>wallet_sendCalls</code></h4>
<p>The following JSON Schema SHALL be inserted, in the request object, as values of either the batch-scope or call-scope <code>capabilities</code> objects (as appropriate) with a key of <code>flowControl</code>.</p>
<h5 id="batch-scope">Batch-scope</h5>
<h6 id="schema">Schema</h6>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">$schema</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">additionalProperties</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> false</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">properties</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">optional</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">boolean</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">atomicity</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">enum</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">strict</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">loose</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">none</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h6 id="example-request">Example Request</h6>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span>[</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">version</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">1.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">from</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f07244567</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">chainId</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x01</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">calls</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span>]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">capabilities</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">flowControl</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">atomicity</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">loose</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span></code></pre><h5 id="call-scope">Call-scope</h5>
<h6 id="schema-1">Schema</h6>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">$schema</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">additionalProperties</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> false</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">properties</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">optional</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">boolean</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">onFailure</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">enum</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">rollback</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">halt</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">continue</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h6 id="example-request-1">Example Request</h6>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span>[</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">version</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">1.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">from</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f07244567</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">chainId</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x01</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">calls</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">to</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f07244567</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">value</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x182183</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xfbadbaf01</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">capabilities</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">flowControl</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">onFailure</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">continue</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>]</span></span></code></pre><h4 id="wallet-getcapabilities"><code>wallet_getCapabilities</code></h4>
<p>The following JSON Schema is inserted into the per-chain object returned from <code>wallet_getCapabilities</code> with a key of <code>flowControl</code>.</p>
<h5 id="schema-2">Schema</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">$schema</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">additionalProperties</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> false</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">minProperties</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">properties</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">none</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">$ref</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">#/$defs/onFailure</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">loose</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">$ref</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">#/$defs/onFailure</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">strict</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">$ref</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">#/$defs/onFailure</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">$defs</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">onFailure</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">array</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">uniqueItems</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">minItems</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">items</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">enum</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">rollback</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">halt</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">continue</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h5 id="example-response">Example Response</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">flowControl</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">loose</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">halt</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">continue</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">strict</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">continue</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="concepts">Concepts</h3>
<h4 id="call-failure">Call Failure</h4>
<!-- TODO: is a "call failure" the same as a "revert"? -->
<h4 id="rollback">Rollback</h4>
<p>A rollback is informally defined as "causing no meaningful changes on chain." A
rolled back batch only makes gas accounting and bookkeeping (eg. nonce)
changes. In other words, a rollback is the default behaviour of EIP-5792 when
a call fails.</p>
<h4 id="critical-calls">Critical Calls</h4>
<p>A critical call is a call that causes the entire batch to rollback on failure,
and correspondingly a non-critical call does not. Specifically, a critical call
has a call-scope <code>onFailure</code> of <code>rollback</code> (or no <code>onFailure</code> present),
while non-critical calls have either <code>halt</code> or <code>continue</code>.</p>
<h4 id="atomicity-levels">Atomicity Levels</h4>
<p>This proposal introduces three atomicity levels: strict, loose, and none; enabled
by setting batch-scope <code>atomicity</code> to <code>strict</code>, <code>loose</code>, or <code>none</code> respectively.
Strict may also be enabled by omitting <code>atomicity</code> entirely.</p>
<p>Strict atomicity is simply naming the default behaviour of EIP-5792: calls
within a single batch MUST be contiguous and applied atomically (or the batch
rolled back.)</p>
<p>Loose atomicity, on the other hand, is a weaker guarantee. In the event of a
block reorg, any number of calls from the batch MAY appear on chain (possibly
interspersed with other transactions). If there are no block reorgs, loose
atomicity MUST provide the same guarantees as strict.</p>
<p>The none level of atomicity only provides the guarantee that the calls appear on
chain in the order they are in the batch. Any number of calls from the batch
MAY appear on chain (possibly interspersed with other transactions).</p>
<h3 id="behaviour">Behaviour</h3>
<h4 id="wallet-sendcalls-1"><code>wallet_sendCalls</code></h4>
<p>The wallet MUST reject <code>wallet_sendCalls</code> requests with error code
<code>MISSING_CAP</code> where both:</p>
<ul>
<li>the batch-scope <code>flowControl</code> capability <strong>is not</strong> present; and</li>
<li>a call-scope <code>flowControl</code> capability <strong>is</strong> present.</li>
</ul>
<p>Note that the above requirement still applies if the call-scope <code>flowControl</code>
capability is marked as optional.</p>
<p>When <code>flowControl</code> is present in the batch-scope <code>capabilities</code>, the following
changes override the behaviour specified in EIP-5792.</p>
<h5 id="removed-requirements">Removed Requirements</h5>
<p>These requirements defined in EIP-5792 are removed:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The wallet:</p>
<ul>
<li>MUST NOT await for any calls to be finalized to complete the batch</li>
<li>MUST submit multiple calls as an atomic unit in a single transaction</li>
<li>MAY revert all calls if any call fails</li>
<li>MUST not execute any further calls after a failed call</li>
<li>MAY reject the request if one or more calls in the batch is expected to
fail, when simulated sequentially</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h5 id="added-requirements">Added Requirements</h5>
<p>The wallet:</p>
<h6 id="batch-atomicity">Batch Atomicity</h6>
<ul>
<li>MAY break the batch over multiple transactions.</li>
<li>MUST treat a missing batch-scope <code>atomicity</code> level as equivalent to <code>strict</code>.</li>
<li>MUST provide strict guarantees (as defined above) when the batch-scope
<code>atomicity</code> is <code>strict</code>.</li>
<li>MUST provide <em>at least</em> loose guarantees (as defined above) when the
batch-scope <code>atomicity</code> is <code>loose</code>.</li>
<li>MUST provide <em>at least</em> the in-order call inclusion guarantee (as defined
above) when the batch-scope <code>atomicity</code> is <code>none</code>.</li>
<li>MAY provide loose guarantees (as defined above) when the batch-scope
<code>atomicity</code> is <code>none</code>.</li>
<li>MAY provide strict guarantees (as defined above) when the batch-scope
<code>atomicity</code> is <code>loose</code> or <code>none</code>.</li>
<li>MUST rollback the batch if one or more critical calls (as defined above) fail.</li>
<li>MUST NOT rollback the batch if zero critical calls (as defined above) fail.
<ul>
<li>In other words, if the only failures are non-critical, the successful calls
have to appear on chain.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>MUST NOT execute a call (or ever allow a call to be executed) more than once.</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="flow-control">Flow Control</h6>
<ul>
<li>MUST treat a missing call-scope <code>flowControl</code> capability as equivalent to
setting <code>onFailure</code> to <code>rollback</code>.</li>
<li>MUST treat a missing call-scope <code>onFailure</code> mode as equivalent to <code>rollback</code>.</li>
<li>MUST NOT execute any calls following a failed call with <code>onFailure</code> set to
<code>halt</code>.</li>
<li>MUST continue to execute calls as normal following a failed call with
<code>onFailure</code> set to <code>continue</code>.</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="errors">Errors</h6>
<ul>
<li>MUST reject (with error code <code>REJECTED_LEVEL</code>) batches containing at least one
critical call if the batch requests an atomicity level that the wallet can
provide but the user rejected (such as might happen with an
<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/7702/">EIP-7702</a> set code transaction.)
<ul>
<li>Note that this only applies to user rejections specifically because of
atomicity. It does not change the behaviour for batches rejected for other
reasons. This error code MUST NOT be used for other rejection reasons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>MUST reject (with error code <code>UNSUPPORTED_LEVEL</code>) batches containing at least
one critical call if the batch requests an atomicity level the wallet cannot
provide for any reason other than user rejection.
<ul>
<li>Wallets supporting <code>strict</code> but not <code>loose</code> SHOULD NOT reject <code>loose</code>
batches and SHOULD instead upgrade the request to strict atomicity.</li>
<li>Note that a batch with exactly one call <em>always</em> satisfies the requirements
of strict atomicity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>MUST reject (with error code <code>UNSUPPORTED_ON_FAIL</code>) batches containing
unsupported <code>onFailure</code> modes.</li>
<li>MUST reject (with error code <code>UNSUPPORTED_FLOW</code>) batches containing
unsupported combinations/orderings of call-scope <code>onFailure</code> modes.
<ul>
<li>Wallets MUST reject <code>rollback</code> when used in a <code>none</code> batch, even if the
batch is upgraded to <code>loose</code> or <code>strict</code> atomicity. This also applies to
calls that do not specify an explicit <code>onFailure</code> mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>MAY reject (with error code <code>ROLLBACK_EXPECTED</code>) the request if the batch is
expected to be rolled back.</li>
<li>SHOULD inform the user before executing any calls if any call in the batch is
expected to fail.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="wallet-getcallsstatus"><code>wallet_getCallsStatus</code></h4>
<p>When <code>wallet_getCallsStatus</code> is called with a batch identifier corresponding to
a batch submitted with the batch-scope <code>flowControl</code> capability enabled, the
following changes override the behaviour defined in EIP-5792. Note that:</p>
<ul>
<li>There are no changes when called with a batch without this capability enabled;
and</li>
<li>Even if the behaviour of the batch is not changed from the default (eg.
setting <code>atomicity</code> to <code>strict</code> and omitting the <code>flowControl</code> capability for
all calls), the following changes still apply.</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="removed-requirements-1">Removed Requirements</h5>
<p>These requirements defined in EIP-5792 are removed:</p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>If a wallet executes multiple calls <strong>atomically</strong> in a single transaction,
<code>wallet_getCallsStatus</code> MUST return an object with a <code>receipts</code> field that
contains a single transaction receipt, corresponding to the transaction
in which the calls were included.</li>
<li>If a wallet executes multiple calls <strong>non-atomically</strong> through some
<code>capability</code> defined elsewhere, <code>wallet_getCallsStatus</code> MUST return an
object with a <code>receipts</code> field that contains <strong>an array of receipts</strong> for
all transactions containing batch calls that were included onchain. This
includes the batch calls that were included on-chain but eventually
reverted.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h5 id="added-requirements-1">Added Requirements</h5>
<h6 id="capabilities">Capabilities</h6>
<p>The returned capabilities object:</p>
<ul>
<li>MUST contain a <code>flowControl</code> key set to exactly the boolean <code>true</code>.
<ul>
<li>It may be tempting to include additional detail about the status of
individual calls here, but don't. Instead use a multi-status capability
defined elsewhere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="receipts">Receipts</h6>
<p>The returned <code>receipts</code> array:</p>
<ul>
<li>MUST NOT contain more than one receipt for the same transaction.</li>
<li>SHOULD NOT contain receipts for transactions without a call from the requested
batch.</li>
<li>MUST contain exactly one receipt capturing each successful call.
<ul>
<li>Multiple calls MAY be captured in one receipt, but the successful
execution of one call MUST NOT be captured by multiple receipts.</li>
<li>Given two calls (<em>A</em> and <em>B</em>) in a batch, the following are non-exhaustive
example combinations of calls-per-receipt. Each <code>(...)</code> is a receipt from
a single transaction.
<ul>
<li>Valid Examples:
<ul>
<li><code>[(successful A, successful B)]</code></li>
<li><code>[(successful A), (successful B)]</code></li>
<li><code>[(successful A, unsuccessful B), (successful B)]</code></li>
<li><code>[(unsuccessful A), (successful A), (successful B)]</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Invalid Examples:
<ul>
<li><code>[(successful A, unsuccessful B), (successful A, successful B)]</code></li>
<li><code>[(successful A, successful A), (successful B)]</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>MAY contain one or more receipts capturing each failed call.
<ul>
<li>For example, the wallet may retry a transaction with a higher gas limit.
Both the failed and successful transaction receipts can be included,
though only the successful receipt must be.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>SHOULD be stable over multiple <code>wallet_getCallsStatus</code> requests, with only new
receipts being appended.
<ul>
<li>For example:
<ul>
<li><code>[(unsuccessful A)]</code> followed by <code>[(unsuccessful A), (successful A)]</code>
is valid; but</li>
<li><code>[(unsuccessful A)]</code> followed by <code>[(successful A)]</code> should be avoided.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="status-codes">Status Codes</h5>
<p>This proposal modifies some of the status codes for use with EIP-5792's
<code>GetCallsResult.status</code> field, and introduces the following new codes:</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Code</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><code>102</code></td><td>Partially Executed</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>207</code></td><td>Partial Success</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>An "included" call, in this section, is defined as having either been
successfully or unsuccessfully executed. A call that has been recorded on chain,
but has not yet been executed, does not qualify as included. Executed calls
contained in batches that may still be rolled back also do not qualify as
included.</p>
<p>A batch is "complete" when all of the calls in the batch (up to and including a
failed call with an <code>onFailure</code> mode of <code>halt</code> should one be present) have been
included and the wallet will not resubmit failed calls.</p>
<h6 id="100-pending"><code>100</code> Pending</h6>
<p>Status <code>100</code> MUST NOT be returned if any calls in the batch have been included
on chain.</p>
<h6 id="102-partially-executed"><code>102</code> Partially Executed</h6>
<p>Status <code>102</code> SHALL be returned only when all of the following are true:</p>
<ul>
<li>At least one call in the batch has been included on chain; and</li>
<li>The batch is not complete.</li>
</ul>
<p>Responses with status <code>102</code> MUST contain at least one receipt, and SHOULD
contain receipts for all transactions with calls that have been included.</p>
<p>Note that a receipt capturing a failed call does not mean the call will
ultimately fail. Wallets can resubmit calls (eg. with a higher gas limit), and
the call may be executed successfully eventually.</p>
<h6 id="200-confirmed"><code>200</code> Confirmed</h6>
<p>Status <code>200</code> MUST NOT be returned if any calls in the batch failed (including
batch rollback, and the <code>onFailure</code> modes <code>halt</code>/<code>continue</code>).</p>
<h6 id="207-partial-success"><code>207</code> Partial Success</h6>
<p>Status <code>207</code> SHALL be returned only when all of the following are true:</p>
<ul>
<li>At least one call in the batch has been included and succeeded;</li>
<li>At least one call in the batch with an <code>onFailure</code> mode of <code>continue</code>
has been included and failed;</li>
<li>No calls with an <code>onFailure</code> mode of <code>rollback</code> have been included and failed;</li>
<li>No calls with an <code>onFailure</code> mode of <code>halt</code> have been included and failed;
and</li>
<li>The batch is complete.</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="500-chain-rules-failure"><code>500</code> Chain Rules Failure</h6>
<p>To clarify, status <code>500</code> is the correct code when the batch has rolled back <em>or</em>
when all calls are non-critical and have all failed.</p>
<p>If any calls are included and succeeded, one of <code>200</code>, <code>207</code>, or <code>600</code> should be
returned instead.</p>
<h6 id="600-partial-chain-rules-failure"><code>600</code> Partial Chain Rules Failure</h6>
<p>Status <code>600</code> SHALL be returned only when all of the following are true:</p>
<ul>
<li>At least one call in the batch has been included and succeeded;</li>
<li>At least one call in the batch with an <code>onFailure</code> mode of <code>halt</code> has been
included and failed;</li>
<li>No calls with an <code>onFailure</code> mode of <code>rollback</code> have been included and failed;
and</li>
<li>The batch is complete.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="wallet-getcapabilities-1"><code>wallet_getCapabilities</code></h4>
<p>The response to <code>wallet_getCapabilities</code> indicates what call-scope <code>onFailure</code>
modes are supported for each supported batch-scope <code>atomicity</code> level for
batches with two or more calls. Support, here, means "natively supports." A
wallet that offers <code>strict</code> atomicity but not <code>loose</code> MUST NOT advertise
support for <code>loose</code> (even if the wallet will upgrade <code>loose</code> to <code>strict</code>
without an error.)</p>
<p>The wallet:</p>
<ul>
<li>MAY respond with one, two, or three <code>atomicity</code> levels.</li>
<li>MAY respond with one, two, or three <code>onFailure</code> modes in each <code>atomicity</code>
level. The levels do not need to support the same modes.</li>
<li>MUST include the particular atomicity / onFailure combination if it is
supported <em>at all</em>. For example, if particular orderings are impossible—say
<code>rollback</code> before <code>halt</code> is fine, but <code>halt</code> before <code>rollback</code> is not—then
both <code>rollback</code> and <code>halt</code> have to be included in the array.</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="examples">Examples</h5>
<h6 id="plain-externally-owned-account-eoa">Plain Externally Owned Account (EOA)</h6>
<p>A plain EOA might offer <code>halt</code> functionality by submitting one transaction per
block, and <code>continue</code> by submitting all calls at once.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">flowControl</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">none</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">halt</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">continue</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h6 id="shielded-mempool-externally-owned-account-eoa">Shielded Mempool Externally Owned Account (EOA)</h6>
<p>Unlike a plain EOA, a shielded mempool can provide additional guarantees about
transaction atomicity. In this example, the wallet only offers the
<code>onFailure</code> mode of <code>continue</code> when using <code>none</code> atomicity, but offers all three levels when using
<code>loose</code>.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">flowControl</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">none</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">continue</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">loose</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">rollback</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">halt</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">continue</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h6 id="smart-contract-wallet">Smart Contract Wallet</h6>
<p>In this example, the wallet will service batches specifying <code>none</code> and <code>loose</code>
as if they requested <code>strict</code>. Even though the batches will work, the
<code>wallet_getCapabilities</code> response does not list <code>none</code> or <code>loose</code>.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">flowControl</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">strict</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">rollback</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="error-codes">Error Codes</h3>
<table><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Value</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><code>INVALID_SCHEMA</code></td><td><!-- TODO --></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>MISSING_CAP</code></td><td><!-- TODO --></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>REJECTED_LEVEL</code></td><td><!-- TODO --></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>UNSUPPORTED_LEVEL</code></td><td><!-- TODO --></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>UNSUPPORTED_ON_FAIL</code></td><td><!-- TODO --></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>UNSUPPORTED_FLOW</code></td><td><!-- TODO --></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>ROLLBACK_EXPECTED</code></td><td><!-- TODO --></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<!--
The rationale fleshes out the specification by describing what motivated the design and why particular design decisions were made. It should describe alternate designs that were considered and related work, e.g. how the feature is supported in other languages.
The current placeholder is acceptable for a draft.
TODO: Remove this comment before submitting
-->
<p>TBD</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<!--
This section is optional.
All EIPs that introduce backwards incompatibilities must include a section describing these incompatibilities and their severity. The EIP must explain how the author proposes to deal with these incompatibilities. EIP submissions without a sufficient backwards compatibility treatise may be rejected outright.
The current placeholder is acceptable for a draft.
TODO: Remove this comment before submitting
-->
<p>No backward compatibility issues found.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>App developers cannot treat each call in a batch as an independent transaction
unless the atomicity level is strict. In other words, there may be additional
untrusted transactions between any of the calls in a batch. Calls that failed
may eventually flip to succeeding, and vice versa. Even strictly atomic batches
can flip between succeeding/failing in the face of a block reorg. The calls in
loosely atomic batches can be included in separate, non-contiguous blocks. There
is no constraint over how long it will take all the calls in a batch to be
included. Apps should encode deadlines and timeout behaviors in the smart
contract calls, just as they do today for transactions, including ones otherwise
bundled.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
EOF/EVM Trace Specification2024-08-13T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:28+00:00Martin Holst Swendehttps://github.com/holimanMarius van der Wijdenhttps://github.com/MariusVanDerWijdenDanno Ferrinhttps://github.com/shemnonhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/7756/Updates EIP-3155 tracing to add EOF support<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>Updates the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3155/">EIP-3155</a> JSON tracing specification to support EOF features.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>EIP-3155 defined a tracing standard for Legacy EVM operations. However, the EVM Object
Format (<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/7692/">EIP-7692</a>) adds a number of features that need to be reflected in debugging
traces.</p>
<p>The use of these traces has also moved out from state testing, including live block tracing and
differential fuzzing, increasing the need to keep tracing up to date.</p>
<p>This EIP has multiple goals:</p>
<ul>
<li>Add members to the trace object to support new EOF features.</li>
<li>Support tracing contracts contained in an EOF container as well as uncontained "legacy" contracts
in the same trace.</li>
<li>Clarify any previous ambiguities in the EIP-3155 specification.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>To promote clarity and provide a cohesive specification, the entire tracing specification will be
presented with alterations in-line rather than as a set of diffs on top of EIP-3155. Differences
will be highlighted in the Backwards Compatibility section.</p>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "
RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as
described in RFC 2119 and RFC 8174.</p>
<h3 id="datatypes">Datatypes</h3>
<table><thead><tr><th>Type</th><th>Explanation</th><th>JSON member example</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>Number</td><td>JSON number</td><td><code>"pc":0</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>Hex-Number</td><td>Hex-encoded number</td><td><code>"gas":"0x2540be400"</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>String</td><td>Plain string</td><td><code>"opName":"PUSH1"</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>Hex-String</td><td>Hex-encoded string</td><td><code>"returnData":"0x60616203"</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>Array</td><td>Array of Hex-Strings</td><td><code>"stack":["0x0", "0x0"]</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>Key-Value</td><td>Key-Value structure with key and values encoded as hex strings</td><td><code>"storage":{"0x0":"0x1", "0x1":"0x1"}</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>Boolean</td><td>Json bool can either be true or false</td><td><code>"pass": true</code></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul>
<li>Clients may OPTIONALLY output Number where a Hex-Number is expected and vice-versa. Clients that
do this SHOULD provide a CLI option to strictly observe the correct output type.</li>
<li>Numbers larger than 2^53 - 1 must be represented as Hex-Numbers. This is a limitation of JSON.</li>
<li>Consumers of EIP-7756 traces SHOULD be written in a way that members of type Hex-Number and
Number may be provided a Number or Hex-Number instead, respectively.</li>
<li>Note that there is no string formatted decimal number alternative. Decimal representations are
always JSON numbers, and hex representations are always strings encoding hex numbers.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="output">Output</h3>
<ul>
<li>The client outputs one JSON object per EVM operation executed.</li>
<li>The client MUST NOT output multiple lines for the same operation execution.</li>
<li>The client MUST NOT output a line for the <code>STOP</code> operation if an error occurred, or if the
contract runs out of instructions.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="required-fields">Required Fields</h4>
<p>Each trace line MUST have these fields.</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Type</th><th>Explanation</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><code>pc</code></td><td>Number</td><td>Program Counter</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>op</code></td><td>Hex-Number</td><td>OpCode</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>opName</code></td><td>String</td><td>Name of the operation</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>gas</code></td><td>Number</td><td>Gas left before executing this operation</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>stack</code></td><td>Array of Hex-Numbers</td><td>Array of all values on the stack</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>depth</code></td><td>Number</td><td>Depth of the call stack</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>error</code></td><td>Hex-String</td><td>Description of an error (SHOULD contain revert reason if supported)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <code>pc</code> value is zero indexed from the beginning of the contract when the contract is not in an
EOF container, or from the beginning of the container EOF container. For legacy contracts the
first execution line is for <code>"pc":0</code>. For EOF contracts the zero byte corresponds to the <code>0xEF</code>
magic byte. The first line of execution will not be at <code>"pc":0</code> but at the first byte of the first
code section executed.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>opName</code> SHOULD be the most current name of the operation, in cases where operations have multiple
specification names (<code>SELFDESTRUCT</code> and <code>PREVRANDAO</code>)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If <code>stack</code> is empty an empty array (<code>[]</code>) is used instead of <code>null</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>depth</code> starts at 1.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>error</code> SHOULD be omitted if a prior CALL series or CREATE series operation within the current
frame has not returned a revert reason and the current operation did not trigger an exceptional
halt.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<!-- - `stack` MAY exclude stack items that are more than any operation will need to execute, which
is currently seven stack items. If any stack items are excluded past that point then all stack items
past that point MUST be excluded
-->
<h4 id="recommended-fields">Recommended Fields</h4>
<p>Each trace line SHOULD have these fields in the conditions they are indicated for.</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Type</th><th>Explanation</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><code>gasCost</code></td><td>Number</td><td>Gas cost of this operation</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>memSize</code></td><td>Number</td><td>Size of memory array</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>returnData</code></td><td>Hex-String</td><td>Data returned by function call</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>refund</code></td><td>Hex-Number</td><td>Amount of <strong>global</strong> gas refunded</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul>
<li><code>gasCost</code> is the sum of all gas costs, including dynamic costs such as memory expansion, call
stipend, and account warming costs.</li>
<li><code>memSize</code> is counted in 8-bit bytes, not 256-bit words.</li>
<li><code>returnData</code> SHOULD NOT be present if a CALL series operation has not completed within the current
frame.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="optional-fields">Optional Fields</h4>
<p>Each trace line MAY have these fields in the conditions they are indicated for.
If a field is to be omitted within a trace, it MUST always be omitted within the same trace.</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Type</th><th>Explanation</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><code>section</code></td><td>Number</td><td>Current EOF section being executed</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>immediate</code></td><td>Hex-String</td><td>Immediate argument of the Opcode</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>functionDepth</code></td><td>Number</td><td>Depth of the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4750/">EIP-4750</a> CALLF return stack</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>memory</code></td><td>Array of Hex-Strings</td><td>Array of all allocated values</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>storage</code></td><td>Key-Value</td><td>Array of all stored values</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul>
<li>The <code>section</code> member must only be present when tracing a contract contained in an EOF container.</li>
<li>The <code>immediate</code> field MUST NOT be present for operations without immediate data.
<ul>
<li>For PUSH series operations, this field is OPTIONAL as the immediate data is pushed onto the
stack</li>
<li>For RJUMPV this would include the table length and the entire table. Clients MAY instead store
just the table length.</li>
<li>For all other operations with immediate data the entire immediate data, including leading
zeros, SHOULD be present.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>functionDepth</code> starts at 1, and MAY be omitted if it is 1.</li>
<li><code>functionDepth</code> MUST NOT be present for trace lines of code not in an EOF container.</li>
<li>If <code>memory</code> is empty an empty array (<code>[]</code>) is used instead of <code>null</code>.</li>
<li>The <code>storage</code> member SHOULD only include items read or written via <code>SSTORE</code> or <code>SLOAD</code>, and not
the account's entire storage.</li>
</ul>
<p><em>Example:</em></p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{"pc":0,"op":96,"gas":"0x2540be400","gasCost":"0x3","memory":"0x","memSize":0,"stack":[],"depth":1,"error":null,"opName":"PUSH1"}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="summary-line">Summary Line</h3>
<p>At the end of execution, the client SHOULD print summary info. This summary MUST be a single JSON
object.</p>
<p>This info SHOULD have the following members.</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Type</th><th>Explanation</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><code>stateRoot</code></td><td>Hex-String</td><td>Root of the state trie after executing the transaction</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>output</code></td><td>Hex-String</td><td>Return values of the function</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>gasUsed</code></td><td>Number</td><td>All gas used by the transaction</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>pass</code></td><td>Boolean</td><td>If the tx was successful, or if the test passed</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>time</code></td><td>Number</td><td>Time in nanoseconds needed to execute the transaction</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>fork</code></td><td>String</td><td>Name of the fork rules used for execution</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul>
<li><code>time</code> and <code>fork</code> fields MAY be provided.</li>
</ul>
<p><em>Example</em>:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{"stateRoot":"0xd4c577737f5d20207d338c360c42d3af78de54812720e3339f7b27293ef195b7","output":"","gasUsed":"0x3","pass":"true","time":141485}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>This EIP is an extension of the EIP-3155 tracing features that has been in use for years. Rather
than dramatically re-boot the feature, the information was added to the existing traces.</p>
<p>A "mini" trace was contemplated to allow for tracing to be included in tools such as
<code>t8n</code> and to allow for more efficient RPC tracing calls, but that seemed sufficiently different that
it would be a stand-alone EIP rather than an EIP that adds features to the existing tracing
capabilities.</p>
<p>The idea of moving to a JSON Schema was rejected to ensure maximum compatibility with existing
clients.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>Clients emitting tracing JSON for uncontained "legacy" contracts will produce a compatible trace,
except as outlined below</p>
<h3 id="changes-from-eip-3155">Changes from EIP-3155</h3>
<ul>
<li>The term Client Under Test or CUT has been replaced simply with "client."</li>
<li><code>gas</code>, <code>gasCost</code>, and <code>gasUsed</code> are now Number types.</li>
<li><code>opcode</code> is now a Hex-Number type.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="additions-to-eip-3155">Additions to EIP-3155</h3>
<ul>
<li>The <code>immediate</code> member was added to support the large number of instructions that contain
immediate operations. Without this change, users would need bytes of the contracts being executed
to rationalize the traces.</li>
<li>The <code>section</code> and <code>functionDepth</code> members were added to support <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4750/">EIP-4750</a> EOF
Functions.</li>
<li>Added clarification around where <code>pc</code> indexes when run in an EOF container.</li>
<li>Added Hex-Number/Number interchangeability expectations. Clients MAY provide either types when
one is specified and consumers SHOULD be prepared to accept either type. Clients SHOULD provide a
flag to output members with the specified number type only.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="clients">Clients</h3>
<p>Besu, evmone, EthereumJS, Geth, Nethermind, and Reth already produce these standard traces in
various tools. Adding the new fields will align with work needed to support the EOF EIPs enumerated
in EIP-7692.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<p>This is the trace output from the Ethereum Execution Specification Test from one of the
parameterized executions of <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/blob/632d151ea8a71d09a3a0acbdb85d97fa18c8456b/tests/prague/eip7692_eof_v1/eip3540_eof_v1/test_execution_function.py#L304-L335">test_eof_functions_contract_call_succeed</a>.
Memory and return data is disabled.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="jsonl"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">pc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">op</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x60</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gas</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">49979000</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gasCost</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">memSize</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">stack</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">depth</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">refund</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">opName</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">PUSH1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">pc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">op</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x60</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gas</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">49978997</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gasCost</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">memSize</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">stack</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">depth</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">refund</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">opName</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">PUSH1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">pc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">4</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">op</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x60</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gas</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">49978994</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gasCost</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">memSize</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">stack</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">depth</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">refund</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">opName</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">PUSH1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">pc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">6</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">op</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x60</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gas</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">49978991</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gasCost</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">memSize</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">stack</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">depth</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">refund</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">opName</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">PUSH1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">pc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">8</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">op</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x60</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gas</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">49978988</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gasCost</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">memSize</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">stack</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">depth</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">refund</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">opName</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">PUSH1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">pc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">op</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x61</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gas</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">49978985</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gasCost</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">memSize</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">stack</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">depth</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">refund</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">opName</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">PUSH2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">pc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">13</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">op</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x5a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gas</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">49978982</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gasCost</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">memSize</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">stack</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x1000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">depth</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">refund</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">opName</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">GAS</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">pc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">14</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">op</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0xf1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gas</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">49978980</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gasCost</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">49198100</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">memSize</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">stack</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x1000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x2fa9e64</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">depth</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">refund</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">opName</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">CALL</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">pc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">25</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">section</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">op</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0xe3</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">immediate</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0001</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gas</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">49195500</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gasCost</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">5</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">memSize</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">stack</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">depth</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">refund</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">opName</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">CALLF</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">pc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">29</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">section</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">op</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0xe4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gas</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">49195495</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gasCost</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">memSize</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">stack</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">depth</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">functionDepth</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">refund</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">opName</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">RETF</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">pc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">28</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">section</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">op</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x00</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gas</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">49195492</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gasCost</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">memSize</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">stack</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">depth</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">refund</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">opName</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">STOP</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">pc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">15</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">op</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x60</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gas</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">49976372</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gasCost</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">memSize</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">stack</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">depth</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">refund</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">opName</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">PUSH1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">pc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">17</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">op</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x55</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gas</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">49976369</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gasCost</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">22100</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">memSize</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">stack</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">depth</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">refund</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">opName</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">SSTORE</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">pc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">18</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">op</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x00</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gas</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">49954269</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gasCost</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">memSize</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">stack</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">depth</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">refund</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">opName</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">STOP</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">output</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">gasUsed</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">45731</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">fork</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">Osaka</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">postHash</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x2c47b4070c1eef501d9548959c3abde2d8dc78ed1d819697c61d2b0861cc78cf</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">pass</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">true</span><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>Clients should be aware that tracing can be expensive both in terms of CPU overhead and network
bandwidth. Tracing endpoints should not be enabled by default, and when they are enabled should have
access restrictions on the network level. Failure to do so could result in a client being
overwhelmed with requests and, if operating as a validator, cause the client to fail to provide
execution attestations in a timely manner.</p>
<p>Differential fuzzing is also a double-edged sword. While it allows client teams the ability to
identify consensus splits, the client teams need to be prompt in fixing any issues that are
discovered.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Add wallet_signIntendedValidatorData method2024-06-21T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Yamen Merhihttps://github.com/YamenMerhiPatronum Labshttps://github.com/Patronum-Labshttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/7749/A new RPC method to sign data with an intended validator address according to ERC-191 version 0x00.<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This EIP introduces a new JSON-RPC method, <code>wallet_signIntendedValidatorData</code>, which allows signing data with an intended validator address using <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/191/">ERC-191</a> version 0x00 with this format:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">0x19</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-keyword">0></span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">intended</span><span class="z-string"> validator</span><span class="z-string"> addres</span><span>s</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">data</span><span class="z-string"> to</span><span class="z-string"> sig</span><span>n</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span></code></pre><h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Currently, signing messages relies heavily on ERC-191 version 0x45 (<code>eth_sign</code>) and <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/712/">EIP-712</a> (<code>eth_signTypedData</code>). While EIP-712 provides a more structured approach, it is often seen as complex. On the other hand, ERC-191 version 0x45 is widely used but poses significant phishing risks due to the lack of data parsing.</p>
<p>ERC-191 defines three versions: 0x45, 0x01, and 0x00. This proposal aims to fully support ERC-191 by introducing the rpc call for 0x00 version, which enables signing data with an intended validator address. This new method will:</p>
<ul>
<li>Enable more dApps to use ERC-191 version 0x00 without using raw signing methods which might be dangerous and restricted in few wallets.</li>
<li>Enhance security by parsing data and displaying the intended validator address, reducing phishing risks.</li>
<li>Provide a simpler alternative to EIP-712, offering a balance between usability and security.</li>
<li>Be particularly relevant for smart contract accounts, allowing signing with a specific intended validator address.</li>
</ul>
<p>With the rise of smart contract accounts and the reliance on signatures to improve UX, the need for supporting ERC-191 version 0x00 increases, especially given the prevalence of verifier smart contracts, such as Entry Points, Smart Contract Accounts, Key Managers, etc.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 and RFC 8174.</p>
<h3 id="wallet-signintendedvalidatordata"><code>wallet_signIntendedValidatorData</code></h3>
<p>MUST calculate an Ethereum signature using <code>sign(keccak256("\x19\x00<intended validator address><data to sign>"))</code>.</p>
<p>This method adds a prefix to the message to prevent malicious dApps from signing arbitrary data (e.g., a transaction) and using the signature to impersonate the victim.</p>
<h4 id="parameters">Parameters</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> WalletSignIntendedValidatorDataParams</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> signerAddress</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> validatorAddress</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> dataToSign</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<ol>
<li><code>signerAddress</code> - 20-byte account address: The address signing the constructed message.</li>
<li><code>validatorAddress</code> - 20-byte account address: The intended validator address included in the message to sign.</li>
<li><code>dataToSign</code> - Data string: The data to sign.</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="returns">Returns</h4>
<p><code>Signature</code> - The Ethereum Signature generated.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>The <code>wallet_signIntendedValidatorData</code> method aims to bridge the gap between the simplicity of ERC-191 version 0x45 and the structured approach of EIP-712. By specifying the intended validator address, it reduces phishing risks and provides a more secure signing method for smart contract accounts and other use cases requiring a specific validator address.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>No backward compatibility issues found.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<h3 id="example">Example</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Signer Address (<code>0x6aFbBC5e6AFcB251371711a6551E60ead2779Dc0</code>): This is the address of the account that will be used to sign the constructed message. We have access to the private key of this address, which allows us to generate the signature securely.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Verifier Address (<code>0x345B918b9E06fAa7B0e56bd71Ba418F31F47FED4</code>): This address represents the address verifying the signature, could be an EOA or smart contract. For example, it could be a contract that performs specific actions based on the validity of the signature. By including this address in the data to be signed, we ensure that the signature cannot be reused by malicious actors for unintended purposes.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Data to Sign (<code>0x59616d656e</code>): This is the hex-encoded string representing the actual content to be signed. In this example, it is the hex encoding for the ASCII string "Yamen". The data, combined with the verifier address, is hashed and signed to generate a unique signature that cannot be used for any other purpose.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Request:</strong></p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"wallet_signIntendedValidatorData","params":["0x6aFbBC5e6AFcB251371711a6551E60ead2779Dc0", "0x345B918b9E06fAa7B0e56bd71Ba418F31F47FED4", "0x59616d656e"], "id":1}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span></code></pre><pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">wallet_signIntendedValidatorData</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x6aFbBC5e6AFcB251371711a6551E60ead2779Dc0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x345B918b9E06fAa7B0e56bd71Ba418F31F47FED4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x59616d656e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p><strong>Result:</strong></p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4355c47d63924e8a72e509b65029052eb6c299d53a04e167c5775fd466751c9d07299936d304c153f6443dfa05f40ff007d72911b6f72307f996231605b915621c</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The result field contains the Ethereum signature generated by signing the hashed message according to version 0 of ERC-191.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>Users should exercise caution when signing messages. Double-check the address of the verifier and ensure trust in the dApp triggering the sign request.</p>
<p>To protect against replay attacks and cross-chain replay attacks, include chainId and nonce in the validator data to sign.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Box type for EIP-712 messages2024-05-23T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Francisco Giordanohttps://github.com/frangiohttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/7713/A mechanism for EIP-712 messages to contain parameters of arbitrary type<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This EIP defines a new type <code>box</code> for use in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/712/">EIP-712</a> messages. A <code>box</code> value is a value of an arbitrary struct type whose underlying type is encapsulated and hidden from the outer struct but transparent and type-checkable by the wallet, and thus able to be fully inspected by the user prior to signing. A verifying contract can be made agnostic to the underlying type of a <code>box</code> value, but this type is not erased and can be verified on-chain if necessary.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>EIP-712 signatures have become a widely used primitive for users to express and authorize intents off-chain. Wide-ranging applications are able to define parameterized messages for users to sign in their wallet through a general-purpose interface that clearly surfaces the type, parameters, and domain of authorization. This crucially applies to hardware wallets as a last line of defense.</p>
<p>The general-purpose nature of EIP-712 is key to its success, but in addition wallets are able to develop special-purpose interfaces and capabilities for specific types of messages as they become more widely used. For example, <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2612/">ERC-2612</a> Permits are a well-known EIP-712 message that wallets display to the user in a special way that clearly surfaces the known implications and risks of signing.</p>
<p>Special-purpose interfaces improve usability and security for the user, but rely on standardized message types such as Permits. This EIP concerns the ability to standardize messages that contain within them parameters of arbitrary type.</p>
<p>A recent example is found in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/7683/">ERC-7683</a>, which defines a struct with the following member:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="solidity"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment">///</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> @dev</span><span class="z-comment"> Arbitrary implementation-specific data</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment">///</span><span class="z-comment"> Can be used to define tokens, amounts, destination chains, fees, settlement parameters,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment">///</span><span class="z-comment"> or any other order-type specific information</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support">bytes</span><span> orderData</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Defining this parameter with type <code>bytes</code> enables the message to contain data of arbitrary type and is sufficient to bind the signature to implementation-specific data, but it amounts to type erasure. As a consequence, the user will be presented with an opaque bytestring in hexadecimal format in the wallet's signing interface. This negates the benefit of using EIP-712 signatures because the true contents of the parameter are invisible to the wallet's general-purpose interface.</p>
<p>Another example is found in recent efforts to make <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1271/">ERC-1271</a> signatures secure against replay. Achieving this without making the message contents opaque to the signer requires embedding an application's EIP-712 message inside an outer message that binds it to a specific account. The type of the outer message depends on the type of the inner message, and making the type reproducible by the smart contract account on-chain for verification requires an inefficient scheme to communicate the string-encoded type of the inner message as a part of the signature.</p>
<p>Both of these use cases would benefit from the ability to define EIP-712 struct parameters of arbitrary type in such a way that the verifying contract can be agnostic to the type of the parameter's value in a message while the wallet retains the ability to transparently display it to the user for inspection.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 and RFC 8174.</p>
<p>EIP-712 is extended as follows:</p>
<h3 id="typed-structured-data">Typed structured data</h3>
<p>A struct type may contain a <em>boxed member</em> by declaring it with type <code>box</code>. Example:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="solidity"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">struct</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Envelope</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> address</span><span> account</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> box contents</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>A boxed member has an underlying <em>unboxed type</em>, which is an arbitrary struct type and may be different in each message.</p>
<h3 id="encodetype"><code>encodeType</code></h3>
<p>A boxed member is encoded as <code>"box " || name</code>. For example, the above <code>Envelope</code> struct is encoded as <code>Envelope(address account,box contents)</code>.</p>
<h3 id="encodedata"><code>encodeData</code></h3>
<p>A boxed value is encoded as its underlying <em>unboxed value</em>, i.e., <code>hashStruct(value) = keccak256(typeHash, encodeData(value))</code> where <code>typeHash</code> corresponds to the unboxed type and <code>encodeData</code> is operating on a value of that type.</p>
<h3 id="signtypeddata-schema"><code>signTypedData</code> schema</h3>
<p>A signature request for an EIP-712 message that involves a boxed member shall include the unboxed type as a part of the message object. A boxed value must be an object with properties <code>value</code>, <code>primaryType</code>, and <code>types</code>. The <code>value</code> shall be type-checked and encoded according to <code>primaryType</code> and <code>types</code>, analogously to an EIP-712 message (though without the <code>\x19</code> prefix). The <code>types</code> defined in the message outside of the boxed value shall not be in scope for the encoding of a boxed value.</p>
<p>For example, a message for the <code>Envelope</code> type above may be represented as:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> domain</span><span>:</span><span class="z-keyword"> ...</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> primaryType</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">Envelope</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> types</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> Envelope</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span><span> name</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">account</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span> type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">address</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span><span> name</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">contents</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span> type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">box</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> message</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> account</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">0x...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> contents</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> primaryType</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">Mail</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> types</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> Mail</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span><span> name</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">greeting</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span> type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">string</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> value</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> greeting</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">Hello world</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h4 id="json-schema-of-a-boxed-value">JSON Schema of a boxed value</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> properties</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> value</span><span>:</span><span> {</span><span class="z-entity z-name">type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>}</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> primaryType</span><span>:</span><span> {</span><span class="z-entity z-name">type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">string</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>}</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> types</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> additionalProperties</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">array</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> items</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> properties</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> name</span><span>:</span><span> {</span><span class="z-entity z-name">type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">string</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>}</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> type</span><span>:</span><span> {</span><span class="z-entity z-name">type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">string</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> required</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">name</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">type</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> required</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">value</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">primaryType</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">types</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>TBD <!-- TODO --></p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>Needs discussion. <!-- TODO --></p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Scheme-Handler Discovery Option for Wallets2023-05-15T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Sam Wilsonhttps://github.com/SamWilsnhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/7039/Using custom protocol handlers to initiate connections between web pages and wallets.<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This proposal (affectionately known as SHADOW) is an alternative to <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/">EIP-1193</a> for wallet discovery in web browsers that requires no special permissions. Web pages intending to open a connection to a wallet inject an <code>iframe</code> tag pointing at a well-known scheme. Communication between the page and the wallet uses the <code>postMessage</code> API.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Current wallet discovery methods (eg. <code>window.ethereum</code>) only support one active wallet at a time, and require browser extensions to request broad permissions to modify web pages.</p>
<p>Ideally users should be able to have multiple wallets active, and choose between them at runtime. This not only results in an improved user experience but also reduces the barrier to entry for new browser extensions as users are no longer forced to only install one browser extension at a time.</p>
<p>With SHADOW, and unlike other recent proposals, browser extensions do not need blanket <code>content_scripts</code> or any <code>permissions</code> at all. Furthermore, any web page (and not just browser extensions) can register a handler for a protocol. That means better support for pure web wallets, native executable wallets, and hardware wallets. As long as a wallet can serve a page securely, it can register itself as a handler.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 and RFC 8174.</p>
<h3 id="initiating-a-connection">Initiating a Connection</h3>
<p>To initiate a connection to a provider, a web page SHOULD:</p>
<ol>
<li>Add an event listener to <code>window</code> for the <code>"message"</code> event (or set <code>window.onmessage</code>.)</li>
<li>Create an <code>iframe</code> tag with a <code>src</code> attribute value of <code>web+evm://</code>; then</li>
<li>Attach the <code>iframe</code> to the DOM.</li>
<li>Wait for a <code>"message"</code> event with a non-nullish <code>source</code> equal to the <code>iframe</code>'s <code>contentWindow</code>.</li>
<li>Save the first port from the message event for further communication. This is referred to as the "primary port."</li>
</ol>
<p>The event received in step 4 MAY contain additional information about the provider. If present, the event data SHALL satisfy the following TypeScript interface:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ProviderInfo</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> name</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> icon</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Where:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong><code>name</code></strong> is the human-readable name of the provider; and</li>
<li><strong><code>icon</code></strong> is a URI pointing at an image. See <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/7039/#icon-images">Icon Images</a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="communicating-on-an-established-connection">Communicating on an Established Connection</h3>
<p>The web page and wallet MAY make requests of the other. The party making the request is known as the requester, and the replying party is known as the responder.</p>
<p>A requester MAY make requests of the responder by sending a message (using <code>postMessage</code>) on the primary port. The message MAY include a <code>MessagePort</code> as the first item of the message's transfer list to receive a reply. This port is known as a "reply port." The message's data MUST satisfy <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/">EIP-1193</a>'s <code>RequestArguments</code> interface, and SHALL be interpreted as described there.</p>
<p>The responder SHALL respond by posting a single message to the reply port, if a reply port was transferred. The message's data SHALL satisfy the following TypeScript interface, where <code>ProviderRpcError</code> is defined in EIP-1193:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Response</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> result</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> unknown</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> error</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ProviderRpcError</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Exactly one of <code>result</code> or <code>error</code> SHALL be present on the response.</p>
<p>If present, <code>result</code> SHALL be equivalent to the <code>result</code> field of the named JSON-RPC method's response.</p>
<p>Error objects SHOULD follow the recommendations set out in EIP-1193.</p>
<p>A request without a transferred reply port SHALL NOT be considered an error, even if a reply would have been sent.</p>
<h3 id="icon-images">Icon Images</h3>
<!-- TODO -->
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>Instead of directly using the <code>iframe.contentWindow</code>'s message port, SHADOW transfers a message port in the first message. This allows the <code>iframe</code>, in some specific scenarios, to completely hand off communication, so the web page and the provider communicate directly, without any proxying in the <code>iframe</code>.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>While not backwards compatible with EIP-1193, this proposal uses extremely similar data structures to make the transition as painless as possible.</p>
<p>It is possible to implement an EIP-1193 compatible provider using this proposal like so:</p>
<!-- TODO: Show example of implementing EIP-1193 provider on top of this proposal. -->
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<!-- TODO: Needs more discussion. -->
<p>Both providers and web pages MUST verify the origin of messages before trusting them.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Multi Injected Provider Discovery2023-05-01T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:28+00:00Pedro Gomeshttps://github.com/pedrouidKosala Hemachandrahttps://github.com/kvhnukeRichard Moorehttps://github.com/ricmooGregory Markouhttps://github.com/GregTheGreekKyle Den Hartoghttps://github.com/kdenhartogGlitchhttps://github.com/glitch-txsJake Moxeyhttps://github.com/jxomPierre Bertethttps://github.com/bpierreDarryl Yeohttps://github.com/darrylyeoYaroslav Sergievskyhttps://github.com/everdimensionhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6963/Using window events to announce injected Wallet Providers<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>An alternative discovery mechanism to <code>window.ethereum</code> for <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/">EIP-1193</a> providers which supports discovering multiple injected Wallet Providers in a web page using Javascript's <code>window</code> events.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Currently, Wallet Provider that offer browser extensions must inject their Ethereum providers (<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/">EIP-1193</a>) into the same window object <code>window.ethereum</code>; however, this creates conflicts for users that may install more than one browser extension.</p>
<p>Browser extensions are loaded in the web page in an unpredictable and unstable order, resulting in a race condition where the user does not have control over which Wallet Provider is selected to expose the Ethereum interface under the <code>window.ethereum</code> object. Instead, the last wallet to load usually wins.</p>
<p>This results not only in a degraded user experience but also increases the barrier to entry for new browser extensions as users are forced to only install one browser extension at a time.</p>
<p>Some browser extensions attempt to counteract this problem by delaying their injection to overwrite the same <code>window.ethereum</code> object which creates an unfair competition for Wallet Providers and lack of interoperability.</p>
<p>In this proposal, we present a solution that focuses on optimizing the interoperability of multiple Wallet Providers. This solution aims to foster fairer competition by reducing the barriers to entry for new Wallet Providers, along with enhancing the user experience on Ethereum networks.</p>
<p>This is achieved by introducing a set of window events to provide a two-way communication protocol between Ethereum libraries and injected scripts provided by browser extensions thus enabling users to select their wallet of choice.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document are to be interpreted as described in <a rel="external" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119">RFC-2119</a>.</p>
<h3 id="definitions">Definitions</h3>
<p>Wallet Provider: A user agent that manages keys and facilitates transactions with Ethereum.</p>
<p>Decentralized Application (DApp): A web page that relies upon one or many Web3 platform APIs which are exposed to the web page via the Wallet.</p>
<p>Provider Discovery Library: A library or piece of software that assists a DApp to interact with the Wallet.</p>
<h3 id="provider-info">Provider Info</h3>
<p>Each Wallet Provider will be announced with the following interface <code>EIP6963ProviderInfo</code>. The values in the <code>EIP6963ProviderInfo</code> MUST be included within the <code>EIP6963ProviderInfo</code> object. The <code>EIP6963ProviderInfo</code> MAY also include extra extensible properties within the object. If a DApp does not recognize the additional properties, it SHOULD ignore them.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong><code>uuid</code></strong> - a globally unique identifier the Wallet Provider that MUST be (<a rel="external" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4122">UUIDv4</a> compliant) to uniquely distinguish different <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/">EIP-1193</a> provider sessions that have matching properties defined below during the lifetime of the page. The cryptographic uniqueness provided by <a rel="external" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4122">UUIDv4</a> guarantees that two independent <code>EIP6963ProviderInfo</code> objects can be separately identified.</li>
<li><strong><code>name</code></strong> - a human-readable local alias of the Wallet Provider to be displayed to the user on the DApp. (e.g. <code>Example Wallet Extension</code> or <code>Awesome Example Wallet</code>)</li>
<li><strong><code>icon</code></strong> - a <a rel="external" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986">URI</a> pointing to an image. The image SHOULD be a square with 96x96px minimum resolution. See the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6963/#images-icons">Images/Icons</a> below for further requirements of this property.</li>
<li><strong><code>rdns</code></strong> - The Wallet MUST supply the <code>rdns</code> property which is intended to be a domain name from the Domain Name System in reverse syntax ordering such as <code>com.example.subdomain</code>. It's up to the Wallet to determine the domain name they wish to use, but it's generally expected the identifier will remain the same throughout the development of the Wallet. It's also worth noting that similar to a user agent string in browsers, there are times where the supplied value could be unknown, invalid, incorrect, or attempt to imitate a different Wallet. Therefore, the DApp SHOULD be able to handle these failure cases with minimal degradation to the functionality of the DApp.</li>
</ul>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">/**</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> * Represents the assets needed to display a wallet</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> */</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EIP6963ProviderInfo</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> uuid</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> name</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> icon</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> rdns</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h4 id="images-icons">Images/Icons</h4>
<p>A URI-encoded image was chosen to enable flexibility for multiple protocols for fetching and rendering icons, for example:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> svg (data uri)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">data:image/svg+xml,</span><span><svg</span><span class="z-string"> version=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">1.1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string"> xmlns=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">http://www.w3.org/2000/svg</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string"> width=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">32px</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string"> height=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">32px</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string"> viewBox=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0 0 32 32</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>><</span><span class="z-string">circle</span><span class="z-string"> fill=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">red</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string"> cx=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">16</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string"> cy=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">16</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string"> r=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">12</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>/><</span><span class="z-string">/sv</span><span>g</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> png (data uri)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">data:image/png</span><span>;</span><span class="z-entity z-name">base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAAFCAYAAACNbyblAAAAHElEQVQI12P4//8/w38GIAXDIBKE0DHxgljNBAAO9TXL0Y4OHwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg</span><span class="z-string">=</span><span class="z-string">=</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The <code>icon</code> string MUST be a data URI as defined in <a rel="external" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2397">RFC-2397</a>. The image SHOULD be a square with 96x96px minimum resolution. The image format is RECOMMENDED to be either lossless or vector based such as PNG, WebP or SVG to make the image easy to render on the DApp. Since SVG images can execute Javascript, applications and libraries MUST render SVG images using the <code><img></code> tag to ensure no untrusted Javascript execution can occur.</p>
<h4 id="rdns">RDNS</h4>
<p>The <strong><code>rdns</code></strong> (Reverse-DNS) property serves to provide an identifier which DApps can rely on to be stable between sessions. The Reverse Domain Name Notation is chosen to prevent namespace collisions.
The Reverse-DNS convention implies that the value should start with a reversed DNS domain name controlled by the Provider. The domain name should be followed by a subdomain or a product name. Example: <code>com.example.MyBrowserWallet</code>.</p>
<ul>
<li>The <code>rdns</code> value MUST BE a valid <a rel="external" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1034">RFC-1034</a> Domain Name;</li>
<li>The DNS part of the <code>rdns</code> value SHOULD BE an active domain controlled by the Provider;</li>
<li>DApps MAY reject the Providers which do not follow the Reverse-DNS convention correctly;</li>
<li>DApps SHOULD NOT use the <code>rnds</code> value for feature detection as these are self-attested and prone to impersonation or bad incentives without an additional verification mechanism; feature-discovery and verification are both out of scope of this interface specification.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="provider-detail">Provider Detail</h3>
<p>The <code>EIP6963ProviderDetail</code> is used as a composition interface to announce a Wallet Provider and related metadata about the Wallet Provider. The <code>EIP6963ProviderDetail</code> MUST contain an <code>info</code> property of type <code>EIP6963ProviderInfo</code> and a <code>provider</code> property of type <code>EIP1193Provider</code> defined by <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/">EIP-1193</a>.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EIP6963ProviderDetail</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> info</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EIP6963ProviderInfo</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> provider</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EIP1193Provider</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="window-events">Window Events</h3>
<p>In order to prevent provider collisions, the DApp and the Wallet are expected to emit an event and instantiate an eventListener to discover the various Wallets. This forms an Event concurrency loop.</p>
<p>Since the DApp code and Wallet code aren't guaranteed to run in a particular order, the events are designed to handle such race conditions.</p>
<p>To emit events, both DApps and Wallets MUST use the <code>window.dispatchEvent</code> function to emit events and MUST use the <code>window.addEventListener</code> function to observe events. There are two Event interfaces used for the DApp and Wallet to discover each other.</p>
<h4 id="announce-and-request-events">Announce and Request Events</h4>
<p>The <code>EIP6963AnnounceProviderEvent</code> interface MUST be a <code>CustomEvent</code> object with a <code>type</code> property containing a string value of <code>eip6963:announceProvider</code> and a <code>detail</code> property with an object value of type <code>EIP6963ProviderDetail</code>. The <code>EIP6963ProviderDetail</code> object SHOULD be frozen by calling <code>Object.freeze()</code> on the value of the <code>detail</code> property.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> Announce Event dispatched by a Wallet</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EIP6963AnnounceProviderEvent</span><span class="z-storage"> extends</span><span class="z-entity"> CustomEvent</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> type</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eip6963:announceProvider</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> detail</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EIP6963ProviderDetail</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The <code>EIP6963RequestProviderEvent</code> interface MUST be an <code>Event</code> object with a <code>type</code> property containing a string value of <code>eip6963:requestProvider</code>.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> Request Event dispatched by a DApp</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EIP6963RequestProviderEvent</span><span class="z-storage"> extends</span><span class="z-entity"> Event</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> type</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eip6963:requestProvider</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The Wallet MUST announce the <code>EIP6963AnnounceProviderEvent</code> to the DApp via a <code>window.dispatchEvent()</code> function call. The Wallet MUST add an EventListener to catch an <code>EIP6963RequestProviderEvent</code> dispatched from the DApp. This EventListener MUST use a handler that will re-dispatch an <code>EIP6963AnnounceProviderEvent</code>. This re-announcement by the Wallet is useful for when a Wallet's initial Event announcement may have been delayed or fired before the DApp had initialized its EventListener. This allows the various Wallet Providers to react to the DApp without the need to pollute the <code>window.ethereum</code> namespace which can produce non-deterministic wallet behavior such as different wallets connecting each time.</p>
<p>The Wallet dispatches the <code>"eip6963:announceProvider"</code> event with immutable contents and listens to the <code>"eip6963:requestProvider"</code> event:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">let</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> info</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EIP6963ProviderInfo</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">let</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> provider</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EIP1193Provider</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">const</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> announceEvent</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EIP6963AnnounceProviderEvent</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-keyword"> new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> CustomEvent</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eip6963:announceProvider</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span><span> detail</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> Object</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">freeze</span><span>(</span><span>{</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> info</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> provider</span><span> }</span><span>)</span><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> The Wallet dispatches an announce event which is heard by</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> the DApp code that had run earlier</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">dispatchEvent</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">announceEvent</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> The Wallet listens to the request events which may be</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> dispatched later and re-dispatches the `EIP6963AnnounceProviderEvent`</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">addEventListener</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eip6963:requestProvider</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span> (</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">dispatchEvent</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">announceEvent</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The DApp MUST listen for the <code>EIP6963AnnounceProviderEvent</code> dispatched by the Wallet via a <code>window.addEventListener()</code> method and MUST NOT remove the Event Listener for the lifetime of the page so that the DApp can continue to handle Events beyond the initial page load interaction. The DApp MUST dispatch the <code>EIP6963RequestProviderEvent</code> via a <code>window.dispatchEvent()</code> function call after the <code>EIP6963AnnounceProviderEvent</code> handler has been initialized.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> The DApp listens to announced providers</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">addEventListener</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eip6963:announceProvider</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">event</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EIP6963AnnounceProviderEvent</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> The DApp dispatches a request event which will be heard by </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> Wallets' code that had run earlier</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">dispatchEvent</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Event</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eip6963:requestProvider</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The DApp MAY elect to persist various <code>EIP6963ProviderDetail</code> objects contained in the announcement events sent by multiple wallets. Thus, if the user wishes to utilize a different Wallet over time, the user can express this within the DApp's interface and the DApp can immediately elect to send transactions to that new Wallet. Otherwise, the DApp MAY re-initiate the wallet discovery flow via dispatching a new <code>EIP6963RequestProviderEvent</code>, potentially discovering a different set of wallets.</p>
<p>The described orchestration of events guarantees that the DApp is able to discover the Wallet, regardless of which code executes first, the Wallet code or the DApp code.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>The previous proposal introduced mechanisms that relied on a single, mutable window object that could be overwritten by multiple parties. We opted for an event-based approach to avoid the race conditions, the namespace collisions, and the potential for "pollution" attacks on a shared mutable object; the event-based orchestration creates a bidirectional communication channel between wallet and dapp that can be re-orchestrated over time.</p>
<p>To follow the Javascript event name conventions, the names are written in present tense and are prefixed with the number of this document (<code>EIP6963</code>).</p>
<h3 id="interfaces">Interfaces</h3>
<p>Standardizing an interface for provider information (<code>EIP6963ProviderInfo</code>) allows a DApp to determine all information necessary to populate a user-friendly wallet selection modal. This is particularly useful for DApps that rely on libraries such as Web3Modal, RainbowKit, Web3-Onboard, or ConnectKit to programmatically generate such selection modals.</p>
<p>Regarding the announced provider interface (<code>EIP6963ProviderDetail</code>), it was important to leave the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/">EIP-1193</a> provider interface untouched for backwards compatibility; this allows conformant DApps to interface with wallets conforming to either, and for Wallets conformant to this spec to still inject <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/">EIP-1193</a> providers for legacy DApps. Note that a legacy dapp or a DApp conformant with this spec connecting to a legacy wallet cannot guarantee the correct wallet will be selected if multiple are present.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>This EIP doesn't require supplanting <code>window.ethereum</code>, so it doesn't directly break existing applications that cannot update to this method of Wallet discovery. However, it is RECOMMENDED DApps implement this EIP to ensure discovery of multiple Wallet Providers and SHOULD disable <code>window.ethereum</code> usage except as a fail-over when discovery fails. Similarly, Wallets SHOULD keep compatibility of <code>window.ethereum</code> to ensure backwards compatibility for DApps that have not implemented this EIP. In order to prevent the previous issues of namespace collisions, it's also RECOMMENDED that wallets inject their provider object under a wallet specific namespace then proxy the object into the <code>window.ethereum</code> namespace.</p>
<h2 id="reference-implementation">Reference Implementation</h2>
<h3 id="wallet-provider">Wallet Provider</h3>
<p>Here is a reference implementation for an injected script by a Wallet Provider to support this new interface in parallel with the existing pattern.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> onPageLoad</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> let</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> provider</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EIP1193Provider</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">ethereum</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> provider</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> announceProvider</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> const</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> info</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EIP6963ProviderInfo</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> uuid</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">350670db-19fa-4704-a166-e52e178b59d2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> name</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Example Wallet</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> icon</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'/></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> rdns</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">com.example.wallet</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">dispatchEvent</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> CustomEvent</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eip6963:announceProvider</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> detail</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> Object</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">freeze</span><span>(</span><span>{</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> info</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> provider</span><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> )</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">addEventListener</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eip6963:requestProvider</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">event</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EIP6963RequestProviderEvent</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> announceProvider</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> )</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> announceProvider</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="dapp-implementation">DApp implementation</h3>
<p>Here is a reference implementation for a DApp to display and track multiple Wallet Providers that are injected by browser extensions.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">const</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> providers</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EIP6963ProviderDetail</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> onPageLoad</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">addEventListener</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eip6963:announceProvider</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">event</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EIP6963AnnounceProviderEvent</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> providers</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">push</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">event</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">detail</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> )</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">dispatchEvent</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Event</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eip6963:requestProvider</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<h3 id="eip-1193-security-considerations">EIP-1193 Security considerations</h3>
<p>The security considerations of <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/">EIP-1193</a> apply to this EIP. Implementers are expected to consider and follow the guidance of the providers they're utilizing as well.</p>
<h3 id="prototype-pollution-of-wallet-provider-objects">Prototype Pollution of Wallet Provider objects</h3>
<p>Browser extensions, and therefore Wallet extensions, are able to modify the contents of the page and the Provider object by design. The provider objects of various Wallets are considered a highly trusted interface to communicate transaction data. In order to prevent the page or various other extensions from modifying the interaction between the DApp and the Wallet in an unexpected way, the best practice is to "freeze" the provider discovery object by utilizing <code>object.freeze()</code> on the <code>EIP1193Provider</code> object before the wallet dispatches it in the <code>eip6963:announceProvider</code> Event. However, there are difficulties that can occur around web compatibility where pages need to monkey patch the object. In scenarios like this there's a tradeoff that needs to be made between security and web compatibility that Wallet implementers are expected to consider.</p>
<h3 id="wallet-imitation-and-manipulation">Wallet Imitation and Manipulation</h3>
<p>Similarly so, DApps are expected to actively detect for misbehavior of properties or functions being modified in order to tamper with or modify other wallets. One way this can be easily achieved is to look for when the <code>uuid</code> property within two <code>EIP6963ProviderInfo</code> objects match. DApps and DApp discovery libraries are expected to consider other potential methods that the <code>EIP6963ProviderInfo</code> objects are being tampered with and consider additional mitigation techniques to prevent this as well in order to protect the user.</p>
<h3 id="prevent-svg-javascript-execution">Prevent SVG Javascript Execution</h3>
<p>The use of SVG images introduces a cross-site scripting risk as they can include JavaScript code. This Javascript executes within the context of the page and can therefore modify the page or the contents of the page. So when considering the experience of rendering the icons, DApps need to take into consideration how they'll approach handling these concerns in order to prevent an image being used as an obfuscation technique to hide malicious modifications to the page or to other wallets.</p>
<h3 id="prevent-wallet-fingerprinting">Prevent Wallet Fingerprinting</h3>
<p>One advantage to the concurrency Event loop utilized by this design is that it operates in a manner where either the DApp or the Wallet can initiate the flow to announce a provider. For this reason, Wallet implementers can now consider whether or not they wish to announce themselves to all pages or attempt alternative means in order to reduce the ability for a user to be fingerprinted by the injection of the <code>window.ethereum</code> object. Some examples, of alternative flows to consider would be to wait to inject the provider object until the DApp has announced the <code>eip6963:requestProvider</code>. At that point, the wallet can initiate a UI consent flow to ask the user if they would like to share their wallet address. This allows for the Wallet to enable the option of a "private connect" feature. However, if this approach is taken, Wallets must also consider how they intend to support backwards compatibility with a DApp that does not support this EIP.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Rename gas to mana2023-03-27T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00pcaversacciohttps://github.com/pcaversacciohttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6789/This EIP suggests renaming gas to mana, as proposed by Vitalik Buterin in 2015<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This EIP suggests renaming <code>gas</code> to <code>mana</code>, as proposed by Vitalik Buterin in 2015.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>The underlying motivation for reviving Vitalik's original proposal from 2015 is that we have finally arrived at the age of Proof-of-Stake, and given the roadmap ahead (i.e. "The Surge", "The Scourge", "The Verge", "The Purge", and "The Splurge"), I consider this moment as the last opportunity to make such a far-reaching semantic change.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 and RFC 8174.</p>
<p>The core term <code>gas</code> MUST be renamed to <code>mana</code>.</p>
<p>The following opcodes MUST be renamed:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>GASPRICE</code> to <code>MANAPRICE</code>;</li>
<li><code>GASLIMIT</code> to <code>MANALIMIT</code>; and</li>
<li><code>GAS</code> to <code>MANA</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Additionally, the input parameters or outputs of the following opcodes MUST be renamed:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>CALL</code>'s <code>gas</code> input parameter to <code>mana</code>;</li>
<li><code>CALLCODE</code>'s <code>gas</code> input parameter to <code>mana</code>;</li>
<li><code>DELEGATECALL</code>'s <code>gas</code> input parameter to <code>mana</code>;</li>
<li><code>STATICCALL</code>'s <code>gas</code> input parameter to <code>mana</code>;</li>
<li><code>GASLIMIT</code>'s <code>gasLimit</code> output to <code>manaLimit</code>; and</li>
<li><code>GAS</code>'s <code>gas</code> output to <code>mana</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Finally, the following RPC endpoints MUST be renamed:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>eth_estimateGas</code> to <code>eth_estimateMana</code>;</li>
<li><code>eth_gasPrice</code> to <code>eth_manaPrice</code>; and</li>
<li><code>eth_maxPriorityFeePerGas</code> to <code>eth_maxPriorityFeePerMana</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>The description of the RPC endpoints MUST be renamed accordingly:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>eth_estimateMana</code>: Generates and returns an estimate of how much <code>mana</code> is necessary to allow the transaction to complete;</li>
<li><code>eth_manaPrice</code>: Returns the current price per <code>mana</code> in wei; and</li>
<li><code>eth_maxPriorityFeePerMana</code>: Returns the current <code>maxPriorityFeePerMana</code> per <code>mana</code> in wei.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>mana</code> reflects the increased environmental friendliness of Proof-of-Stake;</li>
<li><code>mana</code> is generally understood to be ephemeral and non-transferable, which better represents the concept of <code>gas</code>; and</li>
<li><code>mana</code> is generally portrayed as renewable, while (natural) <code>gas</code> is non-renewable.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>This proposal is not backward compatible as it renames the core term <code>gas</code>.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<h3 id="example-1">Example 1</h3>
<p>If a transaction requires more <code>mana</code> than allowed by the <code>manaLimit</code>, it is reverted as an <em>out-of-mana</em> transaction.</p>
<h3 id="example-2">Example 2</h3>
<p>A Solidity contract to estimate the used <code>mana</code> via the new <code>manaleft()</code> syntax (replacing <code>gasleft()</code>) for dedicated function calls.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="solidity"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">pragma</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag"> solidity</span><span class="z-constant"> 0.8.19</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">contract</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ManaMetering</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> oldWay</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> external</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> view</span><span class="z-keyword"> returns</span><span> (</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> memory</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> uint256</span><span class="z-variable"> manaUsed</span><span>)</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> string</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> memory</span><span> hiMom </span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-string"> "Hi Mom, "</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> string</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> memory</span><span> missYou </span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-string"> "miss you."</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> uint256</span><span> startMana </span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> manaleft</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> string</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> memory</span><span> concat </span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">abi</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">encodePacked</span><span>(</span><span>hiMom</span><span>,</span><span> missYou</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> manaUsed </span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span> startMana </span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> manaleft</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> (</span><span>concat</span><span>,</span><span> manaUsed</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> newWay</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> external</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> view</span><span class="z-keyword"> returns</span><span> (</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> memory</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> uint256</span><span class="z-variable"> manaUsed</span><span>)</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> string</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> memory</span><span> hiMom </span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-string"> "Hi Mom, "</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> string</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> memory</span><span> missYou </span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-string"> "miss you."</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> uint256</span><span> startMana </span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> manaleft</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> string</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> memory</span><span> concat </span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">concat</span><span>(</span><span>hiMom</span><span>,</span><span> missYou</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> manaUsed </span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span> startMana </span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> manaleft</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> (</span><span>concat</span><span>,</span><span> manaUsed</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>In Vyper, the same behaviour can be replicated with the new transaction property <code>msg.mana</code>, which replaces <code>msg.gas</code>.</p>
<h3 id="example-3">Example 3</h3>
<p>An example of how to set the <code>manaLimit</code> in MetaMask:</p>
<p><img src="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6789/./assets/MetaMask_ManaLimit.png" alt="MetaMask manaLimit" /></p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>There are no security considerations directly related to the renaming of <code>gas</code> to <code>mana</code>.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Private Key Encapsulation2022-11-21T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Base Labshttps://github.com/Base-LabsWeiji Guohttps://github.com/weiji-cryptonattyhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6051/defines a specification for encapsulating private keys.<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This EIP proposes a mechanism to encapsulate a private key so that it could be securely relocated to another application without providing the seed. This EIP combines <code>ECIES</code> (Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme) and optional signature verification under various choices to ensure that the private key is encapsulated for a known or trusted party.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>There are various cases in which we might want to export one of many private keys from a much more secure but less convenient wallet, which is controlled with a seed or passphrase.</p>
<ol>
<li>We might dedicate one of many private keys for messaging purposes, and that private key is probably managed in a not-so-secure manner;</li>
<li>We might want to export one of many private keys from a hardware wallet, and split it with MPC technology so that a 3rd party service could help us identify potential frauds or known bad addresses, enforce 2FA, etc., meanwhile we can initiate transactions from a mobile device with much better UX and without carrying a hardware wallet.</li>
</ol>
<p>In both cases, it is safer not to provide the seed which controls the whole wallet and might contains many addresses in multiple chains.</p>
<p>This EIP aims to enable such use cases.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<h3 id="sender-and-recipient">Sender and Recipient</h3>
<p>We hereby define:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><em>Sender</em> as the party who holds in custody the private key to be encapsulated; <em>Sender Application</em> as the client-side application that said <em>Sender</em> uses to send the encapsulated private key.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em>Recipient</em> as the party who accepts the encapsulated private key, unwraps, and then uses it; <em>Recipient Application</em> as the client-side application that <em>Recipient</em> uses to receive the encapsulated private key.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="core-algorithms">Core Algorithms</h3>
<p>The basic idea is to encapsulate the private key with ECIES. To ensure that the ephemeral public key to encapsulate the private key is indeed generated from a trusted party and has not been tampered with, we also provided an option to sign that ephemeral public key in this standard.</p>
<p>There should be a mandatory <code>version</code> parameter. This allows various kinds of Key Encapsulation Mechanisms to be adopted depending on security considerations or preferences. The list shall be short to minimize compatibility issues among different vendors.</p>
<p>In addition to a <code>version</code> parameter, the following keys and functions are involved:</p>
<ol>
<li>The Sender's private key <code>sk</code>, which is to be encapsulated to the Recipient, and the corresponding address <code>account</code>.</li>
<li>The ephemeral Recipient key pair <code>(r, R)</code> such that <code>R = [r]G</code>. <code>G</code> denotes the base point of the elliptic curve, and <code>[r]G</code> denotes scalar multiplication. Optionally, <code>R</code> could be signed, and <code>signerPubKey</code> and <code>signature</code> are then provided for Sender to verify if <code>R</code> could be trusted or not.</li>
<li>The ephemeral Sender key pair <code>(s, S)</code> such that <code>S = [s]G</code>.</li>
<li>The share secret <code>ss := [s]R = [r]S</code> according to ECDH. Note that for secp256k1 this EIP follows RFC5903 and uses compact representation, which means to use <em>only</em> the <code>x</code> coordinate as the shared secret. For Curve25519 this EIP follows RFC7748.</li>
<li>The out-of-band data <code>oob</code>, optional. This could be digits or an alpha-numeric string entered by the user.</li>
<li>Let <code>derivedKey := HKDF(hash=SHA256, ikm=ss, info=oob, salt, length)</code>. HKDF is defined in RFC5869. The <code>length</code> should be determined by <code>skey</code> and <code>IV</code> requirements such that the symmetric key <code>skey = derivedKey[0:keySize]</code>, and <code>IV = derivedKey[keySize:length]</code>. <code>keySize</code> denotes the key size of the underlying symmetric algorithm, for example, 16 (bytes) for AES-128, and 32 (bytes) for Chacha20. See <strong>Security Considerations</strong> for the use of <code>salt</code>.</li>
<li>Let <code>cipher := authenticated_encryption(symAlg, skey, IV, data=sk)</code>. The symmetric cipher algorithm <code>symAlg</code> and authentication scheme are decided by the version parameter. No additional authentication data <code>aad</code> is used.</li>
</ol>
<p>A much-simplified example flow without signature and verification is:</p>
<ol>
<li><em>Recipient Application</em> generates <code>(r, R)</code>.</li>
<li>User inputs <code>R</code> to <em>Sender Application</em>, along with a six-digit code “123456” as <code>oob</code>.</li>
<li><em>Sender Application</em> generates <code>(s, S)</code>, and computes <code>cipher</code>, then returns <code>S || cipher</code>.</li>
<li><em>Recipient Application</em> scans to read <code>S</code> and <code>cipher</code>. The user enters “123456” as <code>oob</code> to <em>Recipient Application</em>.</li>
<li><em>Recipient Application</em> decrypts <code>cipher</code> to get <code>sk</code>.</li>
<li><em>Recipient Application</em> derives the address corresponding to <code>sk</code> so that the user can confirm the correctness.</li>
</ol>
<p>With signature and verification, the signature to <code>R</code> by <code>singerPubKey</code> is appended to <code>R</code>. <code>signerPubKey</code> itself could have been already signed by <code>trustedPubKey</code>, and that signature is appended to <code>signerPubKey</code>. Note that the signature is applied to the byte array data instead of its string representation, which might lead to confusion and interoperability issues (such as hex or base64, lower case v.s. upper case, etc.). See <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6051/#requests">Requests</a> and <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6051/#test-cases">Test Cases</a> for further clarification and examples.</p>
<h3 id="requests">Requests</h3>
<h4 id="encoding-of-data-and-messages">Encoding of data and messages</h4>
<ul>
<li>Raw bytes are encoded in hex and prefixed with '0x'.</li>
<li>Unless specified otherwise, all parameters and return values are hex-encoded bytes.</li>
<li><code>cipher</code> is encoded into a single byte buffer as: <code>[IV || encrypted_sk || tag]</code>.</li>
<li><code>R</code>, <code>S</code>, <code>signerPubKey</code>, and <code>trustedPubKey</code> are compressed if applicable.</li>
<li><code>R</code> or <code>signerPubKey</code> could be followed by a signature to it: <code>[pub || sig]</code>. Note that for the secp256k1 curve, the signature is just 64 bytes without the <code>v</code> indicator as found in a typical Ethereum signature.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="r1-request-for-recipient-to-generate-ephemeral-key-pair">R1. Request for Recipient to generate ephemeral key pair</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_generateEphemeralKeyPair</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> params</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-variable z-other">version</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> signerPubKey</span><span>]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> expected return value: R</span></span></code></pre>
<p><code>signerPubKey</code> is optional. If provided, it is assumed that the implementation has the corresponding private key and the implementation MUST sign the ephemeral public key (in the form of what is to be returned). The signature algorithm is determined by the curve part of the <code>version</code> parameter, that is, ECDSA for secp256k1, and Ed25519 for Curve25519. And in this situation, it should be the case that <em>Sender</em> trusts <code>signerPubKey</code>, no matter how this trust is maintained. If not, the next request WILL be rejected by <em>Sender Application</em>. Also, see <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6051/#security-considerations">Security Considerations</a>.</p>
<p>The implementation then MUST generate random private key <code>r</code> with a cryptographic secure random number generator (CSRNG), and derive ephemeral public key <code>R = [r]G</code>. The implementation SHOULD keep the generated key pair <code>(r, R)</code> in a secure manner in accordance with the circumstances, and SHOULD keep it only for a limited duration, but the specific duration is left to individual implementations. The implementation SHOULD be able to retrieve <code>r</code> when given back the corresponding public key <code>R</code> if within the said duration.</p>
<p>The return value is <code>R</code>, compressed if applicable. If <code>signerPubKey</code> is provided, then the <code>signature</code> is appended to <code>R</code>, also hex-encoded.</p>
<p>Alternatively, <code>signature</code> could be calculated separately, and then appended to the returned data.</p>
<h4 id="r2-request-for-sender-to-encapsulate-the-private-key">R2. Request for Sender to encapsulate the private key</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_encapsulatePrivateKey</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> params</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> version</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> recipient</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> public key, may be followed by its signature, see signerPubKey</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> signerPubKey</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> oob</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> salt</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> account</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> expected return value: S || cipher</span></span></code></pre>
<p><code>recipient</code> is the return value from the call to generate ephemeral key pair, with the optional <code>signature</code> appended either as returned or separately.</p>
<p><code>oob</code> and <code>salt</code> are just byte arrays.</p>
<p><code>account</code> is used to identify which private key to be encapsulated. With Ethereum, it is an address. Also, see <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6051/#encoding-of-data-and-messages">Encoding of data and messages</a>.</p>
<p>If <code>signerPubKey</code> is provided or <code>recipient</code> contains <code>signature</code> data, the implementation MUST perform signature verification. Missing data or incorrect format MUST either fail the call or result in an empty return and optional error logs.</p>
<p><code>signerPubKey</code> could have been further signed by another key pair <code>(trusted, trustedPubKey)</code>, which is trusted by <em>Sender Application</em>. In that case, <code>signerPubKey</code> is appended with the corresponding signature data, which SHOULD be verified against <code>trustedPubKey</code>. See <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6051/#test-cases">Test Cases</a> for further clarification.</p>
<p>The implementation shall then proceed to retrieve the private key <code>sk</code> corresponding to <code>account</code>, and follow the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6051/#core-algorithms">Core Algorithms</a> to encrypt it.</p>
<p>The return data is a byte array that contains first <em>Sender</em>'s ephemeral public key <code>S</code> (compressed if applicable), then <code>cipher</code> including any authentication tag, that is, <code>S || cipher</code>.</p>
<h4 id="r3-request-for-recipient-to-unwrap-and-intake-the-private-key">R3. Request for Recipient to unwrap and intake the private key</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_intakePrivateKey</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> params</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> version</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> recipientPublicKey</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> no signature this time</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> oob</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> salt</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> data</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> expected return value: account</span></span></code></pre>
<p>This time <code>recipientPublicKey</code> is only the ephemeral public key <code>R</code> generated earlier in the Recipient side, just for the implementation to retrieve the corresponding private key <code>r</code>. <code>data</code> is the return value from the call to encapsulate private key, which is <code>S || cipher</code>.</p>
<p>When the encapsulated private key <code>sk</code> is decrypted successfully, the implementation can process it further according to the designated purposes. Some general security guidelines SHALL be followed, for example, do <em>not</em> log the value, do securely wipe it after use, etc.</p>
<p>The return value is the corresponding Ethereum address for <code>sk</code>, or empty if any error.</p>
<h3 id="options-and-parameters">Options and Parameters</h3>
<p>Available elliptic curves are:</p>
<ul>
<li>secp256k1 (mandatory)</li>
<li>Curve25519</li>
</ul>
<p>Available authenticated encryption schemes are:</p>
<ul>
<li>AES-128-GCM (mandatory)</li>
<li>AES-256-GCM</li>
<li>Chacha20-Poly1305</li>
</ul>
<p>The version string is simply the concatenation of the elliptic curve and AE scheme, for example, secp256k1-AES-128-GCM. The above lists allow a combination of six different concrete schemes. Implementations are encouraged to implement curve-related logic separately from authenticated encryption schemes to avoid duplication and to promote interoperability.</p>
<p>Signature algorithms for each curve are:</p>
<ul>
<li>secp256k1 --> ECDSA</li>
<li>Curve25519 --> Ed25519</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>A critical difference between this <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6051/">EIP-6051</a> with <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/5630/">EIP-5630</a> is that, as the purpose of key encapsulation is to transport a private key securely, the public key from the key recipient should be ephemeral, and mostly used only one-time. While in EIP-5630 settings, the public key of the message recipient shall be stable for a while so that message senders can encrypt messages without key discovery every time.</p>
<p>There is security implication to this difference, including perfect forward secrecy. We aim to achieve perfect forward secrecy by generating ephemeral key pairs on both sides every time:</p>
<ol>
<li>first <em>Recipient</em> shall generate an ephemeral key pair, retain the private key securely, and export the public key;</li>
<li>then <em>Sender</em> can securely wrap the private key in ECIES, with another ephemeral key pair, then destroy the ephemeral key securely;</li>
<li>finally <em>Recipient</em> can unwrap the private key, then destroy its ephemeral key pair securely. After these steps, the cipher text in transport intercepted by a malicious 3rd party is no longer decryptable.</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>No backward compatibility issues for this new proposal.</p>
<h3 id="interoperability">Interoperability</h3>
<p>To minimize potential compatibility issues among applications (including hardware wallets), this EIP requires that version secp256k1-AES-128-GCM MUST be supported.</p>
<p>The version could be decided by the user or negotiated by both sides. When there is no user input or negotiation, secp256k1-AES-128-GCM is assumed.</p>
<p>It is expected that implementations cover curve supports separately from encryption support, that is, all the versions that could be derived from the supported curve and supported encryption scheme should work.</p>
<p>Signatures to <code>R</code> and <code>signerPubKey</code> are applied to byte array values instead of the encoded string.</p>
<h3 id="ux-recommendations">UX Recommendations</h3>
<p><code>salt</code> and/or <code>oob</code> data: both are inputs to the HKDF function (<code>oob</code> as “info” parameter). For better user experiences we suggest to require from users only one of them but this is up to the implementation.</p>
<p><em>Recipient Application</em> is assumed to be powerful enough. <em>Sender Application</em> could have very limited computing power and user interaction capabilities.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<p>For review purposes, the program to generate the test vectors is open-sourced and provided in the corresponding discussion thread.</p>
<h3 id="data-fixation">Data Fixation</h3>
<p>Throughout the test cases, we fix values for the below data:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>sk</code>, the private key to be encapsulated, fixed to: <code>0xf8f8a2f43c8376ccb0871305060d7b27b0554d2cc72bccf41b2705608452f315</code>. The corresponding address is <code>0x001d3f1ef827552ae1114027bd3ecf1f086ba0f9</code>, called <code>account</code>. Note that these values come from the book <em>Mastering Ethereum</em> by Andreas M. Antonopoulos and Gavin Wood.</li>
<li><code>r</code>, the Recipient private key, fixed to <code>0x6f2dd2a7804705d2d536bee92221051865a639efa23f5ca7c810e77048253a79</code></li>
<li><code>s</code>, the Sender private key, fixed to <code>0x28fa2db9f916e44fcc88370bedaf5eb3ec45632f040f4c1450c0f101e1e8bac8</code></li>
<li><code>signer</code>, the private key to sign the ephemeral public key, fixed to <code>0xac304db075d1685284ba5e10c343f2324ee32df3394fc093c98932517d36e344</code>. When used for Ed25519 signing, however, this value acts as <code>seed</code>, while the actual private key is calculated as <code>SHA512(seed)[:32]</code>. Or put another way, the public key is the scalar multiplication of hashed private key to the base point. Same for <code>trusted</code>.</li>
<li><code>trusted</code>, the private key to sign <code>signerPubKey</code>, fixed to <code>0xda6649d68fc03b807e444e0034b3b59ec60716212007d72c9ddbfd33e25d38d1</code></li>
<li><code>oob</code>, fixed to <code>0x313233343536</code> (string value: <code>123456</code>)</li>
<li><code>salt</code>, fixed to <code>0x6569703a2070726976617465206b657920656e63617073756c6174696f6e</code> (string value: <code>eip: private key encapsulation</code>)</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="case-1">Case 1</h3>
<p>Use <code>version</code> as <code>secp256k1-AES-128-GCM</code>. <strong>R1</strong> is provided as:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_generateEphemeralKeyPair</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> params</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> version</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">secp256k1-AES-128-GCM</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> signerPubKey</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x035a5ca16997f9b9ead9572c9bde36c5dab584b17bc965cdd7c2945c776e981b0b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Suppose the implementation generates an ephemeral key pair <code>(r, R)</code>:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>r: '0x6f2dd2a7804705d2d536bee92221051865a639efa23f5ca7c810e77048253a79',</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>R: '0x039ef98feddb39664450c3876878093c70652caba7e3fd04333c0558ffdf798d09'</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The return value could be:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>'0x039ef98feddb39664450c3876878093c70652caba7e3fd04333c0558ffdf798d09536da06b8d9207040ada179dc2c38f701a1a21c9ab5a7d52f5da50ea438e8ccf47dac77547fbdde194f71db52860b9e10ca2b089646f133d172124504ac1996a'</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Note that <code>R</code> is compressed and <code>R</code> leads the return value: <code>R || sig</code>.</p>
<p>Therefore <strong>R2</strong> could be provided as:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_encapsulatePrivateKey</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> params</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> version</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">secp256k1-AES-128-GCM</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> recipient</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x039ef98feddb39664450c3876878093c70652caba7e3fd04333c0558ffdf798d09536da06b8d9207040ada179dc2c38f701a1a21c9ab5a7d52f5da50ea438e8ccf47dac77547fbdde194f71db52860b9e10ca2b089646f133d172124504ac1996a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> signerPubKey</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x035a5ca16997f9b9ead9572c9bde36c5dab584b17bc965cdd7c2945c776e981b0b5bd427c527b7f1012b8edfd179b9002a7f2d7fc326bb6ae9aaf38b44eb93c397631fd8bb05fd78fa16ecca1eb19652b200f9048611265bc81f485cf60f29d6de</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> oob</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x313233343536</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> salt</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x6569703a2070726976617465206b657920656e63617073756c6174696f6e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> account</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x001d3f1ef827552ae1114027bd3ecf1f086ba0f9</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre>
<p><em>Sender Application</em> first verifies first layer signature as ECDSA over secp256k1:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>// actual message to be signed should be the decoded byte array</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>msg: '0x039ef98feddb39664450c3876878093c70652caba7e3fd04333c0558ffdf798d09',</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>sig: '0x536da06b8d9207040ada179dc2c38f701a1a21c9ab5a7d52f5da50ea438e8ccf47dac77547fbdde194f71db52860b9e10ca2b089646f133d172124504ac1996aaf4a811661741a43587dd458858b75c582ca7db82fa77b',</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>//signerPubKey</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>pub: '0x035a5ca16997f9b9ead9572c9bde36c5dab584b17bc965cdd7c2945c776e981b0b'</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Then it proceeds to verify the second layer signature, also as ECDSA over secp256k1:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>// actual message to be signed should be the decoded byte array</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>msg: '0x035a5ca16997f9b9ead9572c9bde36c5dab584b17bc965cdd7c2945c776e981b0b',</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>sig: '0x5bd427c527b7f1012b8edfd179b9002a7f2d7fc326bb6ae9aaf38b44eb93c397631fd8bb05fd78fa16ecca1eb19652b200f9048611265bc81f485cf60f29d6de',</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>//trustedPubKey</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>pub: '0x027fb72176f1f9852ce7dd9dc3aa4711675d3d8dc5102b86d758d853002137e839'</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Since <em>Sender Application</em> trusts <code>trustedPubKey</code>, the signature verification succeeds.</p>
<p>Suppose the implementation generates an ephemeral key pair <code>(s, S)</code> as:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>s: '0x28fa2db9f916e44fcc88370bedaf5eb3ec45632f040f4c1450c0f101e1e8bac8',</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>S: '0x02ced2278d9ebb193f166d4ee5bbbc5ab8ca4b9ddf23c4172ad11185c079944c02'</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The shared secret, symmetric key, and IV should be:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>ss: '0x8e83bc5a9c77b11afc12c9a8262b16e899678d1720459e3b73ca2abcfed1fca3',</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>skey: '0x6ccc02a61aa16d6c66a1277e5e2434b8',</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>IV: '0x9c7a0f870d17ced2d2c3d1cf'</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Then the return value should be:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>'0x02ced2278d9ebb193f166d4ee5bbbc5ab8ca4b9ddf23c4172ad11185c079944c02abff407e8901bb37d13d724a2e3a8a1a5af300adc286aa2ec65ef2a38c10c5cec68a949d0a20dbad2a8e5dfd7a14bbcb'</span></span></code></pre>
<p>With compressed public key <code>S</code> leading <code>cipher</code>, which in turn is (added prefix '0x'):</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>'0xabff407e8901bb37d13d724a2e3a8a1a5af300adc286aa2ec65ef2a38c10c5cec68a949d0a20dbad2a8e5dfd7a14bbcb'</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Then <strong>R3</strong> is provided as:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_intakePrivateKey</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> params</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> version</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">secp256k1-AES-128-GCM</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> recipientPublicKey</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x039ef98feddb39664450c3876878093c70652caba7e3fd04333c0558ffdf798d09</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> oob</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x313233343536</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> salt</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x6569703a2070726976617465206b657920656e63617073756c6174696f6e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> data</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x02ced2278d9ebb193f166d4ee5bbbc5ab8ca4b9ddf23c4172ad11185c079944c02abff407e8901bb37d13d724a2e3a8a1a5af300adc286aa2ec65ef2a38c10c5cec68a949d0a20dbad2a8e5dfd7a14bbcb</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The return value should be <code>0x001d3f1ef827552ae1114027bd3ecf1f086ba0f9</code>. This matches the <code>account</code> parameter in <strong>R2</strong>.</p>
<h3 id="case-2">Case 2</h3>
<p>Use <code>version</code> as <code>secp256k1-AES-256-GCM</code>. The calculated symmetric key <code>skey</code>, <code>IV</code>, and <code>cipher</code> will be different. <strong>R1</strong> is provided as:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_generateEphemeralKeyPair</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> params</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> version</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">secp256k1-AES-256-GCM</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> signerPubKey</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x035a5ca16997f9b9ead9572c9bde36c5dab584b17bc965cdd7c2945c776e981b0b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Note that only the <code>version</code> is different (AES key size). We keep using the same <code>(r, R)</code> (this is just a test vector).</p>
<p>Therefore <strong>R2</strong> is provided as:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_encapsulatePrivateKey</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> params</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> version</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">secp256k1-AES-256-GCM</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> recipient</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x039ef98feddb39664450c3876878093c70652caba7e3fd04333c0558ffdf798d09536da06b8d9207040ada179dc2c38f701a1a21c9ab5a7d52f5da50ea438e8ccf47dac77547fbdde194f71db52860b9e10ca2b089646f133d172124504ac1996a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> signerPubKey</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x035a5ca16997f9b9ead9572c9bde36c5dab584b17bc965cdd7c2945c776e981b0b5bd427c527b7f1012b8edfd179b9002a7f2d7fc326bb6ae9aaf38b44eb93c397631fd8bb05fd78fa16ecca1eb19652b200f9048611265bc81f485cf60f29d6de</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> oob</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x313233343536</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> salt</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x6569703a2070726976617465206b657920656e63617073756c6174696f6e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> account</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x001d3f1ef827552ae1114027bd3ecf1f086ba0f9</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Suppose the implementation generates the same <code>(s, S)</code> as <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6051/#case-1">Case 1</a>. The shared secret, symmetric key, and IV should be:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>ss: '0x8e83bc5a9c77b11afc12c9a8262b16e899678d1720459e3b73ca2abcfed1fca3',</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>skey: '0x6ccc02a61aa16d6c66a1277e5e2434b89c7a0f870d17ced2d2c3d1cfd0e6f199',</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>IV: '0x3369b9570b9d207a0a8ebe27'</span></span></code></pre>
<p>With shared secret <code>ss</code> remaining the same as <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6051/#case-1">Case 1</a>, symmetric key <code>skey</code> contains both the <code>skey</code> and <code>IV</code> from <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6051/#case-1">Case 1</a>. IV is changed.</p>
<p>Then the return value should be the following, with the <code>S</code> part the same as <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6051/#case-1">Case 1</a> and the <code>cipher</code> part different:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>'0x02ced2278d9ebb193f166d4ee5bbbc5ab8ca4b9ddf23c4172ad11185c079944c0293910a91270b5deb0a645cc33604ed91668daf72328739d52a5af5a4760c4f3a9592b8f6d9b3ebe25127e7bf1c43b839'</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Then <strong>R3</strong> is provided as:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_intakePrivateKey</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> params</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> version</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">secp256k1-AES-256-GCM</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> recipientPublicKey</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x039ef98feddb39664450c3876878093c70652caba7e3fd04333c0558ffdf798d09</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> oob</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x313233343536</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> salt</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x6569703a2070726976617465206b657920656e63617073756c6174696f6e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> data</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x02ced2278d9ebb193f166d4ee5bbbc5ab8ca4b9ddf23c4172ad11185c079944c0293910a91270b5deb0a645cc33604ed91668daf72328739d52a5af5a4760c4f3a9592b8f6d9b3ebe25127e7bf1c43b839</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The return value should be <code>0x001d3f1ef827552ae1114027bd3ecf1f086ba0f9</code>. This matches the <code>account</code> parameter in <strong>R2</strong>.</p>
<h3 id="case-3">Case 3</h3>
<p>Use <code>version</code> as: <code>Curve-25519-Chacha20-Poly1305</code>. <strong>R1</strong> is provided as:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_generateEphemeralKeyPair</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> params</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> version</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">Curve25519-Chacha20-Poly1305</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> signerPubKey</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0xe509fb840f6d5a69333ef68d69b86de55b9b905e45b16e3591912c097ba69938</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Note that with Curve25519 the size is 32 (bytes) for both the public key and private key. And there is no compression for the public key. <code>signerPubKey</code> is calculated as:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>//signer is '0xac304db075d1685284ba5e10c343f2324ee32df3394fc093c98932517d36e344'</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>s := SHA512(signer)[:32]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>signerPubKey := Curve25519.ScalarBaseMult(s).ToHex()</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The same technique applies to <code>trustedPubKey</code>. With <code>r</code> the same as in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6051/#case-1">Case 1</a> and <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6051/#case-2">Case 2</a> and the curve being changed, the return value is <code>R = [r]G || sig</code>:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>R = '0xc0ea3514b0ab83b2fe4f4ef96159cda8fa836ce549ef09569b901eef0723bf79cac06de279ec7f65f6b75f6bee740496df0650a6de61da5e691d7c5da1c7cb1ece61c669dd588a1029c38f11ad1714c1c9742232f9562ca6bbc7bad57882da04'</span></span></code></pre>
<p><strong>R2</strong> is provided as:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_encapsulatePrivateKey</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> params</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> version</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">Curve25519-Chacha20-Poly1305</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> recipient</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0xc0ea3514b0ab83b2fe4f4ef96159cda8fa836ce549ef09569b901eef0723bf79879d900f04a955078ff6ae86f1d1b69b3e1265370e64bf064adaecb895c51effa3bdae7964bf8f9a6bfaef3b66306c1bc36afa5607a51b9768aa42ac2c961f02</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> signerPubKey</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0xe509fb840f6d5a69333ef68d69b86de55b9b905e45b16e3591912c097ba69938d43e06a0f32c9e5ddb39fce34fac2b6f5314a1b1583134f27426d50af7094b0c101e848737e7f717da8c8497be06bab2a9536856c56eee194e89e94fd1bba509</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> oob</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x313233343536</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> salt</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x6569703a2070726976617465206b657920656e63617073756c6174696f6e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> account</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x001d3f1ef827552ae1114027bd3ecf1f086ba0f9</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Both <code>recipient</code> and <code>signerPubKey</code> have been signed in Ed25519. Verifying signature to <code>R</code> is carried out as:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>// actual message to be signed should be the decoded byte array</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>msg: '0xc0ea3514b0ab83b2fe4f4ef96159cda8fa836ce549ef09569b901eef0723bf79',</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>sig: '0x879d900f04a955078ff6ae86f1d1b69b3e1265370e64bf064adaecb895c51effa3bdae7964bf8f9a6bfaef3b66306c1bc36afa5607a51b9768aa42ac2c961f02',</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>//signerPubKey</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>pub: '0xe509fb840f6d5a69333ef68d69b86de55b9b905e45b16e3591912c097ba69938'</span></span></code></pre>
<p>After successfully verifying the signature (and the one by <code>trustedPubKey</code>), the implementation then generates ephemeral key pair <code>(s, S)</code> in Curve25519:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>// s same as Case 1 and Case 2</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>s = '0x28fa2db9f916e44fcc88370bedaf5eb3ec45632f040f4c1450c0f101e1e8bac8',</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>S = '0xd2fd6fcaac231d08363e736e61edb7e7696b13a727e3d2a239415cb8dc6ee278'</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The shared secret, symmetric key, and IV should be:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>ss: '0xe0b36f56cdb63c27e933a5a67a5e97db4b566c9276a36aeee5dc6e87da118867',</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>skey: '0x7c6fa749e6df13c8578dc44cb24cdf46a44cb163e1e570c2e590c720aed5783f',</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>IV: '0x3c98ef6fc34b0d6e7e16bd78'</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Then the return value should be <code>S || cipher</code>:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>'0xd2fd6fcaac231d08363e736e61edb7e7696b13a727e3d2a239415cb8dc6ee2786a7e2e40efb86dc68f44f3e032bbedb1259fa820e548ac5adbf191784c568d4f642ca5b60c0b2142189dff6ee464b95c'</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Then <strong>R3</strong> is provided as:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_intakePrivateKey</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> params</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> version</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">Curve25519-Chacha20-Poly1305</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> recipientPublicKey</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0xc0ea3514b0ab83b2fe4f4ef96159cda8fa836ce549ef09569b901eef0723bf79</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> oob</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x313233343536</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> salt</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0x6569703a2070726976617465206b657920656e63617073756c6174696f6e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> data</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">0xd2fd6fcaac231d08363e736e61edb7e7696b13a727e3d2a239415cb8dc6ee2786a7e2e40efb86dc68f44f3e032bbedb1259fa820e548ac5adbf191784c568d4f642ca5b60c0b2142189dff6ee464b95c</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The return value should be <code>0x001d3f1ef827552ae1114027bd3ecf1f086ba0f9</code>. This matches the <code>account</code> parameter in <strong>R2</strong>.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<h3 id="perfect-forward-secrecy">Perfect Forward Secrecy</h3>
<p>PFS is achieved by using ephemeral key pairs on both sides.</p>
<h3 id="optional-signature-and-trusted-public-keys">Optional Signature and Trusted Public Keys</h3>
<p><code>R</code> could be signed so that <em>Sender Application</em> can verify if <code>R</code> could be trusted or not. This involves both signature verification and if the signer could be trusted or not. While signature verification is quite straightforward in itself, the latter should be managed with care. To facilitate this trust management issue, <code>signerPubKey</code> could be further signed, creating a dual-layer trust structure:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>R <-- signerPubKey <-- trustedPubKey</span></span></code></pre>
<p>This allows various strategies to manage trust. For example:</p>
<ul>
<li>A hardware wallet vendor which takes it very seriously about the brand reputation and the fund safety for its customers, could choose to trust only its own public keys, all instances of <code>trustedPubKey</code>. These public keys only sign <code>signerPubKey</code> from selected partners.</li>
<li>A MPC service could publish its <code>signerPubKey</code> online so that <em>Sender Application</em> won't verify the signature against a wrong or fake public key.</li>
</ul>
<p>Note that it is advised that a separate key pair should be used for signing on each curve.</p>
<h3 id="security-level">Security Level</h3>
<ol>
<li>We are not considering post-quantum security. If the quantum computer becomes a materialized threat, the underlying cipher of Ethereum and other L1 chains would have been replaced, and this EIP will be outdated then (as the EC part of ECIES is also broken).</li>
<li>The security level shall match that of the elliptic curve used by the underlying chains. It does not make much sense to use AES-256 to safeguard a secp256k1 private key but implementations could choose freely.</li>
<li>That being said, a key might be used in multiple chains. So the security level shall cover the most demanding requirement and potential future developments.</li>
</ol>
<p>AES-128, AES-256, and ChaCha20 are provided.</p>
<h3 id="randomness">Randomness</h3>
<p><code>r</code> and <code>s</code> must be generated with a cryptographic secure random number generator (CSRNG).</p>
<p><code>salt</code> could be random bytes generated the same way as <code>r</code> or <code>s</code>. <code>salt</code> could be in any length but the general suggestion is 12 or 16, which could be displayed as a QR code by the screen of some hardware wallet (so that another application could scan to read). If <code>salt</code> is not provided, this EIP uses the default value as <code>EIP-6051</code>.</p>
<h3 id="out-of-band-data">Out of Band Data</h3>
<p><code>oob</code> data is optional. When non-empty, its content is digits or an alpha-numeric string from the user. <em>Sender Application</em> may mandate <code>oob</code> from the user.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Wallet Call API2022-10-17T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:28+00:00Moody Salemhttps://github.com/moodysalemLukas Rosariohttps://github.com/lukasrosarioWilson Cusackhttps://github.com/wilsoncusackDror Tiroshhttps://github.com/drortiroshJake Moxeyhttps://github.com/jxomDerek Reinhttps://github.com/areinAlex Forshtathttps://github.com/forshtatSam Wilsonhttps://github.com/SamWilsnsam@binarycake.caBorislav Itskovhttps://github.com/OxbobbyJoao Tavareshttps://github.com/cryptotavaresAdam Fullerhttps://github.com/azf20Philip Liaohttps://github.com/phil-ociraptorbumblefudgehttps://github.com/bumblefudgehttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/5792/Adds JSON-RPC methods for sending multiple calls from the user's wallet, and checking their status<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>Defines new JSON-RPC methods which enable apps to ask a wallet to process a batch of onchain write calls and to check on the status of those calls.
Applications can specify that these onchain calls be executed taking advantage of specific capabilities previously expressed by the wallet; an additional, novel wallet RPC is defined to enable apps to query the wallet for those capabilities.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>The current methods used to send transactions from the user wallet and check their status are <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> and <code>eth_getTransactionReceipt</code>.</p>
<p>The current methods used to send transactions from the user wallet and check their status do not meet modern developer demands and cannot accommodate new transaction formats. Even the name–- <code>eth_sendTransaction</code>-– is an artifact of a time when nodes served as wallets.</p>
<p>Today, developers want to send multiple calls batched together in a single RPC call, which many smart accounts can, in turn, execute atomically in a single transaction. Developers also want to make use of features afforded by new transaction formats, like paymasters in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4337/">ERC-4337</a> transactions. <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> offers no way to do these things.</p>
<p>In updating to a new set of <code>wallet_</code> RPCs, our main goals are to enforce a clean separation of wallet and app concerns, enable developers to make use of things like paymasters and batch transactions, and to create a clear way for more safely discoverable features to be added over time with minimal coordination.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>Four new JSON-RPC methods are added: three are for handling batches of onchain calls, and one is for querying support for wallet capabilities, such as to make better use of the three batching methods.
Apps may begin using these first three methods immediately, falling back to <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> and <code>eth_getTransactionReceipt</code> when they are not available.</p>
<h3 id="wallet-sendcalls"><code>wallet_sendCalls</code></h3>
<p>Requests that a wallet submits a batch of calls. <code>from</code> and <code>chainId</code> are identified by <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/155/">EIP-155</a> integers expressed in hexadecimal notation,
with <code>0x</code> prefix and no leading zeroes for the <code>chainId</code> value.
The items in the <code>calls</code> field are simple <code>{to, data, value}</code> tuples.</p>
<p>The capabilities field is how an app can communicate with a wallet about capabilities a wallet supports. For example, this is where an app can specify a paymaster service URL from which an <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4337/">ERC-4337</a> wallet can request a <code>paymasterAndData</code> input for a user operation.</p>
<p>Each capability defined in the "capabilities" member can define global or call specific fields.
These fields are set inside this capability's entry in the <code>capabilities</code> object.
Each entity in the <code>calls</code> field may contain an optional <code>capabilities</code> object.
This object allows the applications to attach a capability-specific metadata to individual calls.</p>
<p>The <code>atomicRequired</code> field specifies if a wallet is required to handle the batch of calls atomically or not. The wallet capacity to execute batch calls atomically is exposed through the built in <code>atomic</code> capability and can be sourced via <code>wallet_getCapabilities</code>..</p>
<p>Unless these requirements are explicitly overridden by a certain <code>capability</code>, the wallet must adhere to the following rules.
Note that such a <code>capability</code> is not in the scope of this EIP and should be defined in its own ERC.</p>
<p>The wallet:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>MUST send the calls in the order specified in the request</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>MUST send the calls on the same chain identified by the request's <code>chainId</code> property</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>MUST send the calls from the address specified in the request's <code>from</code> property, if provided</p>
<ul>
<li>If <code>from</code> is not provided the wallet SHOULD present the user with an opportunity to view and select the <code>from</code> address during confirmation</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>MUST NOT await for any calls to be finalized to complete the batch</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>MUST NOT send any calls from the request if the user rejects the request</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>When <code>atomicRequired</code> is set to <code>true</code>:</p>
<ul>
<li>MUST execute all calls atomically, meaning that either all calls execute successfully or no material effects appear on chain.</li>
<li>MUST execute all calls contiguously, meaning no other transactions/calls may be interleaved with the calls from this batch.</li>
<li>If a wallet is able to upgrade its atomicity guarantees from <code>ready</code> to <code>supported</code> but has not yet done so, it MUST upgrade before proceeding to submit the calls with the above guarantees.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>When <code>atomicRequired</code> is set to <code>false</code>:</p>
<ul>
<li>MAY execute all calls sequentially without any atomicity/contiguity guarantees.</li>
<li>If a wallet is capable of providing atomicity guarantees, it MAY execute the batch atomically.</li>
<li>If a wallet is able to upgrade its atomicity guarantees to <code>supported</code> (see <code>atomic</code> capability definition below), it MAY do so and then execute the batch atomically.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>MAY reject the request if the from address does not match the enabled account</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>MAY reject the request if one or more calls in the batch is expected to fail, when simulated sequentially</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>MUST reject the request if it contains a <code>capability</code> (either top-level or call-level) that is not supported by the wallet and the <code>capability</code> is not explicitly marked as optional.</p>
<ul>
<li>Applications may mark a capability as optional by setting <code>optional</code> to <code>true</code>. See the RPC Specification section below for details.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>If provided, the wallet MUST respect the <code>id</code> field and return it in the response.</p>
<p>Identifiers, whether provided by the app or generated by the wallet, MUST be a unique string up to 4096 bytes (8194 characters including leading <code>0x</code>).</p>
<p>App-provided <code>id</code>s MUST be unique per sender per app, where each "app" SHOULD be identified by their domain.</p>
<p>Wallets MUST reject requests with duplicate <code>id</code>s.</p>
<p>Within 24 hours from the corresponding <code>wallet_sendCalls</code>, wallets SHOULD return a call-batch status when <code>wallet_getCallsStatus</code> is called with the same <code>id</code>.</p>
<p>The <code>capabilities</code> response object allows the wallets to attach a capability-specific metadata to the response.</p>
<h4 id="wallet-sendcalls-rpc-specification"><code>wallet_sendCalls</code> RPC Specification</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">type</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Capability</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> [</span><span class="z-variable">key</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> unknown</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> optional</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> boolean</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">type</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> SendCallsParams</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> version</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> id</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> from</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> chainId</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> Hex chain id</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> atomicRequired</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> boolean</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> calls</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> to</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> data</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> value</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> Hex value</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> capabilities</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Record</span><span><</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Capability</span><span>></span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> capabilities</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Record</span><span><</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Capability</span><span>></span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">type</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> SendCallsResult</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> id</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> capabilities</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Record</span><span><</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> any</span><span>></span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre><h5 id="wallet-sendcalls-example-parameters"><code>wallet_sendCalls</code> Example Parameters</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>[</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">version</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">from</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f07244567</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">chainId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x01</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">atomicRequired</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">calls</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">to</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f07244567</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">value</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9184e72a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">data</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8d46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f072445675058bb8eb970870f072445675</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">to</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f07244567</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">value</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x182183</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">data</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xfbadbaf01</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">capabilities</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">paymasterService</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">url</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">https://...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">optional</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>]</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Note that since the <code>paymasterService</code> <code>capability</code> is marked as optional, wallets that do not support it will still process and handle the request as if the capability had not been present. If this <code>optional</code> field were set to <code>false</code> or absent from the request, wallets that do not support the <code>capability</code> MUST reject the request.</p>
<h5 id="wallet-sendcalls-example-return-value"><code>wallet_sendCalls</code> Example Return Value</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="wallet-getcallsstatus"><code>wallet_getCallsStatus</code></h3>
<p>Returns the status of a call batch that was sent via <code>wallet_sendCalls</code>.
The identifier of the batch is the value returned from the <code>wallet_sendCalls</code> RPC.
Note that the <code>receipts</code> objects of this method's response is a strict subset of the object returned by <code>eth_getTransactionReceipt</code>.</p>
<p>The <code>capabilities</code> object allows the wallets to attach a capability-specific metadata to the response.</p>
<p>The <code>atomic</code> field specifies how the wallet handled the batch of calls, which influences the structure of the <code>receipts</code> field.</p>
<ul>
<li>The receipts in the <code>receipts</code> field MUST be in the order that they are included onchain.</li>
<li>If a wallet executes multiple calls <strong>atomically</strong>, <code>wallet_getCallsStatus</code> MAY return an object with a <code>receipts</code> field that contains a single transaction receipt or an array of receipts, corresponding to how the batch of transactions were included onchain. It also MUST be explicit and return an <code>atomic</code> field set to <code>true</code>.</li>
<li>If a wallet executes multiple calls <strong>non-atomically</strong>, <code>wallet_getCallsStatus</code> MUST return an object with a <code>receipts</code> field that contains <strong>an array of receipts</strong> for all transactions containing batch calls that were included onchain. This includes the batch calls that were included on-chain but eventually reverted. It also MUST be explicit and return a <code>atomic</code> field set to <code>false</code>.</li>
<li>The <code>logs</code> in the receipt objects MUST only include logs relevant to the calls submitted using <code>wallet_sendCalls</code>. For example, in the case of a transaction submitted onchain by an <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4337/">ERC-4337</a> bundler, the logs must only include those relevant to the user operation constructed using the calls submitted via <code>wallet_sendCalls</code>. I.e. the logs should not include those from other unrelated user operations submitted in the same bundle.
<ul>
<li>Similarly, if a user upgrades their wallet to support atomicity before submitting a batch of calls from an app, the logs MUST NOT include those emitted as part of the upgrade process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="wallet-getcallsstatus-rpc-specification"><code>wallet_getCallsStatus</code> RPC Specification</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">type</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> GetCallsParams</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> [</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span>]</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">type</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> GetCallsResult</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> version</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> id</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> chainId</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> status</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> number</span><span>;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> See "Status Codes"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> atomic</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> boolean</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> receipts</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> logs</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> address</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> data</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> topics</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> status</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> Hex 1 or 0 for success or failure, respectively</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> blockHash</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> blockNumber</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> gasUsed</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> transactionHash</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> capabilities</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Record</span><span><</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> any</span><span>></span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre><h5 id="status-codes-for-status-field">Status Codes for <code>status</code> field</h5>
<p>The purpose of the <code>status</code> field is to provide a short summary of the current status of the batch.
It provides some off-chain context to the array of inner transaction <code>receipts</code>.</p>
<p>Status codes follow these categories:</p>
<ul>
<li>1xx: Pending states</li>
<li>2xx: Confirmed states</li>
<li>4xx: Offchain failures</li>
<li>5xx: Chain rules failures</li>
</ul>
<table><thead><tr><th>Code</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>100</td><td>Batch has been received by the wallet but has not completed execution onchain (pending)</td></tr>
<tr><td>200</td><td>Batch has been included onchain without reverts, receipts array contains info of all calls (confirmed)</td></tr>
<tr><td>400</td><td>Batch has not been included onchain and wallet will not retry (offchain failure)</td></tr>
<tr><td>500</td><td>Batch reverted <strong>completely</strong> and only changes related to gas charge may have been included onchain (chain rules failure)</td></tr>
<tr><td>600</td><td>Batch reverted <strong>partially</strong> and some changes related to batch calls may have been included onchain (partial chain rules failure)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>More specific status codes within these categories should be proposed and agreed upon in separate ERCs.</p>
<h5 id="wallet-getcallsstatus-example-parameters"><code>wallet_getCallsStatus</code> Example Parameters</h5>
<p>The <code>id</code> batch identifier is a unique 64 bytes represented as a hex encoded string returned from <code>wallet_sendCalls</code>.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>[</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>]</span></span></code></pre><h5 id="wallet-getcallsstatus-example-return-value"><code>wallet_getCallsStatus</code> Example Return Value</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">version</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">chainId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x01</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">status</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 200</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">atomic</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">receipts</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">logs</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">address</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xa922b54716264130634d6ff183747a8ead91a40b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">topics</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x5a2a90727cc9d000dd060b1132a5c977c9702bb3a52afe360c9c22f0e9451a68</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">data</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xabcd</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">status</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">blockHash</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xf19bbafd9fd0124ec110b848e8de4ab4f62bf60c189524e54213285e7f540d4a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">blockNumber</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xabcd</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">gasUsed</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xdef</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">transactionHash</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9b7bb827c2e5e3c1a0a44dc53e573aa0b3af3bd1f9f5ed03071b100bb039eaff</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="wallet-showcallsstatus"><code>wallet_showCallsStatus</code></h3>
<p>Requests that a wallet shows information about a given call bundle that was sent with <code>wallet_sendCalls</code>. Note that this method does not return anything for a known <code>id</code> batch identifier. If the identifier is not known, or in case of any other failure to execute <code>wallet_showCallsStatus</code> returns an RPC call error.</p>
<h4 id="wallet-showcallsstatus-rpc-specification"><code>wallet_showCallsStatus</code> RPC Specification</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">type</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ShowCallsParams</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> Call bundle identifier returned by wallet_sendCalls</span></span></code></pre><h5 id="wallet-showcallsstatus-example-parameters"><code>wallet_showCallsStatus</code> Example Parameters</h5>
<p>This method accepts a call bundle identifier returned by a <code>wallet_sendCalls</code> call.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="wallet-getcapabilities"><code>wallet_getCapabilities</code></h3>
<p>This RPC allows an application to request capabilities from a wallet (e.g. batch transactions, paymaster communication), without distinct discovery and permission requests. For more on the difference between requesting capabilities and discovering features, see the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/5792/#privacy-considerations">"Privacy Considerations" section</a>.</p>
<p>This method SHOULD return an <code>4100 Unauthorized</code> error if the user has not already authorized a connection between the application and the requested address.</p>
<p>We expect the community to align on the definition of additional capabilities in separate ERCs over time.</p>
<p>Note that in addition to, or instead of, querying the wallet directly for capabilities, the same capability objects MAY be exposed out-of-band, such as in a <code>sessionProperties</code> and/or <code>scopedProperties</code> collections persisted in a <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ChainAgnostic/CAIPs/blob/c599f7601d0ce83e6dd9f350c6c21d158d56fd6d/CAIPs/caip-25.md">CAIP-25</a>-conformant wallet provider interface (see the ethereum usage profile for CAIP-25 for an example request and response), or in some other a well-known location (such as a URL derived from an <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6963/">EIP-6963</a> <code>rdns</code> identifier).
Provider abstractions MAY also cache capabilities from previous requests or otherwise inject them from out-of-band to facilitate better user experience.
If any of these supplemental expressions of capabilities are contradicted by capabilities expressed in live wallet RPC responses, these latter values SHOULD be taken as the canonical and current expression of capabilities.</p>
<h4 id="wallet-getcapabilities-rpc-specification"><code>wallet_getCapabilities</code> RPC Specification</h4>
<p>Capabilities are returned in key/value pairs, with the key naming a capability and a value conforming to a shape defined for that name, in an object keyed to the relevant <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/155/">EIP-155</a> <code>chainId</code> expressed in hexadecimal notation.
Capabilities are nested in per-chain objects because wallets may support different capabilities across multiple chains authorized in a given session.
Capabilities that the wallet supports on all the chains SHOULD be included only once, using a special <code>chainID</code> value <code>"0x0"</code>, and SHOULD NOT be repeated in nested per-chain objects.
If a wallet does not support a chain that is requested in the <code>wallet_getCapabilities</code> method, the wallet MUST NOT respond with an error, and MUST instead not include a key for the unsupported chain(s) in the response.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">type</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> GetCapabilitiesParams</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>,</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>]</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> Wallet address, array of queried chain ids (optional)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">type</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> GetCapabilitiesResult</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Record</span><span><</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>,</span><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name">Record</span><span><</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> any</span><span>></span><span>></span><span>; </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> Hex chain id</span></span></code></pre><h5 id="wallet-getcapabilities-example-parameters"><code>wallet_getCapabilities</code> Example Parameters</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f07244567</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x2105</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x14A34</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>]</span></span></code></pre><h5 id="wallet-getcapabilities-example-return-value"><code>wallet_getCapabilities</code> Example Return Value</h5>
<p>The capabilities below are for illustrative purposes.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">0x0</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">flow-control</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">supported</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">0x2105</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">paymasterService</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">supported</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">sessionKeys</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">supported</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">0x14A34</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">auxiliaryFunds</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">supported</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="atomic-capability"><code>atomic</code> Capability</h3>
<p>Like the illustrative examples given above and other capabilities to be defined in future EIPs, the <code>atomic</code> capability specifies how the wallet will execute the batches of transactions requested through <code>wallet_sendCalls</code> method.</p>
<p>The valid JSON-RPC values for this <code>atomic</code> capability's only property, <code>status</code>, are <code>supported</code>, <code>ready</code>, and <code>unsupported</code>:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>supported</code> means that the wallet will execute the calls atomically and contiguously.</li>
<li><code>ready</code> means that the wallet is able to upgrade to <code>supported</code> pending user approval.</li>
<li><code>unsupported</code> means that the wallet does not provide any atomicity or contiguity guarantees, nor will it suggest an upgrade to the user.</li>
</ul>
<p>This capability is expressed separately on each chain and should be interpreted as a guarantee only for batches of transactions on that chain.</p>
<p>If the <code>atomic</code> capability is not present for a given chain, and unless it is explicitly overridden by another <code>capability</code> (not in scope of this EIP), it means that the wallet does not support batching for that given chain.</p>
<h4 id="atomic-capability-specification"><code>atomic</code> Capability Specification</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">type</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> AtomicCapability</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> status</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">supported</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> |</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">ready</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> |</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">unsupported</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre><h4 id="wallet-getcapabilities-example-return-value-including-atomic"><code>wallet_getCapabilities</code> Example Return Value including <code>atomic</code></h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">0x2105</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">atomic</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">status</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">supported</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">0x14A34</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">atomic</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">status</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">unsupported</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="error-codes">Error Codes</h3>
<p>The following error codes are defined for the methods specified in this EIP. These errors follow the JSON-RPC 2.0 specification for error objects, which require a <code>code</code> and <code>message</code> field.</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Code</th><th>Message</th><th>Description</th><th>Related RPCs</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>-32602</td><td>Invalid params</td><td>The wallet cannot parse this request (e.g., missing 0x prefix, leading zeros in chain id, request fails schema validation)</td><td><code>wallet_sendCalls</code>, <code>wallet_getCallsStatus</code>, <code>wallet_showCallsStatus</code>, <code>wallet_getCapabilities</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>4001</td><td>User Rejected Request</td><td>The user rejected submitting the batch of calls (from <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/">EIP-1193</a>)</td><td><code>wallet_sendCalls</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>4100</td><td>Unauthorized</td><td>The specified address is not connected or not in the wallet (from <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/">EIP-1193</a>)</td><td><code>wallet_sendCalls</code>, <code>wallet_getCapabilities</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>5700</td><td>Unsupported non-optional capability</td><td>This wallet does not support a capability that was not marked as optional</td><td><code>wallet_sendCalls</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>5710</td><td>Unsupported chain id</td><td>This wallet does not support the specified chain id</td><td><code>wallet_sendCalls</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>5720</td><td>Duplicate ID</td><td>There is already a bundle submitted with this id</td><td><code>wallet_sendCalls</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>5730</td><td>Unknown bundle id</td><td>This bundle id is unknown / has not been submitted</td><td><code>wallet_getCallsStatus</code>, <code>wallet_showCallsStatus</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>5740</td><td>Bundle too large</td><td>The call bundle is too large for the wallet to process</td><td><code>wallet_sendCalls</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>5750</td><td>Atomic-ready wallet rejected upgrade</td><td>The wallet can support atomicity after an upgrade, but the user rejected the upgrade</td><td><code>wallet_sendCalls</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>5760</td><td>Atomicity not supported</td><td>The wallet does not support atomic execution but the request requires it</td><td><code>wallet_sendCalls</code></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<h3 id="on-naming">On Naming</h3>
<p>We considered modifying <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> to add support for these new capabilities, but the method is ultimately an artifact of when nodes were used to sign transactions. We decided it is better to move forward with <code>wallet_</code>-namespaced methods that better describe what they are used for.</p>
<p>We also debated whether the methods should be called <code>wallet_sendTransaction</code>, <code>wallet_sendCalls</code>, or something else. We ultimately landed on <code>wallet_sendCalls</code> because in the case of EOA wallets the <code>wallet_send*</code> method might send more than one transaction. Similarly, we decided against <code>wallet_sendTransactions</code> because in the case of other wallet implementations (e.g. <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4337/">ERC-4337</a>) multiple calls could result in a single transaction.</p>
<h3 id="call-execution-atomicity">Call Execution Atomicity</h3>
<p>The <code>wallet_sendCalls</code> method accepts an array of <code>calls</code>. However, this proposal does not require that these calls be executed as part of a single transaction. It enables EOA wallets to express their ability to execute calls as part of a single transaction or as part of multiple transactions. It also enables Apps to express their minimum atomicity requirements for how calls must be executed.</p>
<p>The <code>atomic</code> special capability was made an integral part of this specification in order promote expressiveness and facilitate adoption (from both wallets and apps). And due to its importance to reduce ambiguity between the App and the Wallet, the capability is expressed as a top-level field in the <code>wallet_sendCalls</code> request (through the <code>atomicRequired</code> parameter) and the <code>wallet_getCallsStatus</code> response (through the <code>atomic</code> field).</p>
<p>We initially proposed that multiple calls must be executed atomically, but after some debate we ultimately decided this was too opinionated. Instead, we are including a specification for an <code>atomic</code> capability. This allows for EOA wallets to accept multiple calls and still gives developers the option to only submit batched calls if they are executed atomically.</p>
<h3 id="call-gas-limit">Call Gas Limit</h3>
<p>Our initial proposal included an optional <code>gas</code> field for each call in the <code>calls</code> field accepted by the <code>walletSendCalls</code> method. However, we realized this could be misleading because in the case of <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4337/">ERC-4337</a> wallets you cannot specify a gas limit per call, only a single gas limit for all calls in the user operation. We then proposed a single <code>gas</code> value that would apply to all of the calls. This works for <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4337/">ERC-4337</a> wallets, but not for EOA wallets. When we decided that EOA wallets should be able to handle multiple calls, the common <code>gas</code> field became untenable across use cases and we removed it altogether.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>Wallets that do not support the methods defined here SHOULD return error responses when these new JSON-RPC methods are called. Apps MAY attempt to send the same batch of calls serially via <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> when a call to these methods fails for lack of wallet support, or they MAY indicate to the user that their wallet is not supported and the request was not processed.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>Regardless of the <code>atomic</code> value specified, App developers MUST NOT assume that all calls will be sent in a single transaction. An example could be an L2 resistant to reorgs that implements a sendBundle or similar functionality.</p>
<p>Wallets MUST ensure that batch identifiers returned by <code>wallet_sendCalls</code> are unpredictable to prevent malicious apps from inferring information about other users' transactions.</p>
<p>Wallets MUST NOT leak sensitive information in <code>wallet_getCallsStatus</code> <code>capabilities</code> responses.</p>
<h3 id="privacy-considerations">Privacy Considerations</h3>
<p>Progressive authorization and progressive consent paradigms are important to modern user experience, as well as to preserving the anonymity of user agents. To protect these patterns from the cross-incentives of feature-discovery that enables better user experiences, capability semantics are used and the difference between lack of feature support and lack of feature permission explicitly occluded in the design of the <code>wallet_</code> RPC for querying capabilities.</p>
<p>Furthermore, wallets are recommended to avoid exposing capabilities to untrusted callers or to more callers than necessary, as this may allow their "user-agent" (i.e. client software) to be "fingerprinted" or probabilistically identified, which combined with other deanonymization vectors inherent to the web platform could contribute to the deanonymization of the individual user or to the deanonymization of all users of a given client in aggregate. Similarly, applications over-querying capabilities or incentivizing capability oversharing (including third-party capability oversharing) is an anti-pattern to be avoided in the implementation of capability exchanges serving to discover features.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
The 'window.evmproviders' object2022-10-04T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Kosala Hemachandrahttps://github.com/kvhnukehttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/5749/Add 'window.evmproviders' and suggest the eventual removal of 'window.ethereum'<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>A Javascript Ethereum Provider interface injection that will allow for the interoperability of multiple browser wallets at the same time. Replacing <code>window.ethereum</code> with <code>window.evmproviders</code> is a simple solution that will provide multiple benefits including: improving user experience, encouraging innovation in the space, removing race conditions and a 'winner-takes-most' environment as well as lowering barriers for user adoption.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>At present, <code>window.ethereum</code> is the prevailing method by which Ethereum-compatible applications interact with injected wallets. This originated with Mist Wallet in 2015 to interact with other applications. With the proliferation of both applications and wallets, <code>window.ethereum</code> has unintended negative consequences:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>window.ethereum</code> only permits one wallet to be injected at a time, resulting in a race condition between two or more wallets. This creates an inconsistent connection behavior that makes having and using more than one browser wallet unpredictable and impractical. The current solution is for wallets to inject their own namespaces, but this is not feasible as every application would need to be made aware of any wallet that might be used.</li>
<li>The aforementioned race condition means users are disincentivized to experiment with new wallets. This creates a 'winner-takes-most' wallet market across EVM chains which forces application developers to optimize for a particular wallet experience.</li>
<li>The 'winner-takes-most' wallet environment that results from the <code>window.ethereum</code> standard hinders innovation because it creates a barrier to adoption. New entrants into the space have difficulty gaining traction against legacy players because users can have no more than one injected wallet. With new entrants crowded out, legacy wallet providers are put under little pressure to innovate.</li>
<li>Wallets continue to be the most fundamental tool for interacting with blockchains. A homogeneous wallet experience in Ethereum and EVM chains risks stunting UX improvement across the ecosystem and will allow other ecosystems that are more encouraging of competition and innovation to move ahead.</li>
<li>Some wallets that currently use <code>window.ethereum</code> as of August, 2022. Currently a user will have inconsistent behavior if they use multiple of these wallets in a single browser.
<ul>
<li>Metamask</li>
<li>Coinbase wallet</li>
<li>Enkrypt</li>
<li>Trust wallet</li>
<li>Rainbow</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Replacing <code>window.ethereum</code> with <code>window.evmproviders</code> will allow solutions such as web3modal and web3onboard to display all injected wallets the user has installed. This will simplify the UX and remove race conditions between wallet providers in case multiple wallets are installed. Over time, as <code>window.evmproviders</code> supplants the current standard and removes barriers to choice, we can hope to see a wallet landscape more reflective of user preference.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.</p>
<h3 id="window-evmproviders"><code>window.evmproviders={}</code></h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">/**</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> * Represents the assets needed to display a wallet</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> */</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ProviderInfo</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> /**</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> * A UUIDv4 unique to the wallet provider.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> *</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> * This must remain the same across versions but must be different across channels. For example, MetaMask, Trust wallet and Enkrypt should each have different UUIDs, but MetaMask 10.22.2 and MetaMask 9.8.1 should have the same UUID.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> *</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> * </span><span class="z-storage z-type">@</span><span class="z-storage z-type">readonly</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> */</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> uuid</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> /**</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> * The name of the wallet provider (e.g. `MetaMask` or `Enkrypt`)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> *</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> * </span><span class="z-storage z-type">@</span><span class="z-storage z-type">readonly</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> */</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> name</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> /**</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> * A base64 encoded SVG image.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> *</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> * Base64 is defined in RFC 4648.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> *</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> * </span><span class="z-storage z-type">@</span><span class="z-storage z-type">readonly</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> */</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> icon</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">data:image/svg+xml;base64,</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-support">string</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> /**</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> * A description of the wallet provider.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> *</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> * </span><span class="z-storage z-type">@</span><span class="z-storage z-type">readonly</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> */</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> description</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">/**</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> * Represents the new Provider with info type that extends the EIP1193 provider</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> */</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ProviderWithInfo</span><span class="z-storage"> extends</span><span class="z-entity"> EIP1193Provider</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> info</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ProviderInfo</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Type <code>EIP1193Provider</code> is documented at <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/">EIP-1193</a></p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">/**</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> * The type of `window.evmproviders`</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> */</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EVMProviders</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> /**</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> * The key is RECOMMENDED to be the name of the extension in snake_case. It MUST contain only lowercase letters, numbers, and underscores.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> */</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> [</span><span class="z-variable">index</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ProviderWithInfo</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>Standardizing a <code>ProviderInfo</code> type allows determining the necessary information to populate a wallet selection popup. This is particularly useful for web3 onboarding libraries such as Web3Modal, Web3React, and Web3Onboard.</p>
<p>The name <code>evmproviders</code> was chosen to include other EVM-compliant chains.</p>
<p>The SVG image format was chosen for its flexibility, lightweight nature, and dynamic resizing capabilities.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>This EIP doesn't require supplanting <code>window.ethereum</code>, so it doesn't directly break existing applications. However, the recommended behavior of eventually supplanting <code>window.ethereum</code> would break existing applications that rely on it.</p>
<h2 id="reference-implementation">Reference Implementation</h2>
<h3 id="injection">Injection</h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">const</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> provider</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ProviderWithInfo</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> [</span><span class="z-variable z-other">your</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> wallet</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">evmproviders</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">evmproviders</span><span class="z-keyword"> ||</span><span> {</span><span>}</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">evmproviders</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">name</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> provider</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="retrieving-all-evm-providers">Retrieving all EVM providers</h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">const</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> allproviders</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> Object</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">values</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">evmproviders</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>The security considerations of EIP-1193 apply to this EIP.</p>
<p>The use of SVG images introduces a cross-site scripting risk as they can include JavaScript code. Applications and libraries must render SVG images using the <code><img></code> tag to ensure no JS executions can happen.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Restrict Ethereum Provider API Injection2022-09-05T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Yan Zhuhttps://github.com/diracdeltasBrian R. Bondyhttps://github.com/bbondyAndrea Brancaleonihttps://github.com/thyponKyle Den Hartoghttps://github.com/kdenhartoghttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/5593/Wallet guidance for restricting Ethereum Provider API access to secure contexts for improved privacy and security for wallet users.<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>Historically the web platform has had a notion of “powerful” APIs like those defined in W3C's Geolocation specification and W3C's Mediastreams specification, which are subject to additional security restrictions such as those defined by W3C's secure contexts specification. Since the Ethereum Provider APIs allow dApp websites to request access to sensitive user data and to request use of user funds, new Ethereum Provider APIs generally should align to the security considerations defined by W3C's Secure Context specification in order to better protect the users data and users funds managed via the web.</p>
<h3 id="author-s-note">Author's Note</h3>
<p>Unfortunately, because of a difference in interpretations by EIP editors of RFC 2119 terminology around linking in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1/">EIP-1</a>, the authors cannot directly link to other W3C specifications which this EIP builds upon. The author's attempted to provide as much context as possible within the text while complying with the editor bot in order to get this merged. If this policy is updated or further clarified before this EIP reaches final call in the future this EIP will be updated with links.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Wallets are oftentimes maintaining security and safety of users' funds that can be equivalent to large portions of money. For this reason, it's a good idea to restrict access to the Ethereum Provider APIs to align it with other powerful APIs on the web platform. This will assist in reducing the surface area that attacks can be conducted to access users funds or data. Additionally, by adding in restrictions we're reducing the surface area that malicious web pages could fingerprint the user via the Ethereum Provider APIs providing some additional privacy benefits. An example of a specific attack that's avoided by this is one where a malicious advertisement is loaded on a legitimate dApp that attempts to interact with a users wallet to maliciously request the user to access funds. With this EIP implemented the advertisement frame would be considered a third-party iframe and therefore would not have the Ethereum Provider API injected into it's sub frame because it's not a secure context.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.</p>
<h3 id="restrictions-for-providers">Restrictions for providers</h3>
<p>The provider objects, e.g. <code>window.ethereum</code>, are expected to only inject the Ethereum Provider APIs in secure context when conforming with this specification. The following restrictions are REQUIRED for conformant wallets:</p>
<ul>
<li>Provider objects MAY be accessible in private (incognito) windows.</li>
<li>The origin MUST be a "potentially trustworthy origin" (defined in W3C's Secure Contexts specification in section 3.1) to have access to <code>window.ethereum</code>. This can be checked using <code>window.isSecureContext</code>, including inside iframes.
<ul>
<li>Secure contexts include sites that are served from HTTPS but also HTTP <code>localhost</code>.</li>
<li>The User Agent implementation MAY also support configured [potentially trustworthy origins] that would normally not be considered trustworthy if the user configures their User Agent to do so. See section 7.2 titled "Development Environments" of W3C's Secure Contexts specification for additional details. For example, in Chromium based User Agents this is done via the <code>chrome://flags/#unsafely-treat-insecure-origin-as-secure</code> flag.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>By default the Ethereum Provider APIs MUST NOT be exposed to third-party iframes.</li>
<li><code>window.ethereum</code> MUST be <code>undefined</code> in an iframe where <code>window.isSecureContext</code> returns <code>false</code> in that iframe.</li>
<li>If the iframe is a third party to the top-level secure origin, it SHOULD be blocked. Some implementations MAY provide a mechanism (e.g., via the <code>allow</code> attribute and Permissions API) for pages to request access, subject to user approval.</li>
<li>If the iframe is first-party to the top-level origin AND the <code>sandbox</code> attribute is set on the iframe, the provider object MUST be blocked. If the <code>sandbox</code> attribute is set to <code>sandbox="allow-same-origin"</code> it MUST be injected for a first party frame.
<ul>
<li>Note <code>"allow-same-origin"</code> does nothing if the iframe is third-party. Third-party iframes SHOULD be blocked by default, but implementations MAY allow access through user-approved mechanisms such as the Permissions API.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>By limiting the capabilities of where the Ethereum Provider APIs are being injected we can reduce the surface area of where attacks can be executed. Given the sensitivity of data that's passed to the Ethereum Provider APIs some basic levels of authentication and confidentiality should be met in order to ensure that request data is not being intercepted or tampered with. While there have been attempts to <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2255/">limit request access via the wallet</a> interface itself, there have not been limitations that have been set to where these Ethereum Provider APIs are expected to be or not be injected. Since the secure contexts web platform API is a well developed boundary that's been recommended by W3C and the fact that the Ethereum Provider APIs are extending the traditional web platform APIs, no other alternative solutions have been considered in order to extend current established prior art.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>Wallet extensions SHOULD consider adding a "developer mode" toggle via a UX so that dApp developers have the capability to disable the insecure context (http) check for the <code>http://localhost:<any-port></code> origin only in the event that localhost does not return <code>true</code> for secure context. See section 5.2 of W3C's Secure Context specification for more details. This will allow dApp developers to be able to continue to host dApps on the localhost origin if a User Agent has chosen to not already consider localhost a secure context. All major User Agent implementations tested do consider localhost a secure context already. This toggle MUST be set to disabled by default.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<h3 id="required-test-cases">Required Test Cases</h3>
<ul>
<li>Top level <code>http://a.com</code> -> blocked (insecure/top level)</li>
<li>Top level <code>https://a.com</code> -> allowed</li>
<li>Top level <code>https://a.com</code> with <code><iframe src="http://a.com/"></code> -> blocked (insecure first party iframe)</li>
<li>Top level <code>http://a.com</code> with <code><iframe src="https://a.com/"></code> -> blocked (insecure top level window)</li>
<li>Top level <code>https://a.com</code> with <code><iframe src="https://a.com"></code> -> allowed</li>
<li>Top level <code>https://a.com</code> with <code><iframe src="https://b.com"></code> -> blocked (third-party iframe without sufficient privileges)</li>
<li>Top level <code>https://b.com</code> with <code><iframe src="http://a.com/"></code> with <code><iframe src="https://b.com"></code> -> blocked (insecure iframe)</li>
<li>Top level <code>https://b.com</code> with <code><iframe src="https://a.com"></code> with <code><iframe src="https://b.com"></code> -> blocked (third-party iframe without sufficient privileges)</li>
<li>Top level <code>https://a.com</code> with <code><iframe src="https://sub.a.com"></code> -> blocked (third-party iframe without sufficient privileges)</li>
<li>Top level <code>https://a.com</code> with <code><iframe src="https://a.com" sandbox></code> -> blocked (sandbox attribute without "allow-same-origin")</li>
<li>Top level <code>https://a.com</code> with <code><iframe src="https://a.com" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts"></code> -> allowed (Note this case is discouraged by User Agent implementer's such as Mozilla's MDN documents because it’d allow the iframe to remove its own <code>sandbox</code> attribute. See the <code>sandbox</code> attribute section of the iframes document in MDN for more details.)</li>
<li>Top level <code>data://foo with <iframe src="data://bar"></code> -> blocked (insecure top level scheme)</li>
<li>Top level <code>file://foo with <iframe src="file://bar"></code> -> blocked (third-party iframe)</li>
<li>Top level <code>https://a.com</code> with <code><iframe src="https://b.com" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts"></code> -> blocked (third-party iframe without sufficient privileges)</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<h3 id="user-enables-developer-mode">User Enables Developer Mode</h3>
<p>Oftentimes developers require the ability to develop dApps locally in order to test their website and develop while hosting their dApp on <code>http://localhost</code>. In this case localhost would be blocked and compatibility issues would arise when developing a dApp locally. In order to increase compatibility for dApp developers a toggle to disable the check for the localhost can be considered. If this were to be extended beyond the localhost origin it could be used as a means to convince users to enable developer mode in order to subvert the guards put in place by this EIP. Therefore, implementations should be cautious when extending this developer toggle beyond the scope of the localhost origin.</p>
<h3 id="privacy-considerations">Privacy Considerations</h3>
<h4 id="web3-provider-fingerprinting">Web3 Provider Fingerprinting</h4>
<p>Due to the nature of how the provider object is injected by default into most webpages, there's a risk that a malicious web page could utilize the provider object to fingerprint the user more precisely as a Web3 user. Implementers of this EIP are expected to consider the risks of injecting the Ethereum provider APIs into pages by default in order to consider what privacy characteristics they wish to enable for their users.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Silent Signing Extension for JSON-RPC2022-07-26T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:28+00:00Stanley Wuhttps://github.com/fruit37Mücahit Büyükyılmazhttps://github.com/anndroMuhammed Emin Aydınhttps://github.com/muhammedeahttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/5345/Temporary transaction signing without user interaction<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>Mobile applications supporting lots of transactions might become a source of bad user experience due to uncontrolled switching between the wallet's and application's UI. By this proposal, we would like to introduce the means to sign and send wallet transactions without the need for user participation. This feature can be implemented by providing user consent for a specific time duration. We call the feature Silent Signing.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Some blockchain applications interact with a blockchain much more frequently than others. It is especially true for gaming applications having their own sidechains. Interrupting the gaming process and switching to the wallet to perform a transaction drastically affect the user experience.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>To remedy the situation, we'd like to introduce new RPC methods for the ethereum JSON-RPC. Those methods help enable wallets to implement the Silent Signing feature.</p>
<h3 id="silent-signing-user-flow">Silent Signing User Flow</h3>
<p>The Silent Signing process has the following structure:</p>
<ol>
<li>First, the application requests the wallet to use Silent Signing via the RPC's <code>wallet_requestSilentSign</code> method.</li>
<li>Second, the wallet prompts the user to confirm enabling the Silent Singing functionality for a specific time duration.</li>
<li>If the user does not confirm Silent Signing or the RPC method is not allowed, the application will continue using the regular methods.</li>
<li>If the user confirms Silent Signing, then each subsequent transaction will be sent using the <code>wallet_silentSendTransaction</code> method for the time duration specified.</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="implementation">Implementation</h3>
<p>The implementation introduces new RPC methods and flow for application and wallet side.</p>
<h3 id="new-rpc-methods">New RPC Methods</h3>
<h4 id="wallet-requestsilentsign"><code>wallet_requestSilentSign</code></h4>
<p>This RPC method opens the wallet and prompts the user to enable automatic signing for a specific time duration. This function grants the application to call the following methods until the timestamp expires. Standard methods like <code>eth_signTrancaction</code> remain untouched.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">Parameters</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> Object:</span><span class="z-string"> request</span><span class="z-string"> object</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> until: NUMBER - unix timesptamp, the </span><span class="z-keyword">end</span><span class="z-keyword"> time</span><span> the permission will be valid</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> chainId:</span><span class="z-string"> NUMBER</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span class="z-string"> the</span><span class="z-string"> chain</span><span class="z-string"> id</span><span class="z-string"> that</span><span class="z-string"> the</span><span class="z-string"> contract</span><span class="z-string"> located</span><span class="z-string"> in</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> contractAddress:</span><span class="z-string"> ADDRESS</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span class="z-string"> address</span><span class="z-string"> of</span><span class="z-string"> the</span><span class="z-string"> contract</span><span class="z-string"> to</span><span class="z-string"> be</span><span class="z-string"> allowed</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> allowedFunctions:</span><span class="z-string"> STRING</span><span class="z-string"> ARRAY</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span class="z-string"> allowed</span><span class="z-string"> function</span><span class="z-string"> signatures</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> Ex:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">equip(address,uint256)</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">unequip(address,uint256)</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> description:</span><span class="z-string"> STRING</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span class="z-string"> extra</span><span class="z-string"> description</span><span class="z-string"> that</span><span class="z-string"> can</span><span class="z-string"> be</span><span class="z-string"> shown</span><span class="z-string"> to</span><span class="z-string"> user</span><span class="z-string"> by</span><span class="z-string"> the</span><span class="z-string"> wallet</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">Returns</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> DATA,</span><span class="z-constant"> 20</span><span class="z-string"> Bytes:</span><span class="z-string"> permissionSecret</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span class="z-string"> a</span><span class="z-string"> secret</span><span class="z-string"> key</span><span class="z-string"> for</span><span class="z-string"> silent-signing</span><span class="z-string"> requests</span><span> (randomly</span><span class="z-string"> generated</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre><h4 id="wallet-silentsigntransaction"><code>wallet_silentSignTransaction</code></h4>
<p>This RPC method creates a transaction and sends its data to the wallet for signing. The wallet signs the data in the background, interfering with no processes the user is involved in. Afterward, the application sends the signed transaction to the blockchain using Nethereum's or other libraries' <code>sendRawTransaction</code> method.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">Parameters</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> DATA,</span><span class="z-constant"> 20</span><span class="z-string"> Bytes:</span><span class="z-string"> permissionSecret</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span class="z-string"> secret</span><span class="z-string"> key</span><span class="z-string"> obtained</span><span class="z-string"> from</span><span class="z-string"> `</span><span class="z-entity z-name">wallet_requestSilentSign</span><span class="z-string">`</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> method</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> Object</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span class="z-string"> The</span><span class="z-string"> transaction</span><span class="z-string"> object</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> from:</span><span class="z-string"> DATA,</span><span class="z-constant"> 20</span><span class="z-string"> Bytes</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span class="z-string"> The</span><span class="z-string"> address</span><span class="z-string"> the</span><span class="z-string"> transaction</span><span class="z-string"> is</span><span class="z-string"> sent</span><span class="z-string"> from.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> to:</span><span class="z-string"> DATA,</span><span class="z-constant"> 20</span><span class="z-string"> Bytes</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span> (optional</span><span class="z-string"> when</span><span class="z-string"> creating</span><span class="z-string"> new</span><span class="z-string"> contract</span><span>) The address the transaction is directed to.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> gas:</span><span class="z-string"> QUANTITY</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span> (optional,</span><span class="z-string"> default:</span><span class="z-constant"> 90000</span><span>) Integer of the gas provided </span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span> the transaction execution. It will return unused gas.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> gasPrice:</span><span class="z-string"> QUANTITY</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span> (optional,</span><span class="z-string"> default:</span><span class="z-string"> To-Be-Determined</span><span>) Integer of the gasPrice used </span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span> each paid gas, in Wei.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> value:</span><span class="z-string"> QUANTITY</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span> (optional</span><span>) Integer of the value sent with this transaction, in Wei.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> data:</span><span class="z-string"> DATA</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span class="z-string"> The</span><span class="z-string"> compiled</span><span class="z-string"> code</span><span class="z-string"> of</span><span class="z-string"> a</span><span class="z-string"> contract</span><span class="z-string"> OR</span><span class="z-string"> the</span><span class="z-string"> hash</span><span class="z-string"> of</span><span class="z-string"> the</span><span class="z-string"> invoked</span><span class="z-string"> method</span><span class="z-string"> signature</span><span class="z-string"> and</span><span class="z-string"> encoded</span><span class="z-string"> parameters.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> nonce:</span><span class="z-string"> QUANTITY</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span> (optional</span><span>) Integer of a nonce. This allows to overwrite your own pending transactions that use the same nonce.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">Returns</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> DATA,</span><span class="z-string"> The</span><span class="z-string"> signed</span><span class="z-string"> transaction</span><span class="z-string"> object.</span></span></code></pre><h4 id="wallet-silentsendtransaction"><code>wallet_silentSendTransaction</code></h4>
<p>This RPC method creates a transaction and sends it to the blockchain without interfering with the process the user is involved in.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">Parameters</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> DATA,</span><span class="z-constant"> 20</span><span class="z-string"> Bytes:</span><span class="z-string"> permissionSecret</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span class="z-string"> secret</span><span class="z-string"> key</span><span class="z-string"> obtained</span><span class="z-string"> from</span><span class="z-string"> `</span><span class="z-entity z-name">wallet_requestSilentSign</span><span class="z-string">`</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> method</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> Object</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span class="z-string"> The</span><span class="z-string"> transaction</span><span class="z-string"> object</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> from:</span><span class="z-string"> DATA,</span><span class="z-constant"> 20</span><span class="z-string"> Bytes</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span class="z-string"> The</span><span class="z-string"> address</span><span class="z-string"> the</span><span class="z-string"> transaction</span><span class="z-string"> is</span><span class="z-string"> sent</span><span class="z-string"> from.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> to:</span><span class="z-string"> DATA,</span><span class="z-constant"> 20</span><span class="z-string"> Bytes</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span> (optional</span><span class="z-string"> when</span><span class="z-string"> creating</span><span class="z-string"> new</span><span class="z-string"> contract</span><span>) The address the transaction is directed to.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> gas:</span><span class="z-string"> QUANTITY</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span> (optional,</span><span class="z-string"> default:</span><span class="z-constant"> 90000</span><span>) Integer of the gas provided </span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span> the transaction execution. It will return unused gas.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> gasPrice:</span><span class="z-string"> QUANTITY</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span> (optional,</span><span class="z-string"> default:</span><span class="z-string"> To-Be-Determined</span><span>) Integer of the gasPrice used </span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span> each paid gas.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> value:</span><span class="z-string"> QUANTITY</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span> (optional</span><span>) Integer of the value sent with this transaction.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> data:</span><span class="z-string"> DATA</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span class="z-string"> The</span><span class="z-string"> compiled</span><span class="z-string"> code</span><span class="z-string"> of</span><span class="z-string"> a</span><span class="z-string"> contract</span><span class="z-string"> OR</span><span class="z-string"> the</span><span class="z-string"> hash</span><span class="z-string"> of</span><span class="z-string"> the</span><span class="z-string"> invoked</span><span class="z-string"> method</span><span class="z-string"> signature</span><span class="z-string"> and</span><span class="z-string"> encoded</span><span class="z-string"> parameters.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> nonce:</span><span class="z-string"> QUANTITY</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span> (optional</span><span>) Integer of a nonce. This allows to overwrite your own pending transactions that use the same nonce.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">Returns</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> DATA,</span><span class="z-constant"> 32</span><span class="z-string"> Bytes</span><span class="z-string"> -</span><span class="z-string"> the</span><span class="z-string"> transaction</span><span class="z-string"> hash,</span><span class="z-string"> or</span><span class="z-string"> the</span><span class="z-string"> zero</span><span class="z-string"> hash</span><span class="z-string"> if</span><span class="z-string"> the</span><span class="z-string"> transaction</span><span class="z-string"> is</span><span class="z-string"> not</span><span class="z-string"> yet</span><span class="z-string"> available.</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="application-and-wallet-communication">Application and Wallet Communication</h3>
<p>Sending RPC requests between application and wallet can be as usual. For example browser extension wallets can use these new methods easily. Even hardware wallets can implement this too. But for mobile wallets extra communication techniques should be considered. Because mobile wallets can be inactive when it is not in use.</p>
<p>Mobile wallets mostly use Walletconnect protocol. The application closed or active in the background can't connect to the Bridge server via WebSocket. Therefore, we have to trigger the wallet to connect to the Bridge and to start waiting for requests. For this purpose, push notifications are to be used. That means that only the wallets supporting push notifications can implement the feature.</p>
<p><img src="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/5345/./assets/walletconnect-flow.png" alt="" /></p>
<p>Whenever the wallet receives a push notification, it connects to the Bridge server and gets access to the pending requests. If there are <code>wallet_silenSignTransaction</code> or <code>wallet_silentSendTransaction</code> silent signing requests pending and the interaction with the requesting client has been confirmed for this particular time duration, then the wallet executes the request without interfering with the ongoing user activity.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>Games and Metaverse applications imply lots of cases when the user interacts with the wallet, switching to it and approving transactions. This switching aspect might interfere with gaming per se and create a bad user experience. That is why such applications can benefit if the wallets can support the Silent Signing functionality allowing transactions to be signed with no user interaction.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>These new RPC methods don't interfere with the current ones, and for mobile wallets the push notifications API is currently a part of the <code>WalletConnect</code> specification. Implementing the proposal's functionality changes nothing for other applications and wallets.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>The proposed feature aims to improve the user experience and can only be enabled with user consent. Users might freely choose to use the application as usual.</p>
<p>Silent Signing permission has restrictions that makes it more secure.</p>
<ul>
<li>Permission granted only for a specified time duration</li>
<li>Permission granted only for specific contract in a specific chain and restricted to specified functions.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Consensus Layer Withdrawal Protection2022-01-30T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Benjamin Chodroffhttps://github.com/benjaminchodroffJim McDonaldhttps://github.com/mcdeehttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4736/Additional security for BLSToExecutionChange operation when a consensus layer mnemonic may be compromised, without changing consensus<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>If a consensus layer mnemonic phrase is compromised, it is impossible for the consensus layer network to differentiate the legitimate holder of the key from an illegitimate holder. However, there are signals that can be considered in a wider sense without changing core Ethereum consensus. This proposal outlines ways in which on chain evidence such as the execution layer deposit address and list of signed messages could create a social consensus that would significantly favor but not guarantee legitimate mnemonic holders would win a race condition against an attacker.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>The consensus layer <code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> message is secure for a single user who has certainty their keys and mnemonic have not been compromised. However, as validator withdrawals on the consensus layer are not possible until the Capella hard fork, no user can have absolute certainty that their keys are not compromised until the <code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> is on chain, and by then too late to change. All legitimate mnemonic phrase holders were originally in control of the execution layer deposit address. Beacon node clients and node operators may optionally load a list of verifiable <code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> messages to broadcasts that may create a social consensus for legitimate holders to successfully win a race condition against an attacker. If attackers compromise a significant number of consensus layer nodes, it would pose risks to the entire Ethereum community.</p>
<p>Setting a withdrawal address to an execution layer address was not supported by the eth2.0-deposit-cli until v1.1.1 on March 23, 2021, leaving early adopters wishing they could force set their execution layer address to a deposit address earlier. Forcing this change is not something that can be enforced in-protocol, partly due to lack of information on the beacon chain about the execution layer deposit address and partly due to the fact that this was never listed as a requirement. It is also possible that the execution layer deposit address is no longer under the control of the legitimate holder of the withdrawal private key.</p>
<p>However, it is possible for individual nodes to locally restrict the changes they wish to include in blocks they propose, and which they propagate around the network, in a way that does not change consensus. It is also possible for client nodes to help broadcast signed <code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> requests to ensure as many nodes witness this message as soon as possible in a fair manner. Further, such <code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> signed messages can be preloaded into clients in advance to further help nodes filter attacking requests.</p>
<p>This proposal provides purely optional additional protection. It aims to request nodes set a priority on withdrawal credential claims that favour a verifiable execution layer deposit address in the event of two conflicting <code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> messages. It also establishes a list of <code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> signed messages to help broadcast "as soon as possible" when the network supports it, and encourage client teams to help use these lists to honour filter and prioritize accepting requests by REST and transmitting them via P2P. This will not change consensus, but may help prevent propagating an attack where a withdrawal key has been knowingly or unknowingly compromised.</p>
<p>It is critical to understand that this proposal is not a consensus change. Nothing in this proposal restricts the validity of withdrawal credential operations within the protocol. It is a voluntary change by client teams to build this functionality in to their beacon nodes, and a voluntary change by node operators to accept any or all of the restrictions and broadcasting capabilities suggested by end users.</p>
<p>Because of the above, even if fully implemented, it will be down to chance as to which validators propose blocks, and which voluntary restrictions those validators’ beacon nodes are running. Node operators can do what they will to help the community prevent attacks on any compromised consensus layer keys, but there are no guarantees of success this will prevent a successful attack.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The Consensus Layer <code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> operation has the following fields:</p>
<ul>
<li>Validator index</li>
<li>Current withdrawal BLS public key</li>
<li>Proposed execution layer withdrawal address</li>
<li>Signature by withdrawal private key over the prior fields</li>
</ul>
<p>This proposal describes OPTIONAL and RECOMMENDED mechanisms which a client beacon node MAY implement, and end users are RECOMMENDED to use in their beacon node operation.</p>
<h3 id="blstoexecutionchange-broadcast-file"><code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> Broadcast File</h3>
<p>Beacon node clients MAY support an OPTIONAL file of lines specifying "validator index" , "current withdrawal BLS public key" , "proposed execution layer withdrawal address", and "signature" which, if implemented and if provided, SHALL instruct nodes to automatically submit a one-time <code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> broadcast message for each valid signature at the Capella hard fork. This file SHALL give all node operators an OPTIONAL opportunity to ensure any valid <code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> messages are broadcast, heard, and shared by nodes at the Capella hard fork. This OPTIONAL file SHALL also instruct nodes to perpetually prefer accepting and repeating signatures matching the signature in the file, and SHALL reject accepting or rebroadcasting messages which do not match a signature for a given withdrawal credential.</p>
<h3 id="blstoexecutionchange-handling"><code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> Handling</h3>
<p>Beacon node clients are RECOMMENDED to allow accepting "<code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> Broadcast" file of verifiable signatures, and then MAY fallback to accept a "first request" via P2P. All of this proposal is OPTIONAL for beacon nodes to implement or use, but all client teams are RECOMMENDED to allow a "<code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> Broadcast File" to be loaded locally before the Capella hard fork. This OPTIONAL protection will allow a user to attempt to set a withdrawal address message as soon as the network supports it without any change to consensus.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>This proposal is intended to protect legitimate validator mnemonic holders where it was knowingly or unknowingly compromised. As there is no safe way to transfer ownership of a validator without exiting, it can safely be assumed that all validator holders intend to set to a withdrawal address they specify. Using the deposit address in the execution layer to determine the legitimate holder is not possible to consider in consensus as it may be far back in history and place an overwhelming burden to maintain such a list. As such, this proposal outlines optional mechanism which protect legitimate original mnemonic holders and does so in a way that does not place any mandatory burden on client node software or operators.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>As there is no existing <code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> operation prior to Capella, there is no documented backwards compatibility. As all of the proposal is OPTIONAL in both implementation and operation, it is expected that client beacon nodes that do not implement this functionality would still remain fully backwards compatible with any or all clients that do implement part or all of the functionality described in this proposal. Additionally, while users are RECOMMENDED to enable these OPTIONAL features, if they decide to either disable or ignore some or all of the features, or even purposefully load content contrary to the intended purpose, the beacon node client will continue to execute fully compatible with the rest of the network as none of the proposal will change core Ethereum consensus.</p>
<h2 id="reference-implementation">Reference Implementation</h2>
<h3 id="blstoexecutionchange-broadcast-file-1"><code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> Broadcast File</h3>
<p>A "change-operations.json" file intended to be preloaded with all consensus layer withdrawal credential signatures and verifiable execution layer deposit addresses. This file may be generated by a script and able to be independently verified by community members using the consensus layer node, and intended to be included by all clients, enabled by default. Client nodes are encouraged to enable packaging this independently verifiable list with the client software, and enable it by default to help further protect the community from unsuspected attacks.</p>
<p>The change-operations.json format is the "<code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> File - Claim" combined into a single JSON array.</p>
<h3 id="blstoexecutionchange-broadcast-file-claim"><code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> Broadcast File - Claim</h3>
<p>A community collected and independently verifiable list of "<code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> Broadcasts" containing verifiable claims will be collected. Node operators may verify these claims independently and are suggested to load claims in compatible beacon node clients.</p>
<p>To make a verifiable claim, users MAY upload a claim to any public repository in a text file "[chain]/validatorIndex.json" such as "mainnet/123456.json".</p>
<p>123456.json:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>[{"message":{"validator_index":"123456","from_bls_pubkey":"0x977cc21a067003e848eb3924bcf41bd0e820fbbce026a0ff8e9c3b6b92f1fea968ca2e73b55b3908507b4df89eae6bfb","to_execution_address":"0x08f2e9Ce74d5e787428d261E01b437dC579a5164"},"signature":"0x872935e0724b31b2f0209ac408b673e6fe2f35b640971eb2e3b429a8d46be007c005431ef46e9eb11a3937f920cafe610c797820ca088543c6baa0b33797f0a38f6db3ac68ffc4fd03290e35ffa085f0bfd56b571d7b2f13c03f7b6ce141c283"}]</span></span></code></pre><h4 id="claim-acceptance">Claim Acceptance</h4>
<p>In order for a submission to be merged into public repository, the submission must have:</p>
<ol>
<li>Valid filename in the format validatorIndex.json</li>
<li>Valid validator index which is active on the consensus layer</li>
<li>Verifiable signature</li>
<li>A single change operation for a single validator, with all required fields in the file with no other content present</li>
</ol>
<p>All merge requests that fail will be provided a reason from above which must be addressed prior to merge. Any future verifiable amendments to accepted claims must be proposed by the same submitter, or it will be treated as a contention.</p>
<h4 id="blstoexecutionchange-broadcast"><code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> Broadcast</h4>
<p>Anyone in the community will be able to independently verify the files from the claims provided using the Capella spec and command line clients such as "ethdo" which support the specification.</p>
<p>A claim will be considered contested if a claim arrives where the verifiable consensus layer signatures differ between two or more submissions, where neither party has proven ownership of the execution layer deposit address. If a contested but verified "<code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> Broadcast" request arrives to a repository, all parties can be notified, and may try to convince the wider community by providing any publicly verifiable on chain evidence or off chain evidence supporting their claim to then include their claim in nodes. Node operators may decide which verifiable claims they wish to include based on social consensus.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<h3 id="1-attacker-lacks-el-deposit-key-uncontested-claim">1: Attacker lacks EL deposit key, uncontested claim</h3>
<ul>
<li>User A: Controls the CL keys and the EL key used for the deposit</li>
<li>User B: Controls the CL keys, but does not control the EL key for the deposit</li>
</ul>
<p>User A signs and submits a claim to the CLWP repository, clients load User A message into the "<code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> Broadcast" file. At the time of the first epoch support <code>BLSToExecutionChange</code>, many (not all) nodes begin to broadcast the message. User B also tries to submit a different but valid <code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> to an address that does not match the signature in the claim. This message is successfully received via REST API, but some (not all) nodes begin to silently drop this message as the signature does not match the signature in the "<code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> Broadcast" file. As such, these nodes do not replicate this message via P2P.</p>
<h3 id="2-attacker-has-both-el-deposit-key-and-cl-keys-uncontested-claim">2: Attacker has both EL deposit key and CL keys, uncontested claim</h3>
<ul>
<li>User A: Controls the CL key/mnemonic and the EL key used for the deposit, and submits a claim to move to a new address</li>
<li>User B: Controls the CL and EL key/mnemonic used for the EL deposit, but fails to submit a claim</li>
</ul>
<p>It is possible/likely that User A would notice that all their funds in the EL deposit address had been stolen. This may signal that their CL key is compromised as well, so they decide to pick a new address for the withdrawal. The story will play out the same as Scenario 1 as the claim is uncontested.</p>
<h3 id="3-same-as-2-but-the-attacker-submits-a-contested-claim">3: Same as #2, but the attacker submits a contested claim</h3>
<ul>
<li>User A: Controls the CL keys/mnemonic and the EL key used for the deposit, and submits a claim to move to a new address</li>
<li>User B: Controls the CL keys/mnemonic and the EL key used for the deposit, and submits a claim to move to a new address</li>
</ul>
<p>This is a contested claim and as such there is no way to prove who is in control using on chain data. Instead, either user may try to persuade the community they are the rightful owner (identity verification, social media, etc.) in an attempt to get node operators to load their contested claim into their "<code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> Broadcast" file. However, there is no way to fully prove it.</p>
<h3 id="4-a-user-has-lost-either-their-cl-key-and-or-mnemonic-no-withdrawal-key">4: A user has lost either their CL key and/or mnemonic (no withdrawal key)</h3>
<ul>
<li>User A: Lacks the CL keys and mnemonic</li>
</ul>
<p>There is no way to recover this scenario with this proposal as we cannot prove a user has lost their keys, and the mnemonic is required to generate the withdrawal key.</p>
<h3 id="5-end-game-attacker">5: End game - attacker</h3>
<ul>
<li>User A: Controls EL and CL key/mnemonic, successfully achieves a set address withdrawal</li>
<li>User B: Controls CL key, decides to attack</li>
</ul>
<p>Upon noticing User A has submitted a successful set address withdrawal, User B may run a validator and attempt to get User A slashed. Users who suspect their validator key or seed phrase is compromised should take action to exit their validator as early as possible.</p>
<h3 id="6-compromised-key-but-not-vulnerable-to-withdrawal">6: Compromised key, but not vulnerable to withdrawal</h3>
<ul>
<li>User A: Controls EL and CL key/mnemonic, but has a vulnerability which leaks their CL key but NOT their CL mnemonic</li>
<li>User B: Controls the CL key, but lacks the CL mnemonic</li>
</ul>
<p>User A may generate the withdrawal key (requires the mnemonic). User B can attack User A by getting them slashed, but will be unable to generate the withdrawal key.</p>
<h3 id="7-attacker-loads-a-malicious-blstoexecutionchange-broadcast-file-into-one-or-multiple-nodes-user-a-submits-claim">7: Attacker loads a malicious <code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> Broadcast file into one or multiple nodes, User A submits claim</h3>
<ul>
<li>User A: Submits a valid uncontested claim which is broadcast out as soon as possible by many nodes</li>
<li>User B: Submits no claim, but broadcasts a valid malicious claim out through their <code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> Broadcast list, and blocks User A's claim from their node.</li>
</ul>
<p>User B's claim will make it into many nodes, but when it hits nodes that have adopted User A's signature they will be dropped and not rebroadcast. Statistically, User B will have a harder time achieving consensus among the entire community, but it will be down to chance.</p>
<h3 id="8-same-as-7-but-user-a-submits-no-claim">8: Same as #7, but User A submits no claim</h3>
<p>The attacker will statistically likely win as they will be first to have their message broadcast to many nodes and, unless User A submits a request exactly at the time of support, it is unlikely to be heard by enough nodes to gain consensus. All users are encouraged to submit claims for this reason because nobody can be certain their mnemonic has not been compromised until it is too late.</p>
<h3 id="second-order-effects">Second Order Effects</h3>
<ol>
<li>A user who participates in the "<code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> Broadcast" may cause the attacker to give up early and instead start to slash. For some users, the thought of getting slashed is preferable to giving an adversary any funds. As the proposal is voluntary, users may choose not to participate if they fear this scenario.</li>
<li>The attacker may set up their own <code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> Broadcast to reject signatures not matching their attack. This is possible with or without this proposal.</li>
<li>The attacker may be the one collecting "<code>BLSToExecutionChange</code> Broadcast" claims for this proposal and may purposefully reject legitimate requests. Anyone is free to set up their own community claim collection and gather their own community support using the same mechanisms described in this proposal to form an alternative social consensus.</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Remove Support for Type 1 Transactions2021-08-07T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Gregory Markouhttps://github.com/GregTheGreekhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3709/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>Deprecates usage of <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2718/">EIP-2718</a> <code>TransactionType</code> 1 in wallets and providers, upgrading all type 1 transactions to a type 2 transaction.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>Since both <code>TransactionType</code> 1 and 2 contain <code>access_list</code>, we propose the removal of offering <code>TransactionType</code> 1 from wallets and providers, instead the transaction will be converted to <code>TransactionType</code> 2 to make use of the new gas properties introduced by <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a>.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2930/">EIP-2930</a> was introduced as the first <code>TransactionType</code>, type 1, with the intention of adding <code>access_list</code> to the <code>TransactionPayload</code>. <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> introduced the second <code>TransactionType</code> 2, which is represented as <code>rlp([chain_id, nonce, max_priority_fee_per_gas, max_fee_per_gas, gas_limit, destination, amount, data, access_list, signature_y_parity, signature_r, signature_s])</code>. The intention behind EIP-1559 was to enhance the user experience surrounding gas fees, and as we move forward we expect that the majority of the network will begin to using <code>TransactionType</code> 2 instead of the legacy style transactions. <code>TransactionType</code> 1 is a legacy transaction with the addition of <code>access_list</code> meaning that users will not benefit from enhancements made by EIP-1559. <code>TransactionType</code> 2 contains <code>access_list</code>, thus there is no reason to further support <code>TransactionType</code> 1 if the end goal is to push users towards using <code>TransactionType</code> 2 anyway.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>For wallets and providers, if a user submits a transaction for signing with where <code>TransactionType == 0x1</code>, the developer should upgrade the transaction to meet the criteria of transaction of type 2.</p>
<p>The following fields need to be changed, or amended:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>access_list</code>: Nothing changes and it should remain in the transaction.</li>
<li><code>type</code>: Should change from <code>0x1</code> to <code>0x2</code>.</li>
<li><code>gas_price</code>: Should be removed in favour of <code>max_fee_per_gas</code> & <code>max_priority_fee_per_gas</code> (see <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> for proper usage).</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>Improve the user experience for submitting transactions, and move away from legacy style transactions.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>There are no known security considerations at this time.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Wallet Switch Ethereum Chain RPC Method (`wallet_switchEthereumChain`)2021-03-04T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Erik Markshttps://github.com/rekmarkshttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3326/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>An RPC method for switching the wallet's active Ethereum chain.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>The <code>wallet_switchEthereumChain</code> RPC method allows Ethereum applications ("dapps") to request that the wallet switches its active Ethereum chain, if the wallet has a concept thereof.
The caller must specify a chain ID.
The wallet application may arbitrarily refuse or accept the request.
<code>null</code> is returned if the active chain was switched, and an error otherwise.</p>
<p>Important cautions for implementers of this method are included in the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3326/#security-considerations">Security Considerations</a> section.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>All dapps require the user to interact with one or more Ethereum chains in order to function.
Some wallets only supports interacting with one chain at a time.
We call this the wallet's "active chain".
<code>wallet_switchEthereumChain</code> enables dapps to request that the wallet switches its active chain to whichever one is required by the dapp.
This enables UX improvements for both dapps and wallets.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in <a rel="external" href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">RFC-2119</a>.</p>
<h3 id="wallet-switchethereumchain"><code>wallet_switchEthereumChain</code></h3>
<p>The method accepts a single object parameter with a <code>chainId</code> field.
The method returns <code>null</code> if the wallet switched its active chain, and an error otherwise.</p>
<p>The method presupposes that the wallet has a concept of a single "active chain".
The active chain is defined as the chain that the wallet is forwarding RPC requests to.</p>
<h4 id="parameters">Parameters</h4>
<p><code>wallet_switchEthereumChain</code> accepts a single object parameter, specified by the following TypeScript interface:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> SwitchEthereumChainParameter</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> chainId</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>If a field does not meet the requirements of this specification, the wallet <strong>MUST</strong> reject the request.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>chainId</code>
<ul>
<li><strong>MUST</strong> specify the integer ID of the chain as a hexadecimal string, per the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/695/"><code>eth_chainId</code></a> Ethereum RPC method.</li>
<li>The chain ID <strong>MUST</strong> be known to the wallet.</li>
<li>The wallet <strong>MUST</strong> be able to switch to the specified chain and service RPC requests to it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="returns">Returns</h4>
<p>The method <strong>MUST</strong> return <code>null</code> if the request was successful, and an error otherwise.</p>
<p>If the wallet does not have a concept of an active chain, the wallet <strong>MUST</strong> reject the request.</p>
<h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>
<p>These examples use JSON-RPC, but the method could be implemented using other RPC protocols.</p>
<p>To switch to Mainnet:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">wallet_switchEthereumChain</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">chainId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>To switch to the Goerli test chain:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">wallet_switchEthereumChain</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">chainId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>The purpose <code>wallet_switchEthereumChain</code> is to provide dapps with a way of requesting to switch the wallet's active chain, which they would otherwise have to ask the user to do manually.</p>
<p>The method accepts a single object parameter to allow for future extensibility at virtually no cost to implementers and consumers.</p>
<p>For related work, see <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3085/">EIP-3085: <code>wallet_addEthereumChain</code></a> and <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2015/">EIP-2015: <code>wallet_updateEthereumChain</code></a>.
<code>wallet_switchEthereumChain</code> intentionally forgoes the chain metadata parameters included in those EIPs, since it is purely concerned with switching the active chain, regardless of RPC endpoints or any other metadata associated therewith.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>For wallets with a concept of an active chain, switching the active chain has significant implications for pending RPC requests and the user's experience.
If the active chain switches without the user's awareness, a dapp could induce the user to take actions for unintended chains.</p>
<p>In light of this, the wallet should:</p>
<ul>
<li>Display a confirmation whenever a <code>wallet_switchEthereumChain</code> is received, clearly identifying the requester and the chain that will be switched to.
<ul>
<li>The confirmation used in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1102/">EIP-1102</a> may serve as a point of reference.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When switching the active chain, cancel all pending RPC requests and chain-specific user confirmations.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="preserving-user-privacy">Preserving User Privacy</h3>
<p>Automatically rejecting requests for chains that aren't supported or have yet to be added by the wallet allows requesters to infer which chains are supported by the wallet.
Wallet implementers should consider whether this communication channel violates any security properties of the wallet, and if so, take appropriate steps to mitigate it.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Deposit Contract Snapshot Interface2021-01-29T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Mark Mackeyhttps://github.com/ethDreamerhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4881/Establishing the format and endpoint for transmitting a snapshot of the deposit Merkle tree<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This EIP defines a standard format for transmitting the deposit contract Merkle tree in a compressed form during weak subjectivity sync. This allows newly syncing consensus clients to reconstruct the deposit tree much faster than downloading all historical deposits. The format proposed also allows clients to prune deposits that are no longer needed to participate fully in consensus (see <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4881/#deposit-finalization-flow">Deposit Finalization Flow</a>).</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>To reconstruct the deposit Merkle tree, most client implementations require beacon nodes to download and store every deposit log since the launch of the deposit contract. However, this approach requires beacon nodes to store far more deposits than necessary to participate in consensus. Additionally, this leads to increased sync times for new nodes, which is particularly evident during weak subjectivity sync. This simplistic approach also prevents historical contract logs from being pruned from full nodes, a prospect frequently discussed in the context of limiting state growth.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>Consensus clients MAY continue to implement the deposit Merkle tree however they choose. However, when transmitting the tree to newly syncing nodes, clients MUST use the following format:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="python"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">class</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> DepositTreeSnapshot</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> finalized</span><span>:</span><span> List</span><span>[</span><span>Hash32</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_DEPTH</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> deposit_root</span><span>:</span><span> Hash32</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> deposit_count</span><span>:</span><span> uint64</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> execution_block_hash</span><span>:</span><span> Hash32</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> execution_block_height</span><span>:</span><span> uint64</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Where <code>finalized</code> is a variable-length list (of maximum size <code>DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_DEPTH</code>) containing the hashes defined in the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4881/#deposit-finalization-flow">Deposit Finalization Flow</a> section below. The fields <code>deposit_root</code>, <code>deposit_count</code>, and <code>execution_block_hash</code> store the same information as the <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/2b45496fe48fa75450ad29a05bdd48866f86528a/specs/phase0/beacon-chain.md#eth1data"><code>Eth1Data</code></a> object that corresponds to the snapshot, and <code>execution_block_height</code> is the height of the execution block with hash <code>execution_block_hash</code>. Consensus clients MUST make this structure available via the Beacon Node API endpoint:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>/eth/v1/beacon/deposit_snapshot</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="deposit-finalization-flow">Deposit Finalization Flow</h3>
<p>During deposit processing, the beacon chain requires deposits to be submitted along with a Merkle path to the deposit root. This is required exactly once for each deposit. When a deposit has been processed by the beacon chain and the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4881/#deposit-finalization-conditions">deposit finalization conditions</a> have been met, many of the hashes along the path to the deposit root will never be required again to construct Merkle proofs on chain. These unnecessary hashes MAY be pruned to save space. The image below illustrates the evolution of the deposit Merkle tree under this process alongside the corresponding <code>DepositTreeSnapshot</code> as new deposits are added and older deposits become finalized:</p>
<p><img src="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4881/./assets/deposit_tree_evolution.svg" alt="deposit tree evolution" /></p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>The format in this specification was chosen to achieve several goals simultaneously:</p>
<ol>
<li>Enable reconstruction of the deposit contract Merkle tree without requiring full nodes to store all historical contract logs</li>
<li>Avoid requiring consensus nodes to retain more deposits than necessary to fully participate in consensus</li>
<li>Simplicity of implementation (see <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4881/#reference-implementation">Reference Implementation</a> section)</li>
<li>Increase speed of weak subjectivity sync</li>
<li>Compatibility with existing implementations of this mechanism (see discussion)</li>
</ol>
<p>The proposed <code>DepositTreeSnapshot</code> structure includes both <code>execution_block_hash</code> and <code>execution_block_height</code> for convenience to consensus node implementors. While only one of these fields is strictly necessary, different clients may have already designed their block cache logic around one or the other. Sending only one of these would force some consensus clients to query the execution engine for the other information, but as this is happening in the context of a newly syncing consensus node, it is very likely that the execution engine will not be synced, especially post-merge. The <code>deposit_root</code> field is also not strictly necessary, but by including it, newly syncing consensus nodes can cheaply validate any received snapshot against itself (see the <code>calculate_root()</code> method in the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4881/#reference-implementation">Reference Implementation</a>).</p>
<h3 id="why-not-reconstruct-the-tree-directly-from-the-deposit-contract">Why not Reconstruct the Tree Directly from the Deposit Contract?</h3>
<p>The deposit contract can only provide the tree at the head of the chain. Because the beacon chain's view of the deposit contract lags behind the execution chain by <code>ETH1_FOLLOW_DISTANCE</code>, there are almost always deposits which haven't yet been included in the chain that need proofs constructed from an earlier version of the tree than exists at the head.</p>
<h3 id="why-not-reconstruct-the-tree-from-a-deposit-in-the-beacon-chain">Why not Reconstruct the Tree from a Deposit in the Beacon Chain?</h3>
<p>In principle, a node could scan backwards through the chain starting from the weak subjectivity checkpoint to locate a suitable <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/2b45496fe48fa75450ad29a05bdd48866f86528a/specs/phase0/beacon-chain.md#deposit"><code>Deposit</code></a>, and then extract the rightmost branch of the tree from that. The node would also need to extract the <code>execution_block_hash</code> from which to start syncing new deposits from the <code>Eth1Data</code> in the corresponding <code>BeaconState</code>. This approach is less desirable for a few reasons:</p>
<ul>
<li>More difficult to implement due to the edge cases involved in finding a suitable deposit to anchor to (the rightmost branch of the latest not-yet-included deposit is required)</li>
<li>This would make backfilling beacon blocks a requirement for reconstructing the deposit tree and therefore a requirement for block production</li>
<li>This is inherently slower than getting this information from the weak subjectivity checkpoint</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>This proposal is fully backwards compatible.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<p>Test cases are included in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4881/./assets/test_cases.yaml">test_cases.yaml</a>. Each case is structured as follows:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="python"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">class</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> DepositTestCase</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> deposit_data</span><span>:</span><span> DepositData</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment"> These are all the inputs to the deposit contract's deposit() function</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> deposit_data_root</span><span>:</span><span> Hash32</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment"> The tree hash root of this deposit (calculated for convenience)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> eth1_data</span><span>:</span><span> Eth1Data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment"> An Eth1Data object that can be used to finalize the tree after pushing this deposit</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> block_height</span><span>:</span><span> uint64</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment"> The height of the execution block with this Eth1Data</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> snapshot</span><span>:</span><span> DepositTreeSnapshot</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment"> The resulting DepositTreeSnapshot object if the tree were finalized after this deposit</span></span></code></pre>
<p>This EIP also includes other files for testing:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4881/./assets/deposit_snapshot.py">deposit_snapshot.py</a> contains the same code as the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4881/#reference-implementation">Reference Implementation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4881/./assets/eip_4881.py">eip_4881.py</a> contains boilerplate declarations</li>
<li><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4881/./assets/test_deposit_snapshot.py">test_deposit_snapshot.py</a> includes code for running test cases against the reference implementation</li>
</ul>
<p>If these files are downloaded to the same directory, the test cases can be run by executing <code>pytest</code> in that directory.</p>
<h2 id="reference-implementation">Reference Implementation</h2>
<p>This implementation lacks full error checking and is optimized for readability over efficiency. If <code>tree</code> is a <code>DepositTree</code>, then the <code>DepositTreeSnapshot</code> can be obtained by calling <code>tree.get_snapshot()</code> and a new instance of the tree can be recovered from the snapshot by calling <code>DepositTree.from_snapshot()</code>. See the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4881/#deposit-finalization-conditions">Deposit Finalization Conditions</a> section for discussion on when the tree can be pruned by calling <code>tree.finalize()</code>.</p>
<p>Generating proofs for deposits against an earlier version of the tree is relatively fast in this implementation; just create a copy of the finalized tree with <code>copy = DepositTree.from_snapshot(tree.get_snapshot())</code> and then append the remaining deposits to the desired count with <code>copy.push_leaf(deposit)</code>. Proofs can then be obtained with <code>copy.get_proof(index)</code>.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="python"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">from</span><span class="z-support z-variable"> __future__</span><span class="z-keyword"> import</span><span> annotations</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">from</span><span> typing</span><span class="z-keyword"> import</span><span> List</span><span>,</span><span> Optional</span><span>,</span><span> Tuple</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">from</span><span> dataclasses</span><span class="z-keyword"> import</span><span> dataclass</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">from</span><span> abc</span><span class="z-keyword"> import</span><span class="z-constant"> ABC</span><span>,</span><span>abstractmethod</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">from</span><span> eip_4881</span><span class="z-keyword"> import</span><span class="z-constant"> DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_DEPTH</span><span>,</span><span>Hash32</span><span>,</span><span>sha256</span><span>,</span><span>to_le_bytes</span><span>,</span><span>zerohashes</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">@</span><span class="z-entity z-name">dataclass</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">class</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> DepositTreeSnapshot</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> finalized</span><span>:</span><span> List</span><span>[</span><span>Hash32</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_DEPTH</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> deposit_root</span><span>:</span><span> Hash32</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> deposit_count</span><span>:</span><span> uint64</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> execution_block_hash</span><span>:</span><span> Hash32</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> execution_block_height</span><span>:</span><span> uint64</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> calculate_root</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> Hash32</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> size</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>deposit_count</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> index</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-support"> len</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">self</span><span>.</span><span>finalized</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> root</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> zerohashes</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> for</span><span> level</span><span class="z-keyword"> in</span><span class="z-support"> range</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_DEPTH</span><span>)</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span> (</span><span>size</span><span class="z-keyword"> &</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"> ==</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> index</span><span class="z-keyword"> -=</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> root</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> sha256</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">self</span><span>.</span><span>finalized</span><span>[</span><span>index</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span> root</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> else</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> root</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> sha256</span><span>(</span><span>root</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span> zerohashes</span><span>[</span><span>level</span><span>]</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> size</span><span class="z-keyword"> >>=</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> sha256</span><span>(</span><span>root</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span> to_le_bytes</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">self</span><span>.</span><span>deposit_count</span><span>)</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> from_tree_parts</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">finalized</span><span>:</span><span> List</span><span>[</span><span>Hash32</span><span>]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> deposit_count</span><span>:</span><span> uint64</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> execution_block</span><span>:</span><span> Tuple</span><span>[</span><span>Hash32</span><span>,</span><span> uint64</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> DepositTreeSnapshot</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> snapshot</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> DepositTreeSnapshot</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> finalized</span><span>,</span><span> zerohashes</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span> deposit_count</span><span>,</span><span> execution_block</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span> execution_block</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment"> A real implementation should store the deposit_root from the eth1_data passed to</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment"> DepositTree.finalize() instead of relying on calculate_root() here. This allows</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment"> the snapshot to be validated using calculate_root().</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> snapshot</span><span>.</span><span>deposit_root</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> snapshot</span><span>.</span><span>calculate_root</span><span>(</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> snapshot</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">@</span><span class="z-entity z-name">dataclass</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">class</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> DepositTree</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> tree</span><span>:</span><span> MerkleTree</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> mix_in_length</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> finalized_execution_block</span><span>:</span><span> Optional</span><span>[</span><span>Tuple</span><span>[</span><span>Hash32</span><span>,</span><span> uint64</span><span>]</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> new</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> DepositTree</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> merkle</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> MerkleTree</span><span>.</span><span>create</span><span>(</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_DEPTH</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> DepositTree</span><span>(</span><span>merkle</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> None</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> get_snapshot</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> DepositTreeSnapshot</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> assert</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">self</span><span>.</span><span>finalized_execution_block</span><span class="z-keyword"> is</span><span class="z-keyword"> not</span><span class="z-constant"> None</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> finalized</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> [</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> deposit_count</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>tree</span><span>.</span><span>get_finalized</span><span>(</span><span>finalized</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> DepositTreeSnapshot</span><span>.</span><span>from_tree_parts</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> finalized</span><span>,</span><span> deposit_count</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>finalized_execution_block</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> from_snapshot</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">snapshot</span><span>:</span><span> DepositTreeSnapshot</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> DepositTree</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment"> decent validation check on the snapshot</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> assert</span><span>(</span><span>snapshot</span><span>.</span><span>deposit_root</span><span class="z-keyword"> ==</span><span> snapshot</span><span>.</span><span>calculate_root</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> finalized_execution_block</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> (</span><span>snapshot</span><span>.</span><span>execution_block_hash</span><span>,</span><span> snapshot</span><span>.</span><span>execution_block_height</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> tree</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> MerkleTree</span><span>.</span><span>from_snapshot_parts</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> snapshot</span><span>.</span><span>finalized</span><span>,</span><span> snapshot</span><span>.</span><span>deposit_count</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_DEPTH</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> DepositTree</span><span>(</span><span>tree</span><span>,</span><span> snapshot</span><span>.</span><span>deposit_count</span><span>,</span><span> finalized_execution_block</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> finalize</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> eth1_data</span><span>:</span><span> Eth1Data</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> execution_block_height</span><span>:</span><span> uint64</span><span>)</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>finalized_execution_block</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> (</span><span>eth1_data</span><span>.</span><span>block_hash</span><span>,</span><span> execution_block_height</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>tree</span><span>.</span><span>finalize</span><span>(</span><span>eth1_data</span><span>.</span><span>deposit_count</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_DEPTH</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> get_proof</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> index</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> Tuple</span><span>[</span><span>Hash32</span><span>,</span><span> List</span><span>[</span><span>Hash32</span><span>]</span><span>]</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> assert</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">self</span><span>.</span><span>mix_in_length</span><span class="z-keyword"> ></span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment"> ensure index > finalized deposit index</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> assert</span><span>(</span><span>index</span><span class="z-keyword"> ></span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>tree</span><span>.</span><span>get_finalized</span><span>(</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> leaf</span><span>,</span><span> proof</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>tree</span><span>.</span><span>generate_proof</span><span>(</span><span>index</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_DEPTH</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> proof</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>to_le_bytes</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">self</span><span>.</span><span>mix_in_length</span><span>)</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> leaf</span><span>,</span><span> proof</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> get_root</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> Hash32</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> sha256</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">self</span><span>.</span><span>tree</span><span>.</span><span>get_root</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span> to_le_bytes</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">self</span><span>.</span><span>mix_in_length</span><span>)</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> push_leaf</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> leaf</span><span>:</span><span> Hash32</span><span>)</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>mix_in_length</span><span class="z-keyword"> +=</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>tree</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>tree</span><span>.</span><span>push_leaf</span><span>(</span><span>leaf</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_DEPTH</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">class</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> MerkleTree</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> @</span><span class="z-entity z-name">abstractmethod</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> get_root</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> Hash32</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> pass</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> @</span><span class="z-entity z-name">abstractmethod</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> is_full</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span class="z-support"> bool</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> pass</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> @</span><span class="z-entity z-name">abstractmethod</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> push_leaf</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> leaf</span><span>:</span><span> Hash32</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> level</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> MerkleTree</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> pass</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> @</span><span class="z-entity z-name">abstractmethod</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> finalize</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> deposits_to_finalize</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> level</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> MerkleTree</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> pass</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> @</span><span class="z-entity z-name">abstractmethod</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> get_finalized</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> result</span><span>:</span><span> List</span><span>[</span><span>Hash32</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> uint</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment"> returns the number of finalized deposits in the tree</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment"> while populating result with the finalized hashes</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> pass</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> create</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">leaves</span><span>:</span><span> List</span><span>[</span><span>Hash32</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> depth</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> MerkleTree</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span class="z-keyword"> not</span><span>(</span><span>leaves</span><span>)</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> Zero</span><span>(</span><span>depth</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span class="z-keyword"> not</span><span>(</span><span>depth</span><span>)</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> Leaf</span><span>(</span><span>leaves</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> split</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-support"> min</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span class="z-keyword">**</span><span>(</span><span>depth</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> len</span><span>(</span><span>leaves</span><span>)</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> left</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> MerkleTree</span><span>.</span><span>create</span><span>(</span><span>leaves</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>:</span><span>split</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span> depth</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> right</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> MerkleTree</span><span>.</span><span>create</span><span>(</span><span>leaves</span><span>[</span><span>split</span><span>:</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span> depth</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> Node</span><span>(</span><span>left</span><span>,</span><span> right</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> from_snapshot_parts</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">finalized</span><span>:</span><span> List</span><span>[</span><span>Hash32</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> deposits</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> level</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> MerkleTree</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span class="z-keyword"> not</span><span>(</span><span>finalized</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"> or</span><span class="z-keyword"> not</span><span>(</span><span>deposits</span><span>)</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment"> empty tree</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> Zero</span><span>(</span><span>level</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span> deposits</span><span class="z-keyword"> ==</span><span class="z-constant"> 2</span><span class="z-keyword">**</span><span>level</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> Finalized</span><span>(</span><span>deposits</span><span>,</span><span> finalized</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> left_subtree</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> 2</span><span class="z-keyword">**</span><span>(</span><span>level</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span> deposits</span><span class="z-keyword"> <=</span><span> left_subtree</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> left</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> MerkleTree</span><span>.</span><span>from_snapshot_parts</span><span>(</span><span>finalized</span><span>,</span><span> deposits</span><span>,</span><span> level</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> right</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> Zero</span><span>(</span><span>level</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> Node</span><span>(</span><span>left</span><span>,</span><span> right</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> else</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> left</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> Finalized</span><span>(</span><span>left_subtree</span><span>,</span><span> finalized</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> right</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> MerkleTree</span><span>.</span><span>from_snapshot_parts</span><span>(</span><span>finalized</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>:</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span> deposits</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span> left_subtree</span><span>,</span><span> level</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> Node</span><span>(</span><span>left</span><span>,</span><span> right</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> generate_proof</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> index</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> depth</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> Tuple</span><span>[</span><span>Hash32</span><span>,</span><span> List</span><span>[</span><span>Hash32</span><span>]</span><span>]</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> proof</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> [</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> node</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> while</span><span> depth</span><span class="z-keyword"> ></span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ith_bit</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> (</span><span>index</span><span class="z-keyword"> >></span><span> (</span><span>depth</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"> &</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> 0x</span><span class="z-constant">1</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span> ith_bit</span><span class="z-keyword"> ==</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> proof</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>node</span><span>.</span><span>left</span><span>.</span><span>get_root</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> node</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> node</span><span>.</span><span>right</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> else</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> proof</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>node</span><span>.</span><span>right</span><span>.</span><span>get_root</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> node</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> node</span><span>.</span><span>left</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> depth</span><span class="z-keyword"> -=</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> proof</span><span>.</span><span>reverse</span><span>(</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> node</span><span>.</span><span>get_root</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span> proof</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">@</span><span class="z-entity z-name">dataclass</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">class</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Finalized</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity">MerkleTree</span><span>)</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> deposit_count</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> hash</span><span>:</span><span> Hash32</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> get_root</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> Hash32</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>hash</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> is_full</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span class="z-support"> bool</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-constant"> True</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> finalize</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> deposits_to_finalize</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> level</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> MerkleTree</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> get_finalized</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> result</span><span>:</span><span> List</span><span>[</span><span>Hash32</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> uint</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> result</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">self</span><span>.</span><span>hash</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>deposit_count</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">@</span><span class="z-entity z-name">dataclass</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">class</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Leaf</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity">MerkleTree</span><span>)</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> hash</span><span>:</span><span> Hash32</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> get_root</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> Hash32</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>hash</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> is_full</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span class="z-support"> bool</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-constant"> True</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> finalize</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> deposits_to_finalize</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> level</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> MerkleTree</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> Finalized</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>hash</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> get_finalized</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> result</span><span>:</span><span> List</span><span>[</span><span>Hash32</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> uint</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">@</span><span class="z-entity z-name">dataclass</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">class</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Node</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity">MerkleTree</span><span>)</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> left</span><span>:</span><span> MerkleTree</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> right</span><span>:</span><span> MerkleTree</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> get_root</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> Hash32</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> sha256</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">self</span><span>.</span><span>left</span><span>.</span><span>get_root</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>right</span><span>.</span><span>get_root</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> is_full</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span class="z-support"> bool</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>right</span><span>.</span><span>is_full</span><span>(</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> push_leaf</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> leaf</span><span>:</span><span> Hash32</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> level</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> MerkleTree</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span class="z-keyword"> not</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">self</span><span>.</span><span>left</span><span>.</span><span>is_full</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>left</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>left</span><span>.</span><span>push_leaf</span><span>(</span><span>leaf</span><span>,</span><span> level</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> else</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>right</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>right</span><span>.</span><span>push_leaf</span><span>(</span><span>leaf</span><span>,</span><span> level</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> finalize</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> deposits_to_finalize</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> level</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> MerkleTree</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> deposits</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> 2</span><span class="z-keyword">**</span><span>level</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span> deposits</span><span class="z-keyword"> <=</span><span> deposits_to_finalize</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> Finalized</span><span>(</span><span>deposits</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>get_root</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>left</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>left</span><span>.</span><span>finalize</span><span>(</span><span>deposits_to_finalize</span><span>,</span><span> level</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span> deposits_to_finalize</span><span class="z-keyword"> ></span><span> deposits</span><span class="z-keyword"> /</span><span class="z-constant"> 2</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> remaining</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> deposits_to_finalize</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span> deposits</span><span class="z-keyword"> /</span><span class="z-constant"> 2</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>right</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>right</span><span>.</span><span>finalize</span><span>(</span><span>remaining</span><span>,</span><span> level</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> get_finalized</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> result</span><span>:</span><span> List</span><span>[</span><span>Hash32</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> uint</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>left</span><span>.</span><span>get_finalized</span><span>(</span><span>result</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>right</span><span>.</span><span>get_finalized</span><span>(</span><span>result</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">@</span><span class="z-entity z-name">dataclass</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">class</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Zero</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity">MerkleTree</span><span>)</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> n</span><span>:</span><span> uint64</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> get_root</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> Hash32</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> self</span><span>.</span><span>n</span><span class="z-keyword"> ==</span><span class="z-constant"> DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_DEPTH</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment"> Handle the entirely empty tree case. This is included for</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment"> consistency/clarity as the zerohashes array is typically</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment"> only defined from 0 to DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_DEPTH - 1.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> sha256</span><span>(</span><span>zerohashes</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-language">self</span><span>.</span><span>n</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span> zerohashes</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-language">self</span><span>.</span><span>n</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>]</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> zerohashes</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-language">self</span><span>.</span><span>n</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> is_full</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span class="z-support"> bool</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-constant"> False</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> push_leaf</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> leaf</span><span>:</span><span> Hash32</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> level</span><span>:</span><span> uint</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> MerkleTree</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span> MerkleTree</span><span>.</span><span>create</span><span>(</span><span>[</span><span>leaf</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span> level</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> def</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> get_finalized</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function">self</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-function"> result</span><span>:</span><span> List</span><span>[</span><span>Hash32</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span> -></span><span> uint</span><span>:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<h3 id="relying-on-weak-subjectivity-sync">Relying on Weak Subjectivity Sync</h3>
<p>The upcoming switch to PoS will require newly synced nodes to rely on valid weak subjectivity checkpoints because of long-range attacks. This proposal relies on the weak subjectivity assumption that clients will not bootstrap with an invalid WS checkpoint.</p>
<h3 id="deposit-finalization-conditions">Deposit Finalization Conditions</h3>
<p>Care must be taken not to send a snapshot which includes deposits that haven't been fully included in the finalized checkpoint. Let <code>state</code> be the <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/2b45496fe48fa75450ad29a05bdd48866f86528a/specs/phase0/beacon-chain.md#beaconstate"><code>BeaconState</code></a> at a given block in the chain. Under normal operation, the <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/2b45496fe48fa75450ad29a05bdd48866f86528a/specs/phase0/beacon-chain.md#eth1data"><code>Eth1Data</code></a> stored in <code>state.eth1_data</code> is replaced every <code>EPOCHS_PER_ETH1_VOTING_PERIOD</code> epochs. Thus, finalization of the deposit tree proceeds with increments of <code>state.eth1_data</code>. Let <code>eth1data</code> be some <code>Eth1Data</code>. Both of the following conditions MUST be met to consider <code>eth1data</code> finalized:</p>
<ol>
<li>A finalized checkpoint exists where the corresponding <code>state</code> has <code>state.eth1_data == eth1data</code></li>
<li>A finalized checkpoint exists where the corresponding <code>state</code> has <code>state.eth1_deposit_index >= eth1data.deposit_count</code></li>
</ol>
<p>When these conditions are met, the tree can be pruned in the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/4881/#reference-implementation">reference implementation</a> by calling <code>tree.finalize(eth1data, execution_block_height)</code></p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
EVM trace specification2020-12-07T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Martin Holst Swendehttps://github.com/holimanMarius van der Wijdenhttps://github.com/MariusVanDerWijdenhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3155/A JSON format for EVM traces<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>Introduce a new JSON standard for EVM traces during execution of state tests.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>The Ethereum Virtual Machine executes all smart contract code on ethereum.
In order to debug smart contracts and state tests better, a common format was introduced to log every execution step of the EVM.
This format was implemented by Go-Ethereum, Parity-Ethereum, Nethermind and Besu.
Since the common format was not well-defined, the implementations differed slightly, making it hard to develop adequate tooling which reduces the usefulness of tracing significantly.</p>
<p>This EIP has multiple goals:</p>
<ul>
<li>Move the specification to a more visible place to encourage new clients to implement it</li>
<li>Strictly define corner cases that were not addressed in the previous version</li>
<li>Allow for updates to the specification in case new fields are introduced during execution</li>
<li>Provide sample output</li>
</ul>
<p>Implementing this EIP in all major clients allows us to create meaningful differential fuzzers that fuzz EVM implementations for the mainnet and all upcoming hardforks.
It also helps to find differences in execution quickly in the case of a chain split.</p>
<p>This EIP will enable users to create better differential fuzzing infrastructure to compare the EVM implementations of all major Ethereum clients against each other.
This could help to find bugs that are currently present in the client implementations.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>Clients should be able to execute simple transactions as well as code and return traces. In the following, we will call this client CUT (client under test) and use go-ethereum's
<code>evm</code> binary for code examples.</p>
<h3 id="datatypes">Datatypes</h3>
<table><thead><tr><th>Type</th><th>Explanation</th><th>Example</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>Number</td><td>Plain json number</td><td>"pc":0</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hex-Number</td><td>Hex-encoded number</td><td>"gas":"0x2540be400"</td></tr>
<tr><td>String</td><td>Plain string</td><td>"opName":"PUSH1"</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hex-String</td><td>Hex-encoded string</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td>Array of x</td><td>Array of x encoded values</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td>Key-Value</td><td>Key-Value structure with key and values encoded as hex strings</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td>Boolean</td><td>Json bool can either be true or false</td><td>"pass": true</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 id="output">Output</h3>
<p>The CUT MUST output a <code>json</code> object for EACH operation.</p>
<h4 id="required-fields">Required Fields</h4>
<table><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Type</th><th>Explanation</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><code>pc</code></td><td>Number</td><td>Program Counter</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>op</code></td><td>Number</td><td>OpCode</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>gas</code></td><td>Hex-Number</td><td>Gas left before executing this operation</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>gasCost</code></td><td>Hex-Number</td><td>Gas cost of this operation</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>memSize</code></td><td>Number</td><td>Size of memory array</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>stack</code></td><td>Array of Hex-Numbers</td><td>Array of all values on the stack</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>depth</code></td><td>Number</td><td>Depth of the call stack</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>returnData</code></td><td>Hex-String</td><td>Data returned by function call</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>refund</code></td><td>Hex-Number</td><td>Amount of <strong>global</strong> gas refunded</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 id="optional-fields">Optional Fields</h4>
<table><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Type</th><th>Explanation</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><code>opName</code></td><td>String</td><td>Name of the operation</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>error</code></td><td>Hex-String</td><td>Description of an error (should contain revert reason if supported)</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>memory</code></td><td>Array of Hex-Strings</td><td>Array of all allocated values</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>storage</code></td><td>Key-Value</td><td>Array of all stored values</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><em>Example:</em></p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{"pc":0,"op":96,"gas":"0x2540be400","gasCost":"0x3","memory":"0x","memSize":0,"stack":[],"depth":1,"error":null,"opName":"PUSH1"}</span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>The <code>stack</code>, <code>memory</code> and <code>memSize</code> are the values <em>before</em> execution of the op.</li>
<li>All array attributes (<code>stack</code>, <code>memory</code>) MUST be initialized to empty arrays (<code>"stack":[]</code>) NOT to null.</li>
<li>If the CUT will not be outputting values for <code>memory</code> or <code>storage</code> then the <code>memory</code> and <code>storage</code> fields are omitted.
This can happen either because the CUT does not support tracing these fields or it has been configured not to trace it.</li>
<li>The <code>memSize</code> field MUST be present regardless of <code>memory</code> support.</li>
<li>Clients SHOULD implement a way to disable recording the storage as the stateroot includes all storage updates.</li>
<li>Clients SHOULD output the fields in the same order as listed in this EIP.</li>
</ul>
<p>The CUT MUST NOT output a line for the <code>STOP</code> operation if an error occurred:</p>
<p><em>Example:</em></p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{"pc":2,"op":0,"gas":"0x2540be3fd","gasCost":"0x0","memory":"0x","memSize":0,"stack":["0x40"],"depth":1,"error":null,"opName":"STOP"}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="summary-and-error-handling">Summary and Error Handling</h3>
<p>At the end of execution, the CUT MUST print summary info; this info SHOULD have the following fields.
The summary should be a single <code>jsonl</code> object.</p>
<h4 id="required-fields-1">Required Fields</h4>
<table><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Type</th><th>Explanation</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><code>stateRoot</code></td><td>Hex-String</td><td>Root of the state trie after executing the transaction</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>output</code></td><td></td><td>Return values of the function</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>gasUsed</code></td><td>Hex-Number</td><td>All gas used by the transaction</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>pass</code></td><td>Boolean</td><td>Bool whether transaction was executed successfully</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 id="optional-fields-1">Optional Fields</h4>
<table><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Type</th><th>Explanation</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><code>time</code></td><td>Number</td><td>Time in nanoseconds needed to execute the transaction</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>fork</code></td><td>String</td><td>Name of the fork rules used for execution</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><em>Example</em>:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{"stateRoot":"0xd4c577737f5d20207d338c360c42d3af78de54812720e3339f7b27293ef195b7","output":"","gasUsed":"0x3","pass":"true","time":141485}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>This EIP is largely based on the previous non-official documentation for EVM tracing.
It tries to cover as many corner cases as possible to enable true client compatibility.
The datatypes and if a field is optional is chosen to be as compatible with current implementations as possible.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>This EIP is fully backward compatible with ethereum as it only introduces a better tracing infrastructure that is optional for clients to implement.</p>
<h3 id="clients">Clients</h3>
<p>This EIP is fully backward compatible with go-ethereum. OpenEthereum, Besu and Nethermind clients would have to change their JSON output of
<code>openethereum-evm</code> <code>evmtool</code> and
<code>nethtest</code> slightly do adhere to the new and stricter specs. New clients would need to implement this change if they want to be part of the differential fuzzing group.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span>$</span><span>{</span><span class="z-variable z-other">BESU_HOME</span><span>}</span><span>/bin/evmtool --code 0x604080536040604055604060006040600060025afa6040f3 </span><span>{</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">pc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:0,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">op</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:96,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gas</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x2540be400</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasCost</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x3</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">memSize</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:0,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">stack</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string">[</span><span class="z-string">]</span><span class="z-string">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">depth</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:1,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">refund</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:0,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">opName</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">PUSH1</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">pc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:2,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">op</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:128,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gas</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x2540be3fd</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasCost</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x3</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">memSize</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:0,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">stack</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string">[</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x40</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">],</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">depth</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:1,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">refund</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:0,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">opName</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">DUP1</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">pc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:3,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">op</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:83,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gas</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x2540be3fa</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasCost</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0xc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">memSize</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:0,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">stack</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string">[</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x40</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x40</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">],</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">depth</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:1,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">refund</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:0,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">opName</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">MSTORE8</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">pc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:4,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">op</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:96,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gas</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x2540be3ee</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasCost</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x3</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">memory</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">memSize</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:96,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">stack</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string">[</span><span class="z-string">]</span><span class="z-string">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">depth</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:1,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">refund</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:0,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">opName</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">PUSH1</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">}</span></span>
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<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">pc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:23,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">op</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:243,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gas</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x2540b92a4</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasCost</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x0</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">memory</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0xf5a5fd42d16a20302798ef6ed309979b43003d2320d9f0e8ea9831a92759fb4b00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">memSize</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:96,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">stack</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string">[</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x1</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x40</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">],</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">returnData</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0xf5a5fd42d16a20302798ef6ed309979b43003d2320d9f0e8ea9831a92759fb4b</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">depth</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:1,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">refund</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:0,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">opName</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">RETURN</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">stateRoot</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x8fa0dcc7f1d2383c89e5737c2843632db881c0946e80b71fe7175365e6538797</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">output</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x40</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasUsed</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x515c</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">pass</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">:true,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">fork</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">Istanbul</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>Tracing is expensive.</p>
<p>Exposing an endpoint for creating traces publicly could open up a denial of service vector.</p>
<p>Clients should consider putting trace endpoints behind a separate flag from other endpoints.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Block Explorer API Routes2020-11-02T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Pedro Gomeshttps://github.com/pedrouidligihttps://github.com/ligihttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3091/API Routes for Blockchain explorers<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This proposal brings standardization between block explorers API routes when linking transactions, blocks, accounts and tokens.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Currently wallets and dapps link transactions and accounts to block explorer web pages but as chain diversity and layer two solutions grow it becomes harder to maintain a consistent user experience. Adding new chains or layer two solutions becomes harder given these endpoints are inconsistent. Standardizing the API routes to these links improves interoperability between wallets and block explorers.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>Block explorers will route their webpages accordingly for the following data:</p>
<h3 id="blocks">Blocks</h3>
<p><code><BLOCK_EXPLORER_URL>/block/<BLOCK_HASH_OR_HEIGHT></code></p>
<h3 id="transactions">Transactions</h3>
<p><code><BLOCK_EXPLORER_URL>/tx/<TX_HASH></code></p>
<h3 id="accounts">Accounts</h3>
<p><code><BLOCK_EXPLORER_URL>/address/<ACCOUNT_ADDRESS></code></p>
<h3 id="tokens">Tokens</h3>
<p><code><BLOCK_EXPLORER_URL>/token/<TOKEN_ADDRESS></code></p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>The particular paths used in this proposal are chosen to be compatible with the majority of existing block explorers.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>Incompatible block explorers can use redirects to their existing API routes in order to conform to this EIP.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>None</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
wallet_addEthereumChain RPC Method2020-11-01T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Erik Markshttps://github.com/rekmarksPedro Gomeshttps://github.com/pedrouidPandapip1https://github.com/Pandapip1https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3085/Adds an RPC method to add EVM-compatible chains<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This EIP adds a wallet-namespaced RPC method: <code>wallet_addEtherereumChain</code>, providing a standard interface for adding chains to Ethereum wallets.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.</p>
<p>This proposal defines a new RPC method, <code>wallet_addEthereumChain</code>.</p>
<h3 id="wallet-addethereumchain"><code>wallet_addEthereumChain</code></h3>
<p>The <code>wallet_addEthereumChain</code> method is used to suggest to the wallet that a new chain be added to the wallet's list of chains. It takes a single parameter and returns <code>null</code> if the chain was added successfully, or an error if the chain was not added.</p>
<h4 id="wallet-addethereumchain-parameters"><code>wallet_addEthereumChain</code> Parameters</h4>
<p>The <code>wallet_addEthereumChain</code> method takes a single parameter, an <code>EthereumChainAddRequest</code> object, which is defined as follows:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> AddEthereumChainParameter</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> chainId</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> blockExplorerUrls</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> chainName</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> iconUrls</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> nativeCurrency</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> name</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> symbol</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> decimals</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> number</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> rpcUrls</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Only the <code>chainId</code> is required per this specification, but a wallet MAY require any other fields listed, impose additional requirements on them, or ignore them outright.</p>
<p>If a field does not meet the requirements of this specification and the wallet does not ignore the field, the wallet MUST reject the request.</p>
<p>The <code>chainId</code> is the integer ID of the chain as a hexadecimal string, as per <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/155/">EIP-155</a>. The <code>blockExplorerUrls</code>, <code>iconUrls</code>, and <code>rpcUrls</code> fields are arrays of strings, each of which MUST be a valid URL. The <code>nativeCurrency</code> field is an object with <code>name</code>, <code>symbol</code>, and <code>decimals</code> fields, where <code>decimals</code> is a non-negative integer, and is to be interpreted like in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/20/">EIP-20</a>. The <code>chainName</code> field is a string that is the human-readable name of the chain.</p>
<p>The wallet MUST reject the request if the <code>chainId</code> is not a valid hexadecimal string, or if the <code>chainId</code> is not a valid chain ID.</p>
<p>The wallet MUST reject the request if the <code>rpcUrls</code> field is not provided, or if the <code>rpcUrls</code> field is an empty array. The wallet MUST reject the request if the <code>rpcUrls</code> contains any strings that are not valid URLs. The wallet must reject the request if the <code>chainId</code> does not match the value of the <code>eth_chainId</code> method for any of the RPC urls.</p>
<p>The wallet MUST reject the request if the <code>nativeCurrency</code> field is provided, and any of the <code>name</code>, <code>symbol</code>, or <code>decimals</code> fields are missing. The wallet MUST reject the request if the <code>decimals</code> field is a negative integer.</p>
<p>The wallet MUST reject the request if the <code>blockExplorerUrls</code> field is provided, and any of the URLs are not valid URLs.</p>
<p>The wallet MUST reject the request if the <code>iconUrls</code> field is provided, and any of the URLs are not valid URLs or do not point to a valid image.</p>
<p>The wallet MUST reject any URLs that use the <code>file:</code> or <code>http:</code> schemes.</p>
<h4 id="wallet-addethereumchain-returns"><code>wallet_addEthereumChain</code> Returns</h4>
<p>The method MUST return <code>null</code> if the request was successful, and an error otherwise. The wallet MAY reject the request for any reason.</p>
<p>The chain MUST NOT be assumed to be automatically selected by the wallet, even if the wallet does not reject the request.</p>
<p>A request to add a chain that was already added SHOULD be successful, unless the user declines the request or the validation fails.</p>
<p>The wallet MUST NOT allow the same <code>chainId</code> to be added multiple times. See <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3085/#security-considerations">Security Considerations</a> for more information.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>The design of <code>wallet_addEthereumChain</code> is deliberately ignorant of what it means to "add" a chain to a wallet.
The meaning of "adding" a chain to a wallet depends on the wallet implementation.</p>
<p>When calling the method, specifying the <code>chainId</code> will always be necessary, since in the universe of Ethereum chains, the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/155/">EIP-155</a> chain ID is effectively the chain GUID.
The remaining parameters amount to what, in the estimation of the authors, a wallet will minimally require in order to effectively support a chain and represent it to the user.
The network ID (per the <code>net_version</code> RPC method) is omitted since it is effectively superseded by the chain ID.</p>
<p>For <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3085/#security-considerations">security reasons</a>, a wallet should always attempt to validate the chain metadata provided by the requester, and may choose to fetch the metadata elsewhere entirely.
Either way, only the wallet can know which chain metadata it needs from the requester in order to "add" the chain.
Therefore, all parameters except <code>chainId</code> are specified as optional, even though a wallet may require them in practice.</p>
<p>This specification does not mandate that the wallet "switches" its "active" or "currently selected" chain after a successful request, if the wallet has a concept thereof.
Just like the meaning of "adding" a chain, "switching" between chains is a wallet implementation detail, and therefore out of scope.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p><code>wallet_addEthereumChain</code> is a powerful method that exposes the end user to serious risks if implemented incorrectly.
Many of these risks can be avoided by validating the request data in the wallet, and clearly disambiguating different chains in the wallet UI.</p>
<h3 id="chain-ids">Chain IDs</h3>
<p>Since the chain ID used for transaction signing determines which chain the transaction is valid for, handling the chain ID correctly is of utmost importance.
The wallet should:</p>
<ul>
<li>Ensure that a submitted chain ID is valid.
<ul>
<li>It should be a <code>0x</code>-prefixed hexadecimal string per <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/695/">EIP-695</a>, and parse to an integer number.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Prevent the same chain ID from being added multiple times.
<ul>
<li>See the next section for how to handle multiple RPC endpoints.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Only use the submitted chain ID to sign transactions, <strong>never</strong> a chain ID received from an RPC endpoint.
<ul>
<li>A malicious or faulty endpoint could return arbitrary chain IDs, and potentially cause the user to sign transactions for unintended chains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Verify that the specified chain ID matches the return value of <code>eth_chainId</code> from the endpoint, as described above.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="rpc-endpoints-and-rpc-urls">RPC Endpoints and RPC URLs</h3>
<p>Wallets generally interact with chains via an RPC endpoint, identified by some URL.
Most wallets ship with a set of chains and corresponding trusted RPC endpoints.
The endpoints identified by the <code>rpcUrls</code> parameter cannot be assumed to be honest, correct, or even pointing to the same chain.
Moreover, even trusted endpoints can expose users to privacy risks depending on their data collection practices.</p>
<p>Therefore, the wallet should:</p>
<ul>
<li>Inform users that their on-chain activity and IP address will be exposed to RPC endpoints.</li>
<li>If an endpoint is unknown to the wallet, inform users that the endpoint may behave in unexpected ways.</li>
<li>Observe good web security practices when interacting with the endpoint, such as require HTTPS.</li>
<li>Clearly inform the user which RPC URL is being used to communicate with a chain at any given moment, and inform the user of the risks of using multiple RPC endpoints to interact with the same chain.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="validating-chain-data">Validating Chain Data</h3>
<p>A wallet that implements <code>wallet_addEthereumChain</code> should expect to encounter requests for chains completely unknown to the wallet maintainers.
That said, community resources exist that can be leveraged to verify requests for many Ethereum chains.
The wallet should maintain a list of known chains, and verify requests to add chains against that list.
Indeed, a wallet may even prefer its own chain metadata over anything submitted with a <code>wallet_addEthereumChain</code> request.</p>
<h3 id="ux">UX</h3>
<p>Adding a new chain to the wallet can have significant implications for the wallet's functionality and the experience of the user.
A chain should never be added without the explicit consent of the user, and different chains should be clearly differentiated in the wallet UI.
In service of these goals, the wallet should:</p>
<ul>
<li>When receiving a <code>wallet_addEthereumChain</code> request, display a confirmation informing the user that a specific requester has requested that the chain be added.</li>
<li>Ensure that any chain metadata, such as <code>nativeCurrency</code> and <code>blockExplorerUrls</code>, are validated and used to maximum effect in the UI.</li>
<li>If any images are provided via <code>iconUrls</code>, ensure that the user understands that the icons could misrepresent the actual chain added.</li>
<li>If the wallet UI has a concept of a "currently selected" or "currently active" chain, ensure that the user understands when a chain added using <code>wallet_addEthereumChain</code> becomes selected.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="preserving-user-privacy">Preserving User Privacy</h3>
<p>Although a request to add a chain that was already added should generally be considered a success, treating such requests as <em>automatic</em> successes leaks information to requesters about the chains a user has added to their wallet.
In the interest of preserving user privacy, implementers of <code>wallet_addEthereumChain</code> should consider displaying user confirmations even in these cases.
If the user denies the request, the wallet should return the same user rejection error as normal so that requesters cannot learn which chains are supported by the wallet without explicit permission to do so.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Slashing Protection Interchange Format2020-10-27T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:28+00:00Michael Sproulhttps://github.com/michaelsproulSacha Saint-Legerhttps://github.com/sachayvesDanny Ryanhttps://github.com/djrtwohttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3076/A JSON interchange format for proof of stake validators to migrate slashing protection data between clients.<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>A standard format for transferring a key's signing history allows validators to easily switch between clients without the risk of signing conflicting messages. While a common keystore format provides part of the solution, it does not contain any information about a key's signing history. For a validator moving their keys from client A to client B, this could lead to scenarios in which client B inadvertently signs a message that conflicts with an earlier message signed with client A. The interchange format described here provides a solution to this problem.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>The proof of stake (PoS) protocol penalises validators for voting in ways that could result in two different versions of the chain being finalised. These types of penalties are called slashings.</p>
<p>For a validator following the protocol correctly, there is, in principle, no risk of being slashed. However, changing clients (from client A to client B, say) can result in a slashing risk if client B is unaware of the blocks and attestations that were signed with client A.</p>
<p>This can occur if client A and client B do not agree on what the present time is. For example, say client A's time is accidentally set to a day in the future (225 epochs), and a validator switches from client A to client B without giving B a record of the blocks and attestations signed with A. The validator in question now runs the risk of attesting to two different blocks in the same epoch (a slashable offence) for the next 225 epochs (since they've already voted on these epochs with client A, and now stand to vote on them again with client B). Such time-skew bugs have been observed in the wild.</p>
<p>Another situation in which slashing protection is critical is in the case of re-orgs. During a re-org it is possible for a validator to be assigned new attestation duties for an epoch in which it has already signed an attestation. In this case it is essential that the record of the previous attestation is available, even if the validator just moved from one client to another in the space of a single epoch.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<h3 id="json-schema">JSON Schema</h3>
<p>A valid interchange file is one that adheres to the following JSON schema, and is interpreted according to the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3076/#conditions">Conditions</a>.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">title</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Signing history</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">description</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">This schema provides a record of the blocks and attestations signed by a set of validators</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">properties</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">metadata</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">properties</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">interchange_format_version</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">string</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">description</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">The version of the interchange format that this document adheres to</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">genesis_validators_root</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">string</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">description</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Calculated at Genesis time; serves to uniquely identify the chain</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">required</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">interchange_format_version</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">genesis_validators_root</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">data</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">array</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">items</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">properties</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">pubkey</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">string</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">description</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">The BLS public key of the validator (encoded as a 0x-prefixed hex string)</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">signed_blocks</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">array</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">items</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">properties</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">slot</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">string</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">description</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">The slot number of the block that was signed</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">signing_root</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">string</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">description</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">The output of compute_signing_root(block, domain)</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">required</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">slot</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">signed_attestations</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">array</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">items</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">properties</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">source_epoch</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">string</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">description</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">The attestation.data.source.epoch of the signed attestation</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">target_epoch</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">string</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">description</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">The attestation.data.target.epoch of the signed attestation</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">signing_root</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">string</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">description</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">The output of compute_signing_root(attestation, domain)</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">required</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">source_epoch</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">target_epoch</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">required</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">pubkey</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">signed_blocks</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">signed_attestations</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">required</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">metadata</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="example-json-instance">Example JSON Instance</h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">metadata</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">interchange_format_version</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">genesis_validators_root</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x04700007fabc8282644aed6d1c7c9e21d38a03a0c4ba193f3afe428824b3a673</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">data</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">pubkey</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xb845089a1457f811bfc000588fbb4e713669be8ce060ea6be3c6ece09afc3794106c91ca73acda5e5457122d58723bed</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">signed_blocks</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">slot</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">81952</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">signing_root</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4ff6f743a43f3b4f95350831aeaf0a122a1a392922c45d804280284a69eb850b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">slot</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">81951</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">signed_attestations</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">source_epoch</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2290</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">target_epoch</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">3007</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">signing_root</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x587d6a4f59a58fe24f406e0502413e77fe1babddee641fda30034ed37ecc884d</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">source_epoch</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2290</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">target_epoch</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">3008</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="conditions">Conditions</h3>
<p>After importing an interchange file with data field <code>data</code>, a signer must respect the following conditions:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Refuse to sign any block that is slashable with respect to the blocks contained in <code>data.signed_blocks</code>. For details of what constitutes a slashable block, see <code>process_proposer_slashing</code> (from <code>consensus-specs</code>). If the <code>signing_root</code> is absent from a block, a signer must assume that any new block with the same <code>slot</code> is slashable with respect to the imported block.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Refuse to sign any block with <code>slot <= min(b.slot for b in data.signed_blocks if b.pubkey == proposer_pubkey)</code>, except if it is a repeat signing as determined by the <code>signing_root</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Refuse to sign any attestation that is slashable with respect to the attestations contained in <code>data.signed_attestations</code>. For details of what constitutes a slashable attestation, see <code>is_slashable_attestation_data</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Refuse to sign any attestation with source epoch less than the minimum source epoch present in that signer's attestations (as seen in <code>data.signed_attestations</code>). In pseudocode:</p>
</li>
</ol>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="python"><span class="giallo-l"><span>source</span><span>.</span><span>epoch</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> min</span><span>(</span><span>att</span><span>.</span><span>source_epoch</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> for</span><span> att</span><span class="z-keyword"> in</span><span> data</span><span>.</span><span>signed_attestations</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span> att</span><span>.</span><span>pubkey</span><span class="z-keyword"> ==</span><span> attester_pubkey</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre>
<p>{:start="5"}
5. Refuse to sign any attestation with target epoch less than or equal to the minimum target epoch present in that signer's attestations (as seen in <code>data.signed_attestations</code>), except if it is a repeat signing as determined by the <code>signing_root</code>. In pseudocode:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="python"><span class="giallo-l"><span>target_epoch</span><span class="z-keyword"> <=</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> min</span><span>(</span><span>att</span><span>.</span><span>target_epoch</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> for</span><span> att</span><span class="z-keyword"> in</span><span> data</span><span>.</span><span>signed_attestations</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span> att</span><span>.</span><span>pubkey</span><span class="z-keyword"> ==</span><span> attester_pubkey</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="additional-information">Additional Information</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <code>interchange_format_version</code> version is set to 5.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A signed block or attestation's <code>signing_root</code> refers to the message data (hash tree root) that gets signed with a BLS signature. It allows validators to re-sign and re-broadcast blocks or attestations if asked.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <code>signed_blocks</code> <code>signing_root</code>s are calculated using <code>compute_signing_root(block, domain)</code>: where <code>block</code> is the block (of type <code>BeaconBlock</code> or <code>BeaconBlockHeader</code>) that was signed, and <code>domain</code> is equal to <code>compute_domain(DOMAIN_BEACON_PROPOSER, fork, metadata.genesis_validators_root)</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <code>signed_attestations</code> <code>signing_root</code>s are calculated using <code>compute_signing_root(attestation, domain)</code>: where <code>attestation</code> is the attestation (of type <code>AttestationData</code>) that was signed, and <code>domain</code> is equal to <code>compute_domain(DOMAIN_BEACON_ATTESTER, fork, metadata.genesis_validators_root)</code>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<h3 id="supporting-different-strategies">Supporting Different Strategies</h3>
<p>The interchange format is designed to be flexible enough to support the full variety of slashing protection strategies that clients may implement, which may be categorised into two main types:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Complete</strong>: a database containing every message signed by each validator.</li>
<li><strong>Minimal</strong>: a database containing only the latest messages signed by each validator.</li>
</ol>
<p>The advantage of the minimal strategy is its simplicity and succinctness. Using only the latest messages for each validator, safe slashing protection can be achieved by refusing to sign messages for slots or epochs prior.</p>
<p>On the other hand, the complete strategy can provide safe slashing protection while also avoiding false positives (meaning that it only prevents a validator from signing if doing so would guarantee a slashing).</p>
<p>The two strategies are unified in the interchange format through the inclusion of <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3076/#conditions">conditions</a> (2), (4) and (5). This allows the interchange to transfer detailed or succinct information, as desired.</p>
<h3 id="integer-representation">Integer Representation</h3>
<p>Most fields in the JSON schema are strings. For fields in which it is possible to encode the value as either a string or an integer, strings were chosen. This choice was made in order to avoid issues with different languages supporting different ranges of integers (specifically JavaScript, where the <code>number</code> type is a 64-bit float). If a validator is yet to sign a block or attestation, the relevant list is simply left empty.</p>
<h3 id="versioning">Versioning</h3>
<p>The <code>interchange_format_version</code> is set to 5 because the specification went through several breaking changes during its design, incorporating feedback from implementers.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>This specification is not backwards-compatible with previous draft versions that used version numbers less than 5.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>In order to minimise risk and complexity, the format has been designed to map cleanly onto the internal database formats used by implementers. Nevertheless, there are a few pitfalls worth illuminating.</p>
<h3 id="advice-for-complete-databases">Advice for Complete Databases</h3>
<p>For implementers who use a complete record of signed messages to implement their slashing protection database, we make the following recommendations:</p>
<ul>
<li>You MUST ensure that, in addition to importing all of the messages from an interchange, all the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3076/#conditions">conditions</a> are enforced. In particular, conditions (2), (4) and (5) may not have been enforced by your implementation before adopting the interchange format. Our recommendation is to enforce these rules at all times, to keep the implementation clean and minimise the attack surface. For example: your slashing protection mechanism should not sign a block with a slot number less than, or equal to, the minimum slot number of a previously signed block, <em>irrespective</em> of whether that minimum-slot block was imported from an interchange file, or inserted as part of your database's regular operation.</li>
<li>If your database records the signing roots of messages in addition to their slot/epochs, you should ensure that imported messages without signing roots are assigned a suitable dummy signing root internally. We suggest using a special "null" value which is distinct from all other signing roots, although a value like <code>0x0</code> may be used instead (as it is extremely unlikely to collide with any real signing root).</li>
<li>Care must be taken to avoid signing messages within a gap in the database (an area of unknown signing activity). This could occur if two interchanges were imported with a large gap between the last entry of the first and the first entry of the second. Signing in this gap is not safe, and would violate conditions (2), (4) and (5). It can be avoided by storing an explicit low watermark in addition to the actual messages of the slashing protection database, or by pruning on import so that the oldest messages from the interchange become the oldest messages in the database.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="advice-for-minimal-databases">Advice for Minimal Databases</h3>
<p>For implementers who wish to implement their slashing protection database by storing only the latest block and attestation for each validator, we make the following recommendations:</p>
<ul>
<li>During import, make sure you take the <em>maximum</em> slot block and <em>maximum</em> source and target attestations for each validator. Although the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3076/#conditions">conditions</a> require the minimums to be enforced, taking the maximums from an interchange file and merging them with any existing values in the database is the recommended approach. For example, if the interchange file includes blocks for validator <code>V</code> at slots 4, 98 and 243, then the latest signed block for validator <code>V</code> should be updated to the one from slot 243. However, if the database has already included a block for this validator at a slot greater than 243, for example, slot 351, then the database's existing value should remain unchanged.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="general-recommendations">General Recommendations</h3>
<ul>
<li>To avoid exporting an outdated interchange file -- an action which creates a slashing risk -- your implementation should only allow the slashing protection database to be exported when the validator client or signer is <em>stopped</em> -- in other words, when the client or signer is no longer adding new messages to the database.</li>
<li>Similarly, your implementation should only allow an interchange file to be imported when the validator client is stopped.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Adds `baseFee` to `eth_getBlockByNumber`2020-10-14T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Abdelhamid Bakhtahttps://github.com/abdelhamidbakhtahttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3044/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>Add basefee field to <code>eth_getBlockByNumber</code> RPC endpoint response.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>Adds <code>baseFee</code> property to the <code>eth_getBlockByNumber</code> JSON-RPC request <code>result</code> object. This property will contain the value of the base fee for any block after the EIP-1559 fork.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> introduces a base fee per gas in protocol.
This value is maintained under consensus as a new field in the block header structure.
Users may need value of the base fee at a given block. Base fee value is important to make gas price predictions more accurate.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<h3 id="eth-getblockbynumber"><code>eth_getBlockByNumber</code></h3>
<h4 id="description">Description</h4>
<p>Returns information about a block specified by number.
Every block returned by this endpoint whose block number is before the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> fork block <strong>MUST NOT</strong> include a <code>baseFee</code> field.
Every block returned by this endpoint whose block number is on or after the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> fork block <strong>MUST</strong> include a <code>baseFee</code> field.</p>
<h4 id="parameters">Parameters</h4>
<p>Parameters remain unchanged.</p>
<h4 id="returns">Returns</h4>
<p>For the full specification of <code>eth_getBlockByNumber</code> see <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/">EIP-1474</a>.
Add a new JSON field to the <code>result</code> object for block headers containing a base fee (post <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> fork block).</p>
<ul>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>baseFee</code> - base fee for this block</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="example">Example</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1559,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getBlockByNumber",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params":["latest", true]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1559,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">difficulty</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">extraData</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">baseFee</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x7</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasLimit</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9f759</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasUsed</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9f759</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">hash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">logsBloom</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">miner</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4e65fda2159562a496f9f3522f89122a3088497a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">nonce</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe04d296d2460cfb8472af2c5fd05b5a214109c25688d3704aed5484f9a7792f2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">number</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1b4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">parentHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9646252be9520f6e71339a8df9c55e4d7619deeb018d2a3f2d21fc165dde5eb5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sha3Uncles</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">size</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">stateRoot</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xd5855eb08b3387c0af375e9cdb6acfc05eb8f519e419b874b6ff2ffda7ed1dff</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">timestamp</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x54e34e8e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">totalDifficulty</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactions</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionsRoot</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">uncles</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>The addition of a single parameter instead of introducing a whole new endpoint was the simplest change that would be easiest to get integrated.
For backward compatibility we decided to not include the base fee in the response for pre-1559 blocks.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>Backwards compatible. Calls related to block prior to <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> fork block will omit the base fee field in the response.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>The added field (<code>baseFee</code>) is informational and does not introduce technical security issues.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Adds `baseFee` to `eth_getUncleByBlockHashAndIndex`2020-10-14T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Abdelhamid Bakhtahttps://github.com/abdelhamidbakhtahttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3045/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>Add basefee field to <code>eth_getUncleByBlockHashAndIndex</code> RPC endpoint response.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>Adds <code>baseFee</code> property to the <code>eth_getUncleByBlockHashAndIndex</code> JSON-RPC request <code>result</code> object. This property will contain the value of the base fee for any block after the EIP-1559 fork.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> introduces a base fee per gas in protocol.
This value is maintained under consensus as a new field in the block header structure.
Users may need value of the base fee at a given block. Base fee value is important to make gas price predictions more accurate.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<h3 id="eth-getunclebyblockhashandindex"><code>eth_getUncleByBlockHashAndIndex</code></h3>
<h4 id="description">Description</h4>
<p>Returns information about an uncle specified by block hash and uncle index position
Every block returned by this endpoint whose block number is before the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> fork block <strong>MUST NOT</strong> include a <code>baseFee</code> field.
Every block returned by this endpoint whose block number is on or after the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> fork block <strong>MUST</strong> include a <code>baseFee</code> field.</p>
<h4 id="parameters">Parameters</h4>
<p>Parameters remain unchanged.</p>
<h4 id="returns">Returns</h4>
<p>For the full specification of <code>eth_getUncleByBlockHashAndIndex</code> see <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/">EIP-1474</a>.
Add a new JSON field to the <code>result</code> object for block headers containing a base fee (post <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> fork block).</p>
<ul>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>baseFee</code> - base fee for this block</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="example">Example</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1559,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getUncleByBlockHashAndIndex",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params":["0xc6ef2fc5426d6ad6fd9e2a26abeab0aa2411b7ab17f30a99d3cb96aed1d1055b", "0x0"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1559,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">difficulty</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">extraData</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">baseFee</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x7</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasLimit</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9f759</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasUsed</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9f759</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">hash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">logsBloom</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">miner</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4e65fda2159562a496f9f3522f89122a3088497a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">nonce</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe04d296d2460cfb8472af2c5fd05b5a214109c25688d3704aed5484f9a7792f2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">number</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1b4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">parentHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9646252be9520f6e71339a8df9c55e4d7619deeb018d2a3f2d21fc165dde5eb5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sha3Uncles</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">size</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">stateRoot</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xd5855eb08b3387c0af375e9cdb6acfc05eb8f519e419b874b6ff2ffda7ed1dff</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">timestamp</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x54e34e8e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">totalDifficulty</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactions</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionsRoot</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">uncles</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>The addition of a single parameter instead of introducing a whole new endpoint was the simplest change that would be easiest to get integrated.
For backward compatibility we decided to not include the base fee in the response for pre-1559 blocks.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>Backwards compatible. Calls related to block prior to <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> fork block will omit the base fee field in the response.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>The added field (<code>baseFee</code>) is informational and does not introduce technical security issues.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Adds `baseFee` to `eth_getUncleByBlockNumberAndIndex`2020-10-14T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Abdelhamid Bakhtahttps://github.com/abdelhamidbakhtahttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3046/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>Add basefee field to <code>eth_getUncleByBlockNumberAndIndex</code> RPC endpoint response.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>Adds <code>baseFee</code> property to the <code>eth_getUncleByBlockNumberAndIndex</code> JSON-RPC request <code>result</code> object. This property will contain the value of the base fee for any block after the EIP-1559 fork.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> introduces a base fee per gas in protocol.
This value is maintained under consensus as a new field in the block header structure.
Users may need value of the base fee at a given block. Base fee value is important to make gas price predictions more accurate.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<h3 id="eth-getunclebyblocknumberandindex"><code>eth_getUncleByBlockNumberAndIndex</code></h3>
<h4 id="description">Description</h4>
<p>Returns information about an uncle specified by block number and uncle index position
Every block returned by this endpoint whose block number is before the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> fork block <strong>MUST NOT</strong> include a <code>baseFee</code> field.
Every block returned by this endpoint whose block number is on or after the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> fork block <strong>MUST</strong> include a <code>baseFee</code> field.</p>
<h4 id="parameters">Parameters</h4>
<p>Parameters remain unchanged.</p>
<h4 id="returns">Returns</h4>
<p>For the full specification of <code>eth_getUncleByBlockNumberAndIndex</code> see <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/">EIP-1474</a>.
Add a new JSON field to the <code>result</code> object for block headers containing a base fee (post <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> fork block).</p>
<ul>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>baseFee</code> - base fee for this block</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="example">Example</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1559,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getUncleByBlockNumberAndIndex",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params":["latest", "0x0"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1559,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">difficulty</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">extraData</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">baseFee</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x7</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasLimit</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9f759</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasUsed</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9f759</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">hash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">logsBloom</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">miner</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4e65fda2159562a496f9f3522f89122a3088497a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">nonce</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe04d296d2460cfb8472af2c5fd05b5a214109c25688d3704aed5484f9a7792f2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">number</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1b4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">parentHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9646252be9520f6e71339a8df9c55e4d7619deeb018d2a3f2d21fc165dde5eb5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sha3Uncles</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">size</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">stateRoot</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xd5855eb08b3387c0af375e9cdb6acfc05eb8f519e419b874b6ff2ffda7ed1dff</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">timestamp</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x54e34e8e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">totalDifficulty</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactions</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionsRoot</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">uncles</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>The addition of a single parameter instead of introducing a whole new endpoint was the simplest change that would be easiest to get integrated.
For backward compatibility we decided to not include the base fee in the response for pre-1559 blocks.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>Backwards compatible. Calls related to block prior to <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> fork block will omit the base fee field in the response.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>The added field (<code>baseFee</code>) is informational and does not introduce technical security issues.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Adds `baseFee` to `eth_getBlockByHash`2020-10-13T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Abdelhamid Bakhtahttps://github.com/abdelhamidbakhtahttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3041/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>Add basefee field to <code>eth_getBlockByHash</code> RPC endpoint response.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>Adds <code>baseFee</code> property to the <code>eth_getBlockByHash</code> JSON-RPC request <code>result</code> object. This property will contain the value of the base fee for any block after the EIP-1559 fork.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> introduces a base fee per gas in protocol.
This value is maintained under consensus as a new field in the block header structure.
Users may need value of the base fee at a given block. Base fee value is important to make gas price predictions more accurate.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<h3 id="eth-getblockbyhash"><code>eth_getBlockByHash</code></h3>
<h4 id="description">Description</h4>
<p>Returns information about a block specified by hash.
Every block returned by this endpoint whose block number is before the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> fork block <strong>MUST NOT</strong> include a <code>baseFee</code> field.
Every block returned by this endpoint whose block number is on or after the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> fork block <strong>MUST</strong> include a <code>baseFee</code> field.</p>
<h4 id="parameters">Parameters</h4>
<p>Parameters remain unchanged.</p>
<h4 id="returns">Returns</h4>
<p>For the full specification of <code>eth_getBlockByHash</code> see <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/">EIP-1474</a>.
Add a new JSON field to the <code>result</code> object for block headers containing a base fee (post <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> fork block).</p>
<ul>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>baseFee</code> - base fee for this block</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="example">Example</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1559,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getBlockByHash",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params":["0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331", true]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1559,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">difficulty</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">extraData</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">baseFee</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x7</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasLimit</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9f759</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasUsed</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9f759</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">hash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">logsBloom</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">miner</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4e65fda2159562a496f9f3522f89122a3088497a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">nonce</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe04d296d2460cfb8472af2c5fd05b5a214109c25688d3704aed5484f9a7792f2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">number</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1b4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">parentHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9646252be9520f6e71339a8df9c55e4d7619deeb018d2a3f2d21fc165dde5eb5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sha3Uncles</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">size</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">stateRoot</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xd5855eb08b3387c0af375e9cdb6acfc05eb8f519e419b874b6ff2ffda7ed1dff</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">timestamp</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x54e34e8e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">totalDifficulty</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactions</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionsRoot</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">uncles</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>The addition of a single parameter instead of introducing a whole new endpoint was the simplest change that would be easiest to get integrated.
For backward compatibility we decided to not include the base fee in the response for pre-1559 blocks.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>Backwards compatible. Calls related to block prior to <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1559/">EIP-1559</a> fork block will omit the base fee field in the response.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>The added field (<code>baseFee</code>) is informational and does not introduce technical security issues.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
eth_symbol JSON-RPC method2020-09-30T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Peter Grassbergerhttps://github.com/PeterTheOnehttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3014/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>Add <code>eth_symbol</code> method to the JSON-RPC that returns the symbol of the native coin of the network.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>The new method <code>eth_symbol</code> (<code>eth_</code>-namespaced) has no parameters and returns a string of the native coin of the network. For the Ethereum mainnet this will be <code>ETH</code>, other networks will have other symbols.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Wallets that deal with multiple networks need some basic information for every blockchain that they connect to. One of those things is the symbol of the native coin of the network. Instead of requiring the user to research and manually add the symbol it could be provided to the wallet via this proposed JSON-RPC endpoint and used automatically. There are lists of networks with symbols like https://github.com/ethereum-lists/chains where a user can manually look up the correct values. But this information could easily come from the network itself.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>Method: <code>eth_symbol</code>.</p>
<p>Params: none.</p>
<p>Returns: <code>result</code> - the native coin symbol, string</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">curl</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">X</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> POST</span><span class="z-keyword"> --</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_symbol","params":[],"id":1}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> Result</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">id</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>: </span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">result</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">ETH</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>This endpoint is similar to <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/695/">EIP-695</a> but it provides the symbol instead of <code>chainId</code>. It provides functionality that is already there for <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/20/">ERC-20</a> tokens, but not yet for the native coin of the network. Alternative naming of <code>eth_nativeCurrencySymbol</code> was considered, but the context and the fact that it just returns one value makes it clear that that it returns the symbol for the native coin of the network.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>It is a read only endpoint. The information is only as trusted as the JSON-RPC node itself, it could supply wrong information and thereby trick the user in believing he/she is dealing with another native coin.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
BLS Remote Signer HTTP API2020-09-30T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Herman Jungehttps://github.com/hermanjungehttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3030/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>This EIP defines a HTTP API standard for a BLS remote signer, consumed by validator clients to sign block proposals and attestations in the context of Ethereum 2.0 (eth2).</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>A <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs/blob/dev/specs/phase0/validator.md">validator</a> client contributes to the consensus of the Eth2 blockchain by signing proposals and attestations of blocks, using a BLS private key which must be available to this client at all times.</p>
<p>The BLS remote signer API is designed to be consumed by validator clients, looking for a more secure avenue to store their BLS12-381 private key(s), enabling them to run in more permissive and scalable environments.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Eth2 utilizes <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/cfrg/draft-irtf-cfrg-bls-signature/">BLS12-381</a> signatures.</p>
<p>Consensus on the eth2 Blockchain is achieved via the proposal and attestation of blocks from validator clients, using a BLS private key (<em>signing</em> key) which must be available each time a message is signed: that is, at least once every epoch (6.4 minutes), during a small window of time within this epoch (a <em>slot</em>, i.e. 12 seconds), as each validator is expected to attest exactly once per epoch.</p>
<p>The <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs">eth2 specification</a> does not explicitly provide a directive on where this BLS private key must/should be stored, leaving this implementation detail to the client teams, who assume that this cryptographic secret is stored on the same host as the validator client.</p>
<p>This assumption is sufficient in the use case where the validator client is running in a physically secure network (i.e. nobody, but the operator, has a chance to log-in into the machine hosting the validator client), as such configuration would only allow <em>outbound</em> calls from the validator client. In this situation, only a physical security breach, or a Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability can allow an attacker to either have arbitrary access to the storage or to the memory of the device.</p>
<p>There are, however, use cases where it is required by the operator to run a validator client node in less constrained security environments, as the ones given by a cloud provider. Notwithstanding any security expectation, nothing prevents a rogue operator from gaining arbitrary access to the assets running inside a node.</p>
<p>The situation is not better when the requirement is to execute the validators by leveraging a container orchestration solution (e.g. Kubernetes). The handling of secret keys across nodes can become a burden both from an operational as well as a security perspective.</p>
<p>The proposed solution comprises running a specialized node with exclusive access to the secret keys, listening to a simple API (defined in the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3030/#specification">Specification</a> section), and returning the requested signatures. Operators working under this schema must utilize clients with the adequate feature supporting the consumption of this API.</p>
<p>The focus of this specification is the supply of BLS signatures <em>on demand</em>. The aspects of authentication, key management (creation, update, and deletion), and transport encryption are discussed in the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3030/#rationale">Rationale</a> section of this document. Moreover, the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3030/#threat-model">Threat Model</a> section of this document provides a (non-exhaustive) list of threats and attack vectors, along with the suggested related mitigation strategy.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<h3 id="get-upcheck"><code>GET /upcheck</code></h3>
<p><em><strong>Responses</strong></em></p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Success</th><th><br></th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>Code</td><td><code>200</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>Content</td><td><code>{"status": "OK"}</code></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<hr />
<h3 id="get-keys"><code>GET /keys</code></h3>
<p>Returns the identifiers of the keys available to the signer.</p>
<p><em><strong>Responses</strong></em></p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Success</th><th><br></th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>Code</td><td><code>200</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>Content</td><td><code>{"keys": "[identifier]"}</code></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<hr />
<h3 id="post-sign-identifier"><code>POST /sign/:identifier</code></h3>
<table><thead><tr><th>URL Parameter</th><th><br></th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><code>:identifier</code></td><td><code>public_key_hex_string_without_0x</code></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><em><strong>Request</strong></em></p>
<table><thead><tr><th>JSON Body</th><th><br></th><th><br></th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><code>bls_domain</code></td><td><strong>Required</strong></td><td>The BLS Signature domain.<br>As defined in the <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs/blob/dev/specs/phase0/beacon-chain.md#domain-types">specification</a>, in lowercase, omitting the <code>domain</code> prefix.<br>Supporting <code>beacon_proposer</code>, <code>beacon_attester</code>, and <code>randao</code>.</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>data</code></td><td><strong>Required</strong></td><td>The data to be signed.<br>As defined in the specifications for <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-APIs/blob/master/types/block.yaml">block</a>, <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-APIs/blob/master/types/attestation.yaml">attestation</a>, and <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-APIs/blob/master/types/misc.yaml">epoch</a>.</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>fork</code></td><td><strong>Required</strong></td><td>A <code>Fork</code> object containing previous and current versions.<br>As defined in the <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-APIs/blob/master/types/misc.yaml">specification</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>genesis_validators_root</code></td><td><strong>Required</strong></td><td>A <code>Hash256</code> for domain separation and chain versioning.</td></tr>
<tr><td><br></td><td>Optional</td><td>Any other field will be ignored by the signer</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><em><strong>Responses</strong></em></p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Success</th><th><br></th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>Code</td><td><code>200</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>Content</td><td><code>{"signature": "<signature_hex_string>"}</code></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Where signature is a <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs/blob/dev/specs/phase0/beacon-chain.md#bls-signatures">BLS signature</a> byte array encoded as a hexadecimal string.</p>
<p><em>or</em></p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Error</th><th><br></th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>Code</td><td><code>400</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>Content</td><td><code>{"error": "<Bad Request Error Message>"}</code></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><em>or</em></p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Error</th><th><br></th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>Code</td><td><code>404</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>Content</td><td><code>{"error": "Key not found: <identifier>"}</code></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<hr />
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<h3 id="unix-philosophy-simple-api">UNIX philosophy: Simple API</h3>
<p>This API specification contains only three methods: one for <strong>status</strong>, one for <strong>listing the available keys</strong>, and one to <strong>produce a signature</strong>. There are no methods for authentication, key management, nor transport encryption.</p>
<p>The following subsections discuss aspects to be considered by the client implementers relative to these subjects.</p>
<h4 id="implementation-of-additional-features">Implementation of additional features</h4>
<p>From an API pipeline view, we have two nodes: The validator client (1) that makes requests to the remote signer (2). A more sophisticated chain can be built by introducing elements between these two nodes. Either by setting up reverse proxy services, or by adding plugins to the remote signer implementation.</p>
<h4 id="authentication">Authentication</h4>
<p>Can be accomplished through the use of an HTTP Request Header. There are several ways to negotiate and issue a valid token to authenticate the communication between the validator client and the remote signer, each of them with potential drawbacks (e.g replay attacks, challenges in distributing the token to the validator client, etc.). In general, any method of authentication must be combined with transport encryption to be effective.</p>
<p>The operator can also implement network Access Control Lists (ACLs) between the validator client's network and the remote signer's network, reducing the attack surface by requiring a potential attacker to be positioned in the same network as the validator client.</p>
<h4 id="key-management">Key management</h4>
<p>There are several ways to store secret keys, namely Hardware Security Modules (HSM), Secrets management applications (e.g. Hashicorp Vault), cloud storage with tight private network ACL rules, or even raw files in a directory. In general the remote signer implementers will abstract the storage medium from the HTTP API.</p>
<p>It is in this perspective, that any procedure to create, update, or delete keys should be built separate from the client implementation.</p>
<h4 id="transport-encryption">Transport Encryption</h4>
<p>If the operator is working with self-signed certificates, it is required that the client enhancement consuming the remote signer allows this option.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<h3 id="test-data">Test Data</h3>
<ul>
<li>BLS Pair
<ul>
<li>Public key: <code>0xb7354252aa5bce27ab9537fd0158515935f3c3861419e1b4b6c8219b5dbd15fcf907bddf275442f3e32f904f79807a2a</code>.</li>
<li>Secret key: <code>0x68081afeb7ad3e8d469f87010804c3e8d53ef77d393059a55132637206cc59ec</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Signing root: <code>0xb6bb8f3765f93f4f1e7c7348479289c9261399a3c6906685e320071a1a13955c</code>.</li>
<li>Expected signature: <code>0xb5d0c01cef3b028e2c5f357c2d4b886f8e374d09dd660cd7dd14680d4f956778808b4d3b2ab743e890fc1a77ae62c3c90d613561b23c6adaeb5b0e288832304fddc08c7415080be73e556e8862a1b4d0f6aa8084e34a901544d5bb6aeed3a612</code>.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="get-upcheck-1"><code>GET /upcheck</code></h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Success</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">v</span><span class="z-string"> localhost:9000/upcheck</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Trying 127.0.0.1:9000...</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> TCP_NODELAY set</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Connected to localhost (</span><span class="z-entity z-name">127.0.0.1</span><span>) port 9000 (</span><span>#0)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-entity z-name"> GET</span><span class="z-string"> /upcheck</span><span class="z-string"> HTTP/1.1</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Host: localhost:9000</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Accept: </span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span>/</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> HTTP/1.1 200 OK</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> content-type: application/json</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> content-length: 15</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> date: Wed, 30 Sep 2020 02:25:08 GMT</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Connection</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment">0 to host localhost left intact</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">status</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">OK</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="get-keys-1"><code>GET /keys</code></h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Success</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">v</span><span class="z-string"> localhost:9000/keys</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Trying 127.0.0.1:9000...</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> TCP_NODELAY set</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Connected to localhost (</span><span class="z-entity z-name">127.0.0.1</span><span>) port 9000 (</span><span>#0)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-entity z-name"> GET</span><span class="z-string"> /publicKeys</span><span class="z-string"> HTTP/1.1</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Host: localhost:9000</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Accept: </span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span>/</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> HTTP/1.1 200 OK</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> content-type: application/json</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> content-length: 116</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> date: Wed, 30 Sep 2020 02:25:36 GMT</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Connection</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment">0 to host localhost left intact</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">keys</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string">[</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">b7354252aa5bce27ab9537fd0158515935f3c3861419e1b4b6c8219b5dbd15fcf907bddf275442f3e32f904f79807a2a</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">]}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Server Error</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># Preparation</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># `chmod` keys directory to the octal 311 (-wx--x--x).</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">v</span><span class="z-string"> localhost:9000/keys</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Trying 127.0.0.1:9000...</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> TCP_NODELAY set</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Connected to localhost (</span><span class="z-entity z-name">127.0.0.1</span><span>) port 9000 (</span><span>#0)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-entity z-name"> GET</span><span class="z-string"> /publicKeys</span><span class="z-string"> HTTP/1.1</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Host: localhost:9000</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Accept: </span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span>/</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> content-length: 43</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> date: Wed, 30 Sep 2020 02:26:09 GMT</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Connection</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment">0 to host localhost left intact</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">error</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">Storage error: PermissionDenied</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="post-sign-identifier-1"><code>POST /sign/:identifier</code></h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Success</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">v</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">d</span><span class="z-string"> @payload.json</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">H</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">Content-Type: application/json</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string"> localhost:9000/sign/b7354252aa5bce27ab9537fd0158515935f3c3861419e1b4b6c8219b5dbd15fcf907bddf275442f3e32f904f79807a2a</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">Note:</span><span class="z-string"> Unnecessary</span><span class="z-string"> use</span><span class="z-string"> of</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> or</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-request,</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-string"> is</span><span class="z-string"> already</span><span class="z-string"> inferred.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Trying 127.0.0.1:9000...</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> TCP_NODELAY set</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Connected to localhost (</span><span class="z-entity z-name">127.0.0.1</span><span>) port 9000 (</span><span>#0)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-entity z-name"> POST</span><span class="z-string"> /sign/b7354252aa5bce27ab9537fd0158515935f3c3861419e1b4b6c8219b5dbd15fcf907bddf275442f3e32f904f79807a2a</span><span class="z-string"> HTTP/1.1</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Host: localhost:9000</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Accept: </span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span>/</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Content-Type: application/json</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Content-Length: 84</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> upload completely sent off: 84 out of 84 bytes</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> HTTP/1.1 200 OK</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> content-type: application/json</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> content-length: 210</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> date: Wed, 30 Sep 2020 02:16:02 GMT</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Connection</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment">0 to host localhost left intact</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">signature</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0xb5d0c01cef3b028e2c5f357c2d4b886f8e374d09dd660cd7dd14680d4f956778808b4d3b2ab743e890fc1a77ae62c3c90d613561b23c6adaeb5b0e288832304fddc08c7415080be73e556e8862a1b4d0f6aa8084e34a901544d5bb6aeed3a612</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Bad Request Error</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">v</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">d</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">foobar</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">H</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">Content-Type: application/json</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string"> localhost:9000/sign/b7354252aa5bce27ab9537fd0158515935f3c3861419e1b4b6c8219b5dbd15fcf907bddf275442f3e32f904f79807a2a</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">Note:</span><span class="z-string"> Unnecessary</span><span class="z-string"> use</span><span class="z-string"> of</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> or</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-request,</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-string"> is</span><span class="z-string"> already</span><span class="z-string"> inferred.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Trying 127.0.0.1:9000...</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> TCP_NODELAY set</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Connected to localhost (</span><span class="z-entity z-name">127.0.0.1</span><span>) port 9000 (</span><span>#0)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-entity z-name"> POST</span><span class="z-string"> /sign/b7354252aa5bce27ab9537fd0158515935f3c3861419e1b4b6c8219b5dbd15fcf907bddf275442f3e32f904f79807a2a</span><span class="z-string"> HTTP/1.1</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Host: localhost:9000</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Accept: </span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span>/</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Content-Type: application/json</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Content-Length: 23</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> upload completely sent off: 23 out of 23 bytes</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> content-length: 38</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> date: Wed, 30 Sep 2020 02:15:05 GMT</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Connection</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment">0 to host localhost left intact</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">error</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">Unable to parse body message from JSON: Error(</span><span class="z-constant">\"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">expected ident</span><span class="z-constant">\"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">, line: 1, column: 2)</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> No Keys Available</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">v</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">d</span><span class="z-string"> @payload.json</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">H</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">Content-Type: application/json</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string"> localhost:9000/sign/000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">Note:</span><span class="z-string"> Unnecessary</span><span class="z-string"> use</span><span class="z-string"> of</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> or</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-request,</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-string"> is</span><span class="z-string"> already</span><span class="z-string"> inferred.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Trying 127.0.0.1:9000...</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> TCP_NODELAY set</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Connected to localhost (</span><span class="z-entity z-name">127.0.0.1</span><span>) port 9000 (</span><span>#0)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-entity z-name"> POST</span><span class="z-string"> /sign/000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="z-string"> HTTP/1.1</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Host: localhost:9000</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Accept: </span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span>/</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Content-Type: application/json</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Content-Length: 84</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> upload completely sent off: 84 out of 84 bytes</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> content-length: 123</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> date: Wed, 30 Sep 2020 02:18:53 GMT</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Connection</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment">0 to host localhost left intact</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">error</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">Key not found: 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Server Error</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># Preparation</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># `chmod` both keys directory and file to the octal 311 (-wx--x--x).</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># `chmod` back to 755 to delete them afterwards.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">v</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">d</span><span class="z-string"> @payload.json</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">H</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">Content-Type: application/json</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string"> localhost:9000/sign/b7354252aa5bce27ab9537fd0158515935f3c3861419e1b4b6c8219b5dbd15fcf907bddf275442f3e32f904f79807a2a</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"># Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">Note:</span><span class="z-string"> Unnecessary</span><span class="z-string"> use</span><span class="z-string"> of</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> or</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-request,</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-string"> is</span><span class="z-string"> already</span><span class="z-string"> inferred.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Trying 127.0.0.1:9000...</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> TCP_NODELAY set</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Connected to localhost (</span><span class="z-entity z-name">127.0.0.1</span><span>) port 9000 (</span><span>#0)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-entity z-name"> POST</span><span class="z-string"> /sign/b7354252aa5bce27ab9537fd0158515935f3c3861419e1b4b6c8219b5dbd15fcf907bddf275442f3e32f904f79807a2a</span><span class="z-string"> HTTP/1.1</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Host: localhost:9000</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Accept: </span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span>/</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Content-Type: application/json</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span> Content-Length: 84</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> upload completely sent off: 84 out of 84 bytes</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> content-length: 43</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span> date: Wed, 30 Sep 2020 02:21:08 GMT</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"><</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span> Connection</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> #</span><span class="z-comment">0 to host localhost left intact</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">error</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">Storage error: PermissionDenied</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="implementation">Implementation</h2>
<table><thead><tr><th>Repository Url</th><th>Language</th><th>Organization</th><th>Commentary</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/sigp/rust-bls-remote-signer">BLS Remote Signer</a></td><td>Rust</td><td>Sigma Prime</td><td>Supports proposed specification.</td></tr>
<tr><td><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/PegaSysEng/web3signer">Web3signer</a></td><td>Java</td><td>PegaSys</td><td>Supports proposed specification, although with <a rel="external" href="https://pegasyseng.github.io/web3signer/web3signer-eth2.html">slightly different methods</a>:<br>{<code>/sign</code> => <code>/api/v1/eth2/sign</code>, <code>/publicKeys</code> => <code>/api/v1/eth2/publicKeys</code>}.</td></tr>
<tr><td><a rel="external" href="https://docs.prylabs.network/docs/wallet/remote/">Remote Signing Wallet</a></td><td>Golang</td><td>Prysmatics Labs</td><td>Supports both gRPC and JSON over HTTP.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<h3 id="threat-model">Threat model</h3>
<p>Let's consider the following threats and their mitigations:</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Threat</th><th>Mitigation(s)</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>An attacker can spoof the validator client.</td><td>See the discussion at <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3030/#authentication">Authentication</a>.</td></tr>
<tr><td>An attacker can send a crafted message to the signer, leading to a slashing offense.</td><td>It is the responsibility of the operator of the remote signer to add a validation module, as discussed at <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/3030/#implementation-of-additional-features">Implementation of additional features</a>.</td></tr>
<tr><td>An attacker can create, update, or delete secret keys.</td><td>Keys are not to be writable via any interface of the remote signer.</td></tr>
<tr><td>An attacker can repudiate a sent message.</td><td>Implement logging in the signer. Enhance it by sending logs to a syslog box.</td></tr>
<tr><td>An attacker can disclose the contents of a private key by retrieving the key from storage.</td><td>Storage in Hardware security module (HSM).<br><em>or</em><br>Storage in Secrets management applications (e.g. Hashicorp Vault).</td></tr>
<tr><td>An attacker can eavesdrop on the uploading of a secret key.</td><td>Upload the keys using a secure channel, based on each storage specification.</td></tr>
<tr><td>An attacker can eavesdrop on the retrieval of a key from the remote signer.</td><td>Always pass the data between storage and remote signer node using a secure channel.</td></tr>
<tr><td>An attacker can dump the memory in the remote signer to disclose a secret key.</td><td>Prevent physical access to the node running the remote signer.<br><em>or</em><br>Prevent access to the terminal of the node running the remote signer: Logs being sent to a syslog box. Deployments triggered by a simple, non-parameterized API.<br><em>or</em><br>Implement zeroization of the secret key at memory.<br><em>or</em><br>Explore the compilation and running of the remote signer in a Trusted execution environment (TEE).</td></tr>
<tr><td>An attacker can DoS the remote signer.</td><td>Implement IP filtering.<br><em>or</em><br>Implement Rate limiting.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Add DID related methods to the JSON-RPC2020-08-01T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Joel Thorstenssonhttps://github.com/oedhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2844/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>Add new methods to the JSON-RPC for signing and decrypting JOSE objects under a new <code>did_*</code> prefix.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This EIP describes three new methods to add to the JSON-RPC that enables wallets to support <em>Decentralized Identifiers</em> (DIDs) as well as <em>JSON Object Signing and Encryption</em> (JOSE). These standards enables wallets to support data decryption as well as authenticated data, both in standard formats using JOSE. With these new methods apps can request the DID from a users wallet, from which a DID document can be resolved. The DID document contains public keys that can be used for encryption and signature verification. This enables Alice to discover Bobs public keys by only knowing Bobs DID. This EIP does not enforce the user of any particular DID method or JOSE algorithms, wallets are free to implement these however they wish.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>There has been one main previous effort (<a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/130">#130</a>, <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/pull/1098">#1098</a>) to add decryption to Ethereum wallets in a standard way. This previous approach used a non standard way to encode and represent data encrypted using <code>x25519-xsalsa20-poly1305</code>. While this approach does provide a functional way to add encryption support to wallets, it does not take into account similar work that has gone into standardizing the way encrypted data is represented, namely using <a rel="external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/jose/documents/">JOSE</a>. This is a standard from IETF for representing signed and encrypted objects. Another shortcoming of the previous approach is that it's impossible to retrieve the <code>x25519</code> public key from another user if only an Ethereum address is known. Public key discoverability is at the core of the work that is happening with the <a rel="external" href="https://w3c.github.io/did-core">W3C DID standard</a>, where given a DID a document which contains public keys can always be discovered. Implementations of this standard already exist and are adopted within the Ethereum community, e.g. <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/decentralized-identity/ethr-did-resolver/"><code>did:ethr</code></a> and <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/3box/3id-resolver"><code>did:3</code></a>. Interoperability between JOSE and DIDs <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/decentralized-identity/did-jwt">already exists</a>, and work is being done to <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/decentralized-identity/did-jose-extensions">strengthen it</a>. Adding support for JOSE and DIDs will enable Ethereum wallets to support a wide range of new use cases such as more traditional authentication using JWTs, as well as new emerging technologies such as <a rel="external" href="https://identity.foundation/secure-data-store/">Secure Data Stores</a> and <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ipld/specs/pull/269">encrypted data in IPFS</a>.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>Three new JSON-RPC methods are specified under the new <code>did_*</code> prefix.</p>
<h3 id="auth">Auth</h3>
<p>Authenticate the current rpc connection to the DID methods.</p>
<p>Prompt the user to give permission to the current connection to access the user DID and the given <code>paths</code>.</p>
<h5 id="method">Method:</h5>
<p><code>did_authenticate</code></p>
<h5 id="params">Params:</h5>
<ul>
<li><code>nonce</code> - a random string used as a challenge</li>
<li><code>aud</code> - the intended audience of the authentication response</li>
<li><code>paths</code> - an array of strings</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="returns">Returns:</h5>
<p>A JWS with general serialization containing the following properties:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>nonce </code> - the random string which was given as a challenge</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>did</code> - the DID which authentication was given for</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>paths</code> - the paths which was given permission for</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>exp</code> - a unix timestamp after which the JWS should be considered invalid</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>aud</code> - optional audience for the JWS, should match the domain which made the request</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>An additional property <code>kid</code> with the value which represents the DID, and the <code>keyFragment</code> that was used to sign the JWS should be added to the protected header (<a rel="external" href="https://github.com/decentralized-identity/did-jose-extensions/issues/2">details</a>).</p>
<h4 id="createjws">CreateJWS</h4>
<p>Creates a JSON Web Signature (JWS).</p>
<p>An additional property <code>kid</code> with the value which represents the DID, and the <code>keyFragment</code> that was used to sign the JWS should be added to the protected header (<a rel="external" href="https://github.com/decentralized-identity/did-jose-extensions/issues/2">details</a>). When <code>revocable</code> is set to false the JWS signature should not be possible to revoke. For some DID methods like. <code>did:key</code> this is always the case. For other methods which support key revocation it is necessary to include the <code>version-id</code> in the <code>kid</code> to refer to a specific version of the DID document. When <code>revocable</code> is set to true <code>version-id</code> must not be included in the <code>kid</code> for DID methods that support key revocation.</p>
<h5 id="method-1">Method:</h5>
<p><code>did_createJWS</code></p>
<h5 id="params-1">Params:</h5>
<ul>
<li><code>payload</code> - the payload to sign, json object or <code>base64url</code> encoded string</li>
<li><code>protected</code> - the protected header, json object</li>
<li><code>did</code> - the DID that should sign the message, may include the key fragment, string</li>
<li><code>revocable</code> - makes the JWS revocable when rotating keys, boolean default to <code>false</code></li>
</ul>
<h5 id="returns-1">Returns:</h5>
<p>An object containing a JWS with general serialization on the <code>jws</code> property.</p>
<h5 id="recommendation">Recommendation:</h5>
<p>Use <code>secp256k1</code> for signing, alternatively <code>ed25519</code>.</p>
<h4 id="decryptjwe">DecryptJWE</h4>
<p>Decrypt the given JWE.</p>
<p>If the cleartext object contains a property <code>paths</code> that contains an array of strings and one of the paths in there are already authenticated using <code>did_authenticate</code> the decryption should happen without user confirmation.</p>
<h5 id="method-2">Method:</h5>
<p><code>did_decryptJWE</code></p>
<h5 id="params-2">Params:</h5>
<ul>
<li><code>jwe</code> - a JWE with general serialization, string</li>
<li><code>did</code> - the DID that should try to decrypt the JWE, string</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="returns-2">Returns:</h5>
<p>An object containing the cleartext, encoded using <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/multiformats/multibase"><code>base64pad</code></a>, assigned to the <code>cleartext</code> property.</p>
<h5 id="recommendation-1">Recommendation:</h5>
<p>Implement decryption using <code>xchacha20poly1305</code> and <code>x25519</code> for key agreement.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>This EIP chooses to rely on DIDs and JOSE since there is already support for these standards in many places, by current systems and new systems. By using DIDs and JOSE wallet implementers can also choose which signing and encryption algorithms that they want to support, since these formats are fairly agnostic to specific crypto implementations.</p>
<h3 id="permission-system">Permission system</h3>
<p>A simple permission system is proposed where clients can request permissions though path prefixes, e.g. <code>/some/permission</code>. When decryption of a JWE is requested the wallet should check if the decrypted payload contains a <code>paths</code> property. If this property doesn't exist the user may be prompted to confirm that the given rpc connection (app) is allowed to read the decrypted data. If the <code>paths</code> property is present in the decrypted data it should contain an array of string paths. If one of the these path prefixes matches with one of the path prefixes the user has already granted permission for then decryption should happen automatically without any user confirmation.</p>
<p>This simple permission system was inspired by some previous comments (<a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/130#issuecomment-329770999">1</a>, <a rel="external" href="https://medium.com/@wighawag/3-proposals-for-making-web3-a-better-experience-974f97765700">2</a>) but avoids data lock in around origins.</p>
<h2 id="implementation">Implementation</h2>
<p><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/3box/identity-wallet-js/">IdentityWallet</a>: An implementation of the wallet side <code>did_*</code> methods using the 3ID DID.</p>
<p><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ceramicnetwork/key-did-provider-ed25519">key-did-provider-ed25519</a>: An implementation of the wallet side <code>did_*</code> methods using the <code>did:key</code> method.</p>
<p><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ceramicnetwork/js-did">js-did</a>: A small library which consumes the <code>did_*</code> methods.</p>
<p><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/digitalbazaar/minimal-cipher">MinimalCipher</a>: An implementation of DID related encryption for JWE.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>Both JOSE and DIDs are standards that have gone though a lot of scrutiny. Their security will not be considered in this document. In the specification section, recommendations are given for which algorithms to use. For signatures <code>secp256k1</code> is already used by ethereum and for decryption <code>xchacha20poly1305</code> is widely available, very performant, and already used in TLS.</p>
<p>The main security consideration of this EIP is the suggested permission system. Here various threat models could be considered. However, this EIP does not go into details about how it should work other than suggesting an approach. In the end it is up to wallet implementations to choose how to ask their users for consent.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Transaction Replacement Message Type2020-07-26T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Gregory Markouhttps://github.com/GregTheGreekhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2831/<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
<p>An extension to the JavaScript Ethereum Provider API (<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/">EIP-1193</a>) this creates a new message type in the event a transaction replacement occurs.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>The current communication between providers and consumers of providers are fundamentally broken in the event that a transaction in the mempool has been superseded by a newer transactions. Providers currently have no way of communicating a transaction replacement, and consumers are required to poll block by block for the resulting transaction.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Exert from EIP-1193</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A common convention in the Ethereum web application ("dapp") ecosystem is for key management software ("wallets") to expose their API via a JavaScript object in the web page.
This object is called "the Provider".</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Many ingenious developments have been made by wallet developers to improve the overall user experience while interacting with the Ethereum blockchain. One specific innovation was transaction replacement, offering users the ability to effectively cancel a previously sent transaction.</p>
<p>Transaction replacement is not a new concept, but unfortunately causes major user experience problems for dapp developers as the replaced transaction is near impossible to track.</p>
<p>This EIP formalizes a way for both providers and dapp developers to track transaction replacements seamlessly.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in <a rel="external" href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">RFC-2119</a>.</p>
<h3 id="definitions">Definitions</h3>
<p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
<ul>
<li>Provider
<ul>
<li>A JavaScript object made available to a consumer, that provides access to Ethereum by means of a Client.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Wallet
<ul>
<li>An end-user application that manages private keys, performs signing operations, and acts as a middleware between the Provider and the Client.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Transaction Replacement
<ul>
<li>Submitting a transaction with both: the same nonce and a 10% increase in the gas price, of a previous transaction which a user no longer wishes to send. This must occur before the original transaction is included in the blockchain.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="events">Events</h3>
<p>These methods <strong>MUST</strong> be implemented per the Node.js <a rel="external" href="https://nodejs.org/api/events.html"><code>EventEmitter</code> API</a>.</p>
<p>The following three events must be implemented: <code>tx_replacement</code>, <code>tx_speedup</code> and <code>tx_cancel</code>.</p>
<p>A <code>tx_speedup</code> is defined as a transaction replacement in which the user wishes to adjust the <code>gasPrice</code>, to potentially receive a fast block inclusion. For a <code>tx_speedup</code> to be considered valid, the replacement tx must contain the <strong>same</strong> following properties as the one it supersedes:</p>
<ul>
<li>Nonce</li>
<li>To</li>
<li>Value</li>
<li>Data</li>
</ul>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> txSpeedupInfo</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> oldTx</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> newTx</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> nonce</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> from</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">on</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">tx_speedup</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> listener</span><span>:</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">txSpeedupInfo</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> txSpeedupInfo</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span class="z-keyword"> void</span><span>)</span><span>: </span><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>This event emits the old transaction hash (<code>oldTx</code>), the new transaction hash (<code>newTx</code>), the nonce used for both transactions (<code>nonce</code>), and the signing address for the transaction (<code>from</code>).</p>
<p>A <code>tx_cancel</code> is defined as a transaction replacement in which the user wishes to nullify a previous transaction before its inclusion. For a <code>tx_cancel</code> to be considered valid, the replacement tx must contain the following properties:</p>
<ul>
<li>The same nonce as the superseded transaction</li>
<li>The same From and To</li>
<li>Zero value</li>
<li>No data</li>
</ul>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> txCancelInfo</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> oldTx</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> newTx</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> nonce</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> from</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">on</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">tx_cancel</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> listener</span><span>:</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">txCancelInfo</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> txCancelInfo</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span class="z-keyword"> void</span><span>)</span><span>: </span><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>This event emits the old transaction hash (<code>oldTx</code>), the new transaction hash (<code>newTx</code>), the nonce used for both transactions (<code>nonce</code>), and the signing address for the transaction (<code>from</code>).</p>
<p>A <code>tx_replacement</code> is defined as a transaction replacement in which a user has completely replaced a previous transaction with a completely brand new one. The replacement tx must contain the following properties:</p>
<ul>
<li>The same nonce as the superseded transaction</li>
</ul>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> txReplacementInfo</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> oldTx</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> newTx</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> nonce</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> from</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">on</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">tx_replacement</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> listener</span><span>:</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">txReplacementInfo</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> txReplacementInfo</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span class="z-keyword"> void</span><span>)</span><span>: </span><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>This event emits the old transaction hash (<code>oldTx</code>), the new transaction hash (<code>newTx</code>), the nonce used for both transactions (<code>nonce</code>), and the signing address for the transaction (<code>from</code>).</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>The implementation was chosen to help the ease of implementation for both providers and dapp developers. Since <code>ProviderMessage</code> is widely used by dapp developers already it means that the implementation path would be as trivial as adding and additional <code>if</code> clause to their existing message listener. This also provides a benefit to dapps in the event that a provider has not yet implemented the events, it will not cause the dapp panic with <code>undefined</code> should it be implemented natively (eg: <code>ethereum.txCancel(...)</code> which would error with <code>ethereum.txReplacement()</code> is not a function).</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>Many Providers adopted EIP-1193, as this EIP extends the same event logic, there should be no breaking changes. All providers that do not support the new events should either I) Ignore the subscription or II) Provide some error to the user.</p>
<h2 id="implementations">Implementations</h2>
<ul>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/web3.js/issues/3723">Web3.js</a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/MetaMask/metamask-extension/issues/9174">MetaMask</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>None at the current time.</p>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<ul>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/web3.js/issues/3585">Web3.js issue with metamask tx cancel</a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/MetaMask/metamask-extension/issues/3347">Browser doesn't know when a transaction is replace</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
<h2 id="appendix-i-examples">Appendix I: Examples</h2>
<p>These examples assume a web browser environment.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> Most Providers are available as window.ethereum on page load.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> This is only a convention, not a standard, and may not be the case in practice.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> Please consult the Provider implementation's documentation.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">const</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> ethereum</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">ethereum</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">const</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> transactionParameters</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> {</span><span class="z-keyword"> ...</span><span> }</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> Fill in parameters</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">ethereum</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_sendTransaction</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> params</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-variable z-other">transactionParameters</span><span>]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">then</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">txHash</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> ethereum</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">on</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">tx_cancel</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">info</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> const</span><span> {</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> oldTx</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> newTx</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> nonce</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> from</span><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> message</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">log</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">Tx </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">oldTx</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string"> with nonce </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">nonce</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string"> from </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">from</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string"> was cancelled, the new hash is </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">newTx</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> ethereum</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">on</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">tx_speedup</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">info</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> const</span><span> {</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> oldTx</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> newTx</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> nonce</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> from</span><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> message</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">log</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">Tx </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">oldTx</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string"> with nonce </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">nonce</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string"> from </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">from</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string"> was sped up, the new hash is </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">newTx</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> ethereum</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">on</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">tx_replacement</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">info</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> const</span><span> {</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> oldTx</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> newTx</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> nonce</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> from</span><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> message</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">log</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">Tx </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">oldTx</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string"> with nonce </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">nonce</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string"> from </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">from</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string"> was replaced, the new hash is </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">newTx</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">log</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">Transaction hash </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">txHash</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">catch</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">error</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">error</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">Error sending transaction: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">code</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string">: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">message</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span></code></pre>Ethereum Provider Connect/Disconnect Events2020-07-15T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Micah Zoltuhttps://github.com/MicahZoltuErik Markshttps://github.com/rekmarkshttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2786/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>When an Ethereum Provider becomes connected or disconnected, it will emit a <code>connect</code>/<code>disconnect</code> event.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>The Provider is said to be “connected” when it can service RPC requests to at least one chain.
The Provider is said to be “disconnected” when it cannot service RPC requests to any chain at all.
When the Provider switches from a "connected" state to a "disconnected" state, it will emit a <code>connect</code> event.
When the Provider switches from a "disconnected" state to a "connected" state, it will emit a <code>disconnect</code> event.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>When an application is hooked up to an Ethereum provider, there is value in having the application be alerted of connect/disconnect events that may occur so the application can appropriately inform the user of the situation.
It is left up to the application to decide whether to listen in on these events, and how to handle them.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<h3 id="definitions">Definitions</h3>
<h4 id="connected">Connected</h4>
<p>The Provider is considered <code>connected</code> when it is able to service RPC requests to at least one chain.</p>
<h4 id="disconnected">Disconnected</h4>
<p>The Provider is considered <code>disconnected</code> when it is unable to service RPC requests to any chain.</p>
<h3 id="events">Events</h3>
<h4 id="connect"><code>connect</code></h4>
<p>The Provider <strong>MUST</strong> emit a <code>connect</code> event to all attached <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2700/">EIP-2700</a> listeners if it transitions from a <code>disconnected</code> state to a <code>connected</code> state.
All attached listeners <strong>MUST</strong> be called with the parameter <code>{ chainId }</code>.
<code>chainId</code> <strong>MUST</strong> specify the integer ID of the connected chain encoded as a hexadecimal string.
If the Provider supports the <code>eth_chainId</code> JSON-RPC method or a derivation of it, then the <code>chainId</code> <strong>MUST</strong> match the return value of <code>eth_chainId</code>.
The Provider <strong>MAY</strong> call the attached listeners in any order.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>This EIP is mostly a retrospective EIP meaning it codifies an already existing specification so there isn’t a lot of room for improving things such as by having a connect/disconnect event per chain.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>The relationship between Ethereum Provider and client is a trusted one, where it is assumed that the user implicitly trusts the Ethereum Provider which is how it managed to get injected into the client, or the client expressly pulled in a connection to it.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
<h2 id="appendix-i-examples">Appendix I: Examples</h2>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> connect</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">provider</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">on</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">connect</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span> (</span><span>{</span><span class="z-variable"> chainId</span><span> }</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">log</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">Provider connected to: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">chainId</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre>JavaScript Provider Event Emitter2020-06-05T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Micah Zoltuhttps://github.com/MicahZoltuErik Markshttps://github.com/rekmarkshttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2700/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>A standard mechanism for JavaScript Ethereum Providers to notify clients about chain state changes when both are able to interface with each other via a shared JavaScript object.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This standard provides the description of an object that is made available to JavaScript applications which they can use to receive notifications from an Ethereum Provider. This standard only describes the notification mechanism, it does not specify the payloads that are valid nor does it specify how the client or the provider will discover or agree on payload content.</p>
<p>How/where this Ethereum Provider object is exposed is left to future standards.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>When working within a JavaScript runtime (such as NodeJS, Electron, Browser, etc.) it may be possible for the runtime or a runtime plugin to inject objects into the runtime. Someone authoring a runtime or a runtime plugin may choose to expose an Ethereum Provider to any JavaScript apps or scripts running within that runtime in order to provide notifications of blockchain state changes. In order to achieve maximum compatibility between the provider and the client, a standard is necessary for what the shape of that object is.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<h3 id="rfc-2119">RFC-2119</h3>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in <a rel="external" href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">RFC-2119</a>.</p>
<h3 id="interface">Interface</h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EthereumProvider</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> on</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">eventName</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> listener</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span> (</span><span class="z-keyword">...</span><span class="z-variable">params</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> unknown</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span class="z-support"> void</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> void</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> removeListener</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">eventName</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> listener</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span> (</span><span class="z-keyword">...</span><span class="z-variable">params</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> unknown</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span class="z-support"> void</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> void</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The specific events that can be listened to and the shape of their listener callback functions is left to be defined in separate standards.</p>
<p>If <code>on</code> is called with an <code>eventName</code> that the provider is familiar with then the provider <strong>MUST</strong> call the provided <code>listener</code> when the named event occurs. If the same <code>listener</code> is added multiple times to the same event via <code>on</code>, the provider <strong>MAY</strong> choose to either callback the listener one time or one time per call to <code>on</code>.</p>
<p>If <code>removeListener</code> is called with an <code>eventName</code> and <code>listener</code> that was previously added via <code>on</code> then the provider <strong>MUST</strong> decrease the number of times it calls the <code>listener</code> per event by one.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>This EIP is mostly a retrospective EIP meaning it codifies an already existing specification so there isn't a lot of room for improving things such as by using a discriminated union object for listener parameters or having a tighter definition of <code>on</code>. The specific events are intentionally left out of this specification as that set will be an ever-evolving collection and having the first few listed here doesn't add value to this specification (especially if, over time, the first few end up deprecated or unused).</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>The relationship between Ethereum Provider and client is a trusted one, where it is assumed that the user implicitly trusts the Ethereum Provider which is how it managed to get injected into the client, or the client expressly pulled in a connection to it.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
JavaScript `request` method RPC transport2020-06-04T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Micah Zoltuhttps://github.com/MicahZoltuErik Markshttps://github.com/rekmarkshttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2696/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>A standard for remote procedure calls between an Ethereum Provider and an Ethereum Client when both are able to interface with each other via a shared JavaScript object.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This standard provides the description of an object that is made available to JavaScript applications which they can use to communicate with the Ethereum blockchain through. This standard only describes the transport mechanism, it does not specify the payloads that are valid nor does it specify how the client or the provider will discover or agree on payload content.</p>
<p>How/where this Ethereum object is exposed is left to future standards.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>When working within a JavaScript runtime (such as NodeJS, Electron, Browser, etc.) it may be possible for the runtime or a runtime plugin to inject objects into the runtime. Someone authoring a runtime or a runtime plugin may choose to expose an Ethereum Provider to any JavaScript apps or scripts running within that runtime in order to provide indirect access to an Ethereum-like blockchain and potentially signing tools. In order to achieve maximum compatibility between the provider and the client, a standard is necessary for what the shape of that object is.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<h3 id="rfc-2119">RFC-2119</h3>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in <a rel="external" href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">RFC-2119</a>.</p>
<h3 id="interface">Interface</h3>
<p>TypeScript interface definition:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> RequestArguments</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> method</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> params</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-support"> unknown</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword"> |</span><span class="z-support"> object</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EthereumProvider</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> request</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">args</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> RequestArguments</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Promise</span><span><</span><span class="z-support">unknown</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The Provider <strong>MUST</strong> implement a <code>request</code> method on the exposed <code>EthereumProvider</code> object. The <code>request</code> method <strong>MUST</strong> be callable with a single parameter which contains the arguments for the request as defined in the TypeScript <code>interface</code> above.</p>
<p>If the Provider supports a JSON-RPC (https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification) request as specified elsewhere, then it <strong>MUST</strong> accept a <code>request</code> call for that JSON-RPC method with the <code>RequestArguments.method</code> argument matching the JSON-RPC <code>method</code> string for the RPC call and the <code>RequestArguments.params</code> matching the <code>params</code> object of the RPC call. The <code>RequestArguments.params</code> should be encoded as a JavaScript object matching the specified JSON-RPC type, not encoded as a JSON string as would normally be the case when transporting JSON-RPC.</p>
<h4 id="example">Example</h4>
<p>If the JSON-RPC request would contain a payload like:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">{ "jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 1, "method": "do_work", "params": [ 5, "hello" ] }</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Then the matching <code>EthereumProvider.request</code> call would be:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage">declare</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> const</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> provider</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EthereumProvider</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">provider</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">method</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span> params</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-constant"> 5</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">hello</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span> ]</span><span> }</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="results">Results</h3>
<p>If the Provider supports a JSON-RPC request as specified elsewhere, then it <strong>MUST</strong> return an object that matches the expected <code>result</code> definition for the associated JSON-RPC request.</p>
<h4 id="example-1">Example</h4>
<p>If the JSON-RPC response would contain a payload like:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">{ "jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 1, "result": { "color": "red", "value": 5 } }</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Then the matching <code>EthereumProvider.request</code> response would be:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> color</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">red</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> value</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 5</span><span> }</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="errors">Errors</h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ProviderRpcError</span><span class="z-storage"> extends</span><span class="z-entity"> Error</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> message</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> code</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> number</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> data</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> unknown</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><table><thead><tr><th>code</th><th>message</th><th>meaning</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>4001</td><td>User Rejected Request</td><td>The user rejected the request.</td></tr>
<tr><td>4100</td><td>Unauthorized</td><td>The requested method and/or account has not been authorized by the user.</td></tr>
<tr><td>4200</td><td>Unsupported Method</td><td>The Provider does not support the requested method.</td></tr>
<tr><td>4900</td><td>Disconnected</td><td>The Provider is disconnected from all chains.</td></tr>
<tr><td>4901</td><td>Chain Disconnected</td><td>The Provider is not connected to the requested chain.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>If the Provider is unable to fulfill a request for any reason, it <strong>MUST</strong> resolve the promise as an error. The resolved error <strong>MUST</strong> be shaped as a <code>ProviderRpcError</code> defined above whenever possible. <em>While it is impossible to guaranteed that a JavaScript application will never throw an out of memory or stack overflow error, care should be taken to ensure that promise rejections conform to the above shape whenever possible.</em></p>
<p>If a <code>code</code> is provided that is listed in the list above, or in the JSON-RPC specification (https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification#error_object), or in the associated JSON-RPC request standard being followed, then the error reason <strong>MUST</strong> align with the established meaning of that code and the <code>message</code> <strong>MUST</strong> match the provided <code>message</code></p>
<p>The <code>data</code> field <strong>MAY</strong> contain any data that is relevant to the error or would help the user understand or troubleshoot the error.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>While this standard is perhaps not the greatest mechanism for communicating between an application and a blockchain, it is closely aligned with established practices within the community so migration from existing systems to this one should be relatively easy. Most communication is currently done via JSON-RPC, so aligning with the JSON-RPC standard was desired to enable quick integration with existing systems.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>The relationship between Ethereum Provider and client is a trusted one, where it is assumed that the user implicitly trusts the Ethereum Provider which is how it managed to get injected into the client, or the client expressly pulled in a connection to it.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Human Readable Parameters for Contract Function Execution2020-03-23T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Joseph Stockermanshttps://github.com/jstoxrockyhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2566/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>New Ethereum RPC method <code>eth_sendTransactionToContractFunction</code> that parallels <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> but allows for human-readable contract function execution data to be displayed to users.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>When a dapp prompts a user to execute a smart contract function via a ProviderWallet, confirmation screens displayed in the ProviderWallet layer cannot display the human readable details of the function to be called and the arguments to be passed. This is because the Ethereum RPC method used for contract function execution (<code>eth_sendTransaction</code>) accepts information about what function to call in a non-human readable (and non-recoverable) format. As such, when a ProviderWallet receives this non-human readable information from a dapp, they are unable to display a human readable version since they never received one and cannot recover one from the data.</p>
<p>This creates a poor and potentially dangerous user experience. For example, a malicious dapp could swap out the <code>address</code> argument in a token contract's <code>transfer(address,uint256)</code> function and reroute the tokens intended for someone else to themselves. This sleight-of-hand would be quiet and unlikely to be picked up by a casual user glancing over the non-human readable data. By adding a new Ethereum RPC method (<code>eth_sendTransactionToContractFunction</code>) that accepts the function ABI, ProviderWallets can recreate and display the human readable details of contract function execution to users.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<h3 id="providerwallet-definition">ProviderWallet Definition</h3>
<p>ProviderWallets like Metamask and Geth are hybrid software that combine an Ethereum API provider with an Ethereum wallet. This allows them to sign transactions on behalf of their users and also broadcast those signed transactions to the Ethereum network. ProviderWallets are used for both convenience and for the protection they give users through human readable confirmation prompts.</p>
<h3 id="existing-solutions">Existing Solutions</h3>
<p>Much discussion has been made in the past few years on the topic of human readable Ethereum transaction data. Aragon's <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/aragon/radspec">Radspec</a> addresses this issue by requiring contract developers to amend their contract functions with human readable comments. ProviderWallets can then use Aragon's Radspec software to parse these comments from the contract code and display them to the end user - substituting in argument values where necessary. Unfortunately, this approach cannot work with contracts that do not have Radspec comments (and may require integration with IPFS).</p>
<p><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/1138">EIP 1138</a> also addresses this issue directly but contains serious security issues - allowing untrusted dapps to generate the human readable message displayed to users. In a similar train of thought, <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/2940">Geth's #2940 PR</a> and <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/./00191.md">EIPs 191</a>, <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/./00712.md">712</a> all highlight the Ethereum community's desire for ProviderWallets to better inform users about what data they are actually acting upon.</p>
<p>Finally, the ProviderWallet Metamask already includes some built-in magic for interactions with ERC20 contracts that allows confirmation prompts to display the intended <em>token</em> recipient and <em>token</em> value. Although this is accomplished in an ad hoc fashion for ERC20-like contracts only, the motivation is the same: users deserve better information about the execution of contract functions they are relying on ProviderWallets to perform.</p>
<h3 id="background">Background</h3>
<p>At one point or another, a dapp will ask a user to interact with a contract. The interaction between dapps and contracts is a large part of the Ethereum ecosystem and is most commonly brokered by a ProviderWallet. When a dapp asks a user to interact with a contract, it will do so by sending the <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> method name to the Ethereum API exposed by a ProviderWallet along with the relevant transaction data. The <code>data</code> field of the transaction data contains the information necessary for the Ethereum virtual machine to identify and execute the contract's function. This field has a specific formatting that is both non-human readable and non-recoverable to its human readable state.</p>
<p>The accepted format for <code>eth_sendTransaction</code>'s <code>data</code> field is the hexadecimal encoding of the first four bytes of the keccak256 digest of the function signature. This abbreviated hash is then concatenated with the ABI encoded arguments to the function. Since the keccak256 digest of the function signature cannot be converted back into the function signature, the <code>data</code> field is not only non-human readable, its non-recoverable as well. On top of this, additional insight into the concatenated argument values is further obfuscated as information about their data types are held in the function signature preimage.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>This EIP proposes increasing the set of Ethereum RPC methods to include a new method - <code>eth_sendTransactionToContractFunction</code>. This method parallels <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> with the only difference being the inclusion of the contract function's <code>abi</code> field.</p>
<p>Parameters</p>
<ol>
<li><code>Object</code> - The transaction object</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><code>from</code>: <code>DATA</code>, 20 Bytes - The address the transaction is sent from.</li>
<li><code>to</code>: <code>DATA</code>, 20 Bytes - (optional when creating new contract) The address the transaction is directed to.</li>
<li><code>gas</code>: <code>QUANTITY</code> - (optional, default: 90000) Integer of the gas provided for the transaction execution. It will return unused gas.</li>
<li><code>gasPrice</code>: <code>QUANTITY</code> - (optional, default: To-Be-Determined) Integer of the gasPrice used for each paid gas</li>
<li><code>value</code>: <code>QUANTITY</code> - (optional) Integer of the value sent with this transaction</li>
<li><code>data</code>: <code>DATA</code> - The hash of the invoked method signature and encoded parameters</li>
<li><code>abi</code>: <code>DATA</code> - The function ABI</li>
<li><code>nonce</code>: <code>QUANTITY</code> - (optional) Integer of a nonce. This allows to overwrite your own pending transactions that use the same nonce.</li>
</ul>
<p>Example Parameters</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span> params: [{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "from": "0x69e6F1b01f34A702Ce63bA6EF83c64fAEC37a227",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "to": "0xe44127f6fA8A00ee0228730a630fc1F3162C4d52",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "gas": "0x76c0", // 30400</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "gasPrice": "0x9184e72a000", // 10000000000000</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "value": "0x9184e72a", // 2441406250</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "abi": "{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "inputs": [{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "name": "_address",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "type": "address"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }, {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "name": "_value",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "type": "uint256"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }],</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "name": "transferTokens",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "outputs": [{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "name": "success",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "type": "bool"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }],</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "stateMutability": "nonpayable",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "type": "function"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> "data": "0xbec3fa170000000000000000000000006Aa89e52c9a826496A8f311c1a9db62fd477E256000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000174876E800" </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }]</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Returns
DATA, 32 Bytes - the transaction hash, or the zero hash if the transaction is not yet available.</p>
<p>Example
// Request
curl -X POST --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_sendTransactionToContractFunction","params":[{see above}],"id":1}'</p>
<p>// Result
{
"id":1,
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"result": "0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331"
}</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>This EIP's proposed <code>eth_sendTransactionToContractFunction</code> method is intended to parallel <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> as much as possible since both methods result in the same behaviour when executing a contract function. The newly introduced <code>abi</code> field is an element of the contract's ABI that corresponds to the intended function. The <code>data</code> field is the same <code>data</code> field from <code>eth_sendTransaction</code>. The <code>abi</code> field can be combined with values parsed from the <code>data</code> field to recreate human readable contract function execution information.</p>
<h2 id="implementation">Implementation</h2>
<p>The <code>data</code> field in <code>eth_sendTransactionToContractFunction</code> is the same as that required for <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> allowing the transaction to be completed via the existing mechanisms used for <code>eth_sendTransaction</code>. The input argument values can be parsed from the <code>data</code> field and since we know their types from the <code>abi</code> field, the provider wallet can use this info to encode and display the values in an appropriate human readable format. Furthermore, the hashed and truncated function signature in the <code>data</code> field can be reconstructed using the information provided in the <code>abi</code> field providing an additional check to ensure that the supplied ABI matches the <code>data</code> field.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>With backwards compatibility in mind, this EIP proposes augmenting the set of Ethereum RPC methods with an additional method instead of mutating the existing method. Precedent for adding a new RPC method comes from <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/./00712.md">EIP 712</a> in which adding the method <code>eth_signTypedData</code> is proposed for confirmation prompt security. As an alternate approach, the <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> method could be changed to accept an additional <code>abi</code> argument, but this would break all existing code attempting to execute a contract function.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>Displaying the contract address, function name, and argument values can provide additional security to users, but it is not a guarantee that a function will execute as the user expects. A poorly implemented contract can still name its function <code>transfer</code> and accept <code>address</code> and <code>uint256</code> arguments - but there is nothing short of contract examination that will let a user know that this contract is indeed a valid ERC20 contract. This EIP does not intend to solve the larger problem around trust in a contract's code, but instead intends to give users better tools to understand exactly what is contained within the data they are broadcasting to the Ethereum network.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
wallet_getOwnedAssets JSON-RPC Method2019-08-29T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Loredana Cirsteahttps://github.com/loredanacirsteahttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2256/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>This is a proposal for a new JSON-RPC call for retrieving from a wallet a selection of owned assets by an Ethereum address, with the user's permission.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>There is no standardized way for a dApp to request a list of owned assets from a user. Now, each dApp needs to keep a list of all the popular or existing assets and check the user's balance against the blockchain, for each of these assets. This leads to duplicated effort across dApps. It also leads to the user being presented with asset options that the user does not care about, from various, unwanted airdrops.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>There are financial dApps that require a list of owned assets from a user, for various purposes - calculating taxes, selecting customized payment options, etc. Each of these dApps are now forced to keep a list of popular assets (smart contract addresses, ABIs) and retrieve the user's data from the blockchain, for each asset. This leads to effort duplication and nonoptimal UX where the user is presented with either more or less asset options than the user would like - various airdrops, incomplete list of assets kept by the dApp.</p>
<p>This list of owned assets can be retrieved from the wallet used by the user. The wallet can allow the user to manage only the assets that the user is interested in. Therefore, a new JSON-RPC method is proposed: <code>wallet_getOwnedAssets</code>. This method is complementary to <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/747/">EIP-747</a>, which proposes a way for sites to suggest users new assets to watch on their wallet.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>New JSON-RPC method to be added to web3 browsers: <code>wallet_getOwnedAssets</code>. This method is for dApp-wallet communication and only targets the assets that have already been whitelisted by the wallet, for the user account.</p>
<p><strong>Arguments:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>type <code>address</code>, Ethereum address that owns the assets</li>
<li>options object, optional:
<ul>
<li><code>chainId</code> - type <code>uint</code>, chain id respecting <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/155/">EIP-155</a>; optional</li>
<li><code>limit</code> - type <code>uint</code>, the maximum number of owned assets expected by the dApp to be returned; optional</li>
<li><code>types</code> - type <code>string[]</code>, array of asset interface identifiers such as <code>['ERC20', 'ERC721']</code>; optional</li>
<li><code>justification</code> - type <code>string</code>, human-readable text provided by the dApp, explaining the intended purpose of this request; optional but recommended</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Result:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>array with asset records:
<ul>
<li><code>address</code> - type <code>address</code>, Ethereum checksummed address</li>
<li><code>chainId</code> - type <code>uint</code>, identifier for the chain on which the assets are deployed</li>
<li><code>type</code> - type <code>string</code>, asset interface ERC identifier; e.g. <code>ERC20</code>; optional - <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1820/">EIP-1820</a> could be used</li>
<li><code>options</code> - an object with asset-specific fields; <code>ERC20</code> tokens example:
<ul>
<li><code>name</code> - type <code>string</code>, token name; optional if the token does not implement it</li>
<li><code>symbol</code> - type <code>string</code>, token symbol; optional if the token does not implement it</li>
<li><code>icon</code>- type <code>base64</code>, token icon; optional</li>
<li><code>balance</code> - type <code>uint</code>, the number of tokens that the user owns, in the smallest token denomination</li>
<li><code>decimals</code> - type <code>uint</code>, the number of decimals implemented by the token; optional</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>
<p><strong>1) A request to return all of the user's owned assets:</strong></p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">wallet_getOwnedAssets</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x3333333333333333333333333333333333333333</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">justification</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">The dApp needs to know about all your assets in order to calculate your taxes properly.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Result:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">address</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">chainId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">ERC20</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">options</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">name</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">TokenA</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">symbol</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">TKA</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">icon</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">balance</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1000000000000</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">decimals</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 18</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">address</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">chainId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 3</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">ERC20</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">options</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">name</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">TokenB</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">symbol</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">TKB</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">icon</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">balance</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 2000000000000</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">decimals</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 18</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">address</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000003</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">chainId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 42</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">ERC721</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">options</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">name</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">TokenC</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">symbol</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">TKC</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">icon</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">balance</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 10</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p><strong>2) A request to return one <code>ERC20</code> owned asset, deployed on <code>chainId</code> 1:</strong></p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">wallet_getOwnedAssets</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x3333333333333333333333333333333333333333</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">chainId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">limit</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">types</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">ERC20</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">justification</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Select your token of choice, in order to pay for our services.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Result:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">address</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">chainId</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">type</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">ERC20</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">options</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">name</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">TokenA</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">symbol</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">TKA</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">icon</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">balance</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1000000000000</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">decimals</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 18</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="ui-best-practices">UI Best Practices</h3>
<p>The wallet should display a UI to the user, showing the request.
The user can:</p>
<ul>
<li>accept the request, in which case the dApp receives all the requested assets</li>
<li>reject the request</li>
<li>amend the request by lowering the number of owned assets returned to the dApp</li>
</ul>
<p>If all owned assets are requested, the total number of owned assets will be shown to the user. The user can also choose to select the assets that will be returned to the dApp, amending the request.</p>
<p>If a selection is requested, the user will select from the list of owned assets.</p>
<p>As an optimization, wallets can keep a list of frequently used assets by the user, and show that list first, with the option of expanding that list with owned assets that the user uses less frequently.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>In order to avoid duplication of effort for dApps that require keeping a list of all or popular assets and to provide optimal UX, the <code>wallet_getOwnedAssets</code> JSON-RPC method is proposed.</p>
<p>The <code>chainId</code> and <code>types</code> optional parameters enable dApps to provide options in order to restrict the selection list that the user will be presented with by the wallet, in accordance with the dApp's functionality. The <code>limit</code> parameter enables the dApp to tell the user an upper limit of accounts that the user can select. It remains to be seen if a lower bound should also be provided. At the moment, this lower bound can be considered as being <code>1</code>.</p>
<p>The <code>options</code> response field provides the dApp with asset-specific options, enabling better UX through using the same visual and text identifiers that the wallet uses, making it easier for the user to understand the dApp's UI.</p>
<p>The <code>address</code>, <code>type</code> response fields provide enough information about the asset, enabling dApps to provide additional asset-specific functionality.</p>
<p>The <code>balance</code> response field is an optimization, allowing dApps to show the user's balance without querying the blockchain. Usually, this information is already public.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>Not relevant, as this is a new method.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<p>To be done.</p>
<h2 id="implementation">Implementation</h2>
<p>To be done.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Wallet Permissions System2019-08-22T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Dan Finlayhttps://github.com/danfinlayErik Markshttps://github.com/rekmarksGavin Johnhttps://github.com/Pandapip1https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2255/An interface to restrict access to sensitive methods<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This EIP adds two new wallet-namespaced RPC endpoints, <code>wallet_getPermissions</code> and <code>wallet_requestPermissions</code>, providing a standard interface for requesting and checking permissions.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Wallets are responsible for mediating interactions between untrusted applications and users' keys through appropriate user consent. Today, wallets always prompt the user for every action. This provides security at the cost of substantial user friction. We believe that a single permissions request can achieve the same level of security with vastly improved UX.</p>
<p>The pattern of permissions requests (typically using Oauth2) is common around the web, making it a very familiar pattern:</p>
<p><img src="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2255/./assets/facebook_permissions.png" alt="Facebook Permissions" /></p>
<p><img src="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2255/./assets/log_in_with_apple.jpeg" alt="Log in With Apple" /></p>
<p>Many web3 applications today begin their sessions with a series of repetitive requests:</p>
<ul>
<li>Reveal your wallet address to this site.</li>
<li>Switch to a preferred network.</li>
<li>Sign a cryptographic challenge.</li>
<li>Grant a token allowance to our contract.</li>
<li>Send a transaction to our contract.</li>
</ul>
<p>Many of these (and possibly all), and many more (like decryption), could be generalized into a set of human-readable permissions prompts on the original sign-in screen, and additional permissions could be requested only as needed:</p>
<p><img src="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2255/./assets/permissions.png" alt="Sample prompt screenshot" /></p>
<p>Each of these permissions could be individually rejected, or even <em>attenuated</em>--adjusted to meet the user's terms (for example, a sign-in request could have a user-added expiration date, and a token allowance could be adjusted by the user when it is requested).</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.</p>
<p>This proposal adds two new methods to a wallet's web3 provider API: <code>wallet_getPermissions</code> and <code>wallet_requestPermissions</code>.</p>
<h3 id="wallet-getpermissions"><code>wallet_getPermissions</code></h3>
<p>The <code>wallet_getPermissions</code> method is used for getting an array of current permissions (empty by default). It takes no parameters and returns an array of <code>Permission</code> objects.</p>
<h4 id="wallet-getpermissions-returns"><code>wallet_getPermissions</code> Returns</h4>
<p>The format of the returned permissions MUST be an array of <code>Permission</code> objects, which are defined as follows:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Caveat</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> type</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> value</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> any</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Permission</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> invoker</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> parentCapability</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> caveats</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Caveat</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The <code>invoker</code> is a URI used to identify the source of the current dapp (e.g. <code>https://your-site.com/</code>). The term <code>parentCapability</code> refers to the method that is being permitted (e.g. <code>eth_accounts</code>). The <code>caveats</code> array represents the specific restrictions applied to the permitted method. The <code>type</code> of a <code>Caveat</code> is a string, and the <code>value</code> is an arbitrary JSON value. The <code>value</code> of a <code>Caveat</code> is only meaningful in the context of the <code>type</code> of the <code>Caveat</code>.</p>
<h3 id="wallet-requestpermissions"><code>wallet_requestPermissions</code></h3>
<p>The <code>wallet_requestPermissions</code> method is used for an application to request additional permissions. It MUST take a single parameter, a <code>PermissionRequest</code> object, and MUST return an array of <code>RequestedPermission</code> objects.</p>
<h4 id="wallet-requestpermissions-parameters"><code>wallet_requestPermissions</code> Parameters</h4>
<p>The <code>wallet_requestPermissions</code> method takes a single parameter, a <code>PermissionRequest</code> object, which is defined as follows:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> PermissionRequest</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> [</span><span class="z-variable">methodName</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> [</span><span class="z-variable">caveatName</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> any</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The <code>methodName</code> is the name of the method for which the permission is being requested (e.g. <code>eth_accounts</code>). The <code>caveatName</code> is the name of the caveat being applied to the permission (e.g. <code>requiredMethods</code>). The caveat value is the value of the caveat (e.g. <code>["signTypedData_v3"]</code>).</p>
<p>Attempted requests to a restricted method must fail with an error, until a <code>wallet_requestPermissions</code> request is made and accepted by the user.</p>
<p>If a <code>wallet_requestPermissions</code> request is rejected, it should throw an error with a <code>code</code> value equal to <code>4001</code> as per <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/">EIP-1193</a>.</p>
<h4 id="wallet-requestpermissions-returns"><code>wallet_requestPermissions</code> Returns</h4>
<p>The <code>wallet_requestPermissions</code> method returns an array of <code>RequestedPermission</code> objects, which are defined as follows:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> RequestedPermission</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> parentCapability</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> date</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> number</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The <code>parentCapability</code> is the name of the method for which the permission is being requested (e.g. <code>eth_accounts</code>). The <code>date</code> is the timestamp of the request, in Unix time, and is optional.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>While the current model of getting user consent on a per-action basis has high security, there are huge usability gains to be had bo getting more general user consent which can cover broad categories of usage, which can be expressed in a more human-readable way. This pattern has a variety of benefits to offer different functions within a web3 wallet.</p>
<p>The <code>requestPermissions</code> method can be expanded to include other options related to the requested permissions, for example, sites could request accounts with specific abilities. For example, a website like an exchange that requires <code>signTypedData_v3</code> (which is not supported by some hardware wallets), might want to specify that requirement. This would allow wallets to display only compatible accounts, while preserving the user's privacy and choice regarding how they are storing their keys.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<h3 id="requesting-permissions">Requesting permissions</h3>
<p>The following example should prompt the user to approve the <code>eth_accounts</code> permission, and return the permission object if approved.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">provider</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">requestPermissions</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> params</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_accounts</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> requiredMethods</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">signTypedData_v3</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="getting-permissions">Getting permissions</h3>
<p>The following example should return the current permissions object.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">provider</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">getPermissions</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<h3 id="server-side-request-forgery-ssrf">Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)</h3>
<p>This consideration is applicable if the favicon of a website is to be displayed.</p>
<p>Wallets should be careful about making arbitrary requests to URLs. As such, it is recommended for wallets to sanitize the URI by whitelisting specific schemes and ports. A vulnerable wallet could be tricked into, for example, modifying data on a locally-hosted redis database.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Common Prometheus Metrics Names for Clients2019-07-01T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Adrian Suttonhttps://github.com/ajsuttonhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2159/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>Standardized names of common metrics for Ethereum clients to use with Prometheus, a widely used monitoring and alerting solution.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>Many Ethereum clients expose a range of metrics in a format compatible with Prometheus to allow operators to monitor the client's behaviour and performance and raise alerts if the chain isn't progressing or there are other indications of errors.
While the majority of these metrics are highly client-specific, reporting on internal implementation details of the client, some are applicable to all clients.
By standardizing the naming and format of these common metrics, operators are able to monitor the operation of multiple clients in a single dashboard or alerting configuration.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Using common names and meanings for metrics which apply to all clients allows node operators to monitor clusters of nodes using heterogeneous clients using a single dashboard and alerting configuration.
Currently there are no agreed names or meanings, leaving client developers to invent their own making it difficult to monitor a heterogeneous cluster.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The table below defines metrics which may be captured by Ethereum clients which expose metrics to Prometheus. Clients may expose additional metrics however these should not use the <code>ethereum_</code> prefix.</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Metric type</th><th>Definition</th><th>JSON-RPC Equivalent</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>ethereum_blockchain_height</td><td>Gauge</td><td>The current height of the canonical chain</td><td><code>eth_blockNumber</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>ethereum_best_known_block_number</td><td>Gauge</td><td>The estimated highest block available</td><td><code>highestBlock</code> of <code>eth_syncing</code> or <code>eth_blockNumber</code> if not syncing</td></tr>
<tr><td>ethereum_peer_count</td><td>Gauge</td><td>The current number of peers connected</td><td><code>net_peerCount</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>ethereum_peer_limit</td><td>Gauge</td><td>The maximum number of peers this node allows to connect</td><td>No equivalent</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Note that <code>ethereum_best_known_block_number</code> always has a value. When the <code>eth_syncing</code> JSON-RPC method would return <code>false</code>, the current chain height is used.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>The defined metrics are independent of Ethereum client implementation but provide sufficient information to create an overview dashboard to support monitoring a group of Ethereum nodes.</p>
<p>There is a similar, though more prescriptive, specification for beacon chain client metrics.
The specific details of how to expose the metrics has been omitted as there is variance in existing implementations and standardising this does not provide any significant benefit.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>This is <em>not</em> a consensus affecting change.</p>
<p>Clients may already be publishing these metrics using different names and changing to the new form may break existing alerts or dashboards. Clients that want to avoid this incompatibility can expose the metrics under both the old and new names.</p>
<p>Clients may also be publishing metrics with a different meaning using these names. Backwards compatibility cannot be preserved in this case.</p>
<h2 id="implementation">Implementation</h2>
<p>Pantheon switched to using these standard metric names in its 1.2 release: https://github.com/PegaSysEng/pantheon/pull/1634.</p>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<ol>
<li>Prometheus. https://prometheus.io</li>
<li>Beacon chain metrics specification. https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-metrics/blob/master/metrics.md</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
wallet_updateEthereumChain RPC Method2019-05-12T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Pedro Gomeshttps://github.com/pedrouidErik Markshttps://github.com/rekmarksPandapip1https://github.com/Pandapip1https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2015/Adds an RPC method to switch between EVM-compatible chains<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This EIP adds a wallet-namespaced RPC endpoint, <code>wallet_updateEthereumChain</code>, providing a standard interface for switching chains. The method takes the minimal parameters of <code>chainId</code>, <code>chainName</code>, <code>rpcUrl</code>, <code>nativeCurrency</code> and <code>blockExplorerUrl</code>.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.</p>
<p>This proposal adds a method to a wallet's web3 provider API: <code>wallet_updateEthereumChain</code>.</p>
<h3 id="wallet-updateethereumchain"><code>wallet_updateEthereumChain</code></h3>
<p>The <code>wallet_updateEthereumChain</code> method is used to switch to a network, and registering it with the wallet if it isn't already recognized.</p>
<p>The <code>wallet_updateEthereumChain</code> method takes one parameter, an <code>EthereumChainSwitchRequest</code> object, defined below:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> NativeCurrencyData</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> name</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> symbol</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> decimals</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> number</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EthereumChainSwitchRequest</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> chainId</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> chainName</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> rpcUrls</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> nativeCurrency</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> NativeCurrencyData</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> blockExplorerUrl</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The <code>chainId</code> is the <code>0x</code>-prefixed <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/155/">EIP-155</a>-compliant chain ID. The <code>chainName</code> is a suggested human-readable name of the chain, to be displayed to the user. The <code>rpcUrls</code> array is a list of RPC endpoints for the given <code>chainId</code>. The <code>nativeCurrency</code> object suggests how the native currency should be displayed. Its parameters, <code>name</code>, <code>symbol</code>, and <code>decimals</code>, should be interpreted like in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/20/">ERC-20</a>. Finally, the <code>blockExplorerUrl</code> should link to a block explorer compatible with the given <code>chainId</code>.</p>
<p>All keys other than the <code>chainId</code> are optional. All keys other than <code>chainId</code> are suggestions to the wallet. Wallets can choose to ignore or display other data to users. Wallets should prompt the user before switching or adding chains. Wallets should also store a default list of data for commonly-used chains, in order to avoid phishing attacks. Wallets MUST sanitize each RPC url before using it to send other requests, including ensuring that it responds correctly to the <code>net_version</code> and <code>eth_chainId</code> methods.</p>
<p>The <code>wallet_updateEthereumChain</code> method returns <code>true</code> if the active chain matches the requested chain, regardless of whether the chain was already active or was added to the wallet previously. If the user rejects the request, it must return an error with code <code>4001</code>.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>The <code>wallet_updateEthereumChain</code> method is designed to be as simple as possible, while still providing the necessary information for a wallet to switch to a new chain. The <code>chainId</code> is the only required parameter, as it is the only parameter that is guaranteed to be unique. The <code>chainName</code> is included to provide a human-readable name for the chain, and the <code>rpcUrls</code> array is included to provide a list of RPC endpoints for the chain. The <code>nativeCurrency</code> object is included to provide a suggestion for how the native currency should be displayed. Finally, the <code>blockExplorerUrl</code> is included to provide a link to a block explorer for the chain.</p>
<p>The <code>wallet_updateEthereumChain</code> method is namespaced under <code>wallet_</code> to avoid conflicts with other methods. The <code>wallet_</code> prefix is used by other methods that are wallet-specific, such as <code>wallet_addEthereumChain</code> and <code>wallet_switchEthereumChain</code>.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>This EIP is fully backwards compatible.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<h3 id="server-side-request-forgery-ssrf">Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)</h3>
<p>The <code>rpcUrls</code> parameter is a list of RPC endpoints for the chain. Wallets should sanitize each RPC url before using it to send other requests, including ensuring that it responds correctly to the <code>net_version</code> and <code>eth_chainId</code> methods.</p>
<h3 id="phishing">Phishing</h3>
<p>Wallets should store a default list of data for commonly-used chains, in order to avoid phishing attacks.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
EVMC modules for implementations of precompiled contracts2019-05-09T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Paweł Bylicahttps://github.com/chfastAlex Beregszaszihttps://github.com/axichttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2003/<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/evmc">EVMC</a> specifies a generic API for Ethereum execution engines.
This EIP specifies a way of providing implementations of Ethereum precompiled contracts
using the <a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/vmguide.html">EVMC VM API</a>.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>For the complete <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/evmc">EVMC</a> specification visit the <a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/">EVMC documentation</a> first.
This EIP is based on and is compatible with EVMC ABI version 6.</p>
<p>The EVMC module with implementations of precompiled contracts SHOULD:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Advertise the <a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/group__EVMC.html#gga44f9ecb88cf6422a0072936494fd6ac7a43ea2aa7b099a2d67bc53c118ff3683d"><code>EVMC_CAPABILITY_PRECOMPILES</code></a> capability
in the <a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/structevmc__instance.html#ae63b9ca898aa41cbd1e2fe86ca8f4e1c"><code>get_capabilities()</code></a> method.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Implement the <a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/structevmc__instance.html#a0823ebff21f9b0395b157e8c6b14a207"><code>execute()</code></a> method in the following way:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Validate the incoming execution request requirements:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>The message kind (<a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/structevmc__message.html#a691cb93e81d6dfd4fd7e2fa3d06a6bfa"><code>evmc_message::kind</code></a>) is a call (<a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/group__EVMC.html#ggab2fa68a92a6828064a61e46060abc634abcf3ae29d9a88ff70b98374fc665694a"><code>EVMC_CALL</code></a>).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The call destination address (<a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/structevmc__message.html#a88ecfaa03a85a31c6da36fa043b98cea"><code>evmc_message::destination</code></a>)
is within the range of precompiled contracts defined by <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1352/">EIP-1352</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>There is no code provided (the <code>code</code> argument is <code>NULL</code> and <code>code_size</code> argument is <code>0</code>).</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>If the requirements are not fulfilled, abort execution with the <a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/group__EVMC.html#gga4c0be97f333c050ff45321fcaa34d920a2f3e0d8777f8d974ead27ae2a6eb2005"><code>EVMC_REJECTED</code></a> status code.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Check if the call destination address (<a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/structevmc__message.html#a88ecfaa03a85a31c6da36fa043b98cea"><code>evmc_message::destination</code></a>)
targets existing precompiled contract.
Consider the EVM revision (<a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/group__EVMC.html#gae5759b1590071966ccf6a505b52a0ef7"><code>evmc_revision</code></a>) requested by
the <code>rev</code> parameter of <a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/structevmc__instance.html#a0823ebff21f9b0395b157e8c6b14a207"><code>execute()</code></a>.</p>
<p>If yes, execute as follows:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Inspect the input data (<a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/structevmc__message.html#a1adee3454b105eb29cd659ee0cf65c77"><code>evmc_message::input_data</code></a>, <a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/structevmc__message.html#a2cf1deebd0dbbb20f25ecdfa299f4b5d"><code>evmc_message::input_size</code></a>)
and calculate the <em>gas cost</em> of the execution.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Compute the amount of <em>gas left</em> after execution by
subtracting the <em>gas cost</em> from the call gas limit (<a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/structevmc__message.html#ae8deff46588584fa27890e74c82db5e7"><code>evmc_message::gas</code></a>).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If <em>gas left</em> is negative,
abort execution with the <a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/group__EVMC.html#gga4c0be97f333c050ff45321fcaa34d920abfc47f75656c996c0b29c0553c00fc18"><code>EVMC_OUT_OF_GAS</code></a> status code.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Otherwise,
execute the code of the precompiled contract,
return the <a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/group__EVMC.html#gga4c0be97f333c050ff45321fcaa34d920a4bc3069fec2bab2a55355a72b7db68b7"><code>EVMC_SUCCESS</code></a> status code, the output and <em>gas left</em>
(<a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/structevmc__result.html#a61978e85f9d795a7b9695b9cbf1748d6"><code>evmc_result::output_data</code></a>, <a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/structevmc__result.html#a93bb7419aff492cdef754421c6d74e26"><code>evmc_result::output_size</code></a>, <a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/structevmc__result.html#af8478c93dbcc3cb2876037c5a5afd4c0"><code>evmc_result::gas_left</code></a>).</p>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<p>Otherwise, emulate execution of empty code by returning
the <a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/group__EVMC.html#gga4c0be97f333c050ff45321fcaa34d920a4bc3069fec2bab2a55355a72b7db68b7"><code>EVMC_SUCCESS</code></a> status code
and <em>gas left</em> equal the call gas limit (<a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/structevmc__message.html#ae8deff46588584fa27890e74c82db5e7"><code>evmc_message::gas</code></a>).</p>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Precompiled contract implementations are allowed to return two more EVMC error codes:</p>
<ul>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/group__EVMC.html#gga4c0be97f333c050ff45321fcaa34d920aed5b2a4afa5a47af732569445920a4a9"><code>EVMC_FAILURE</code></a> if the failure was caused due to something other than out of gas (e.g. input validation error)</li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/group__EVMC.html#gga4c0be97f333c050ff45321fcaa34d920aed708e84d49cc1270e54ec20b0ca0a05"><code>EVMC_REVERT</code></a> if the precompile doesn't want to forfeit all supplied gas (as of May 2019 no such precompile exists)</li>
</ul>
<p>The Client is not required to provide the Host interface ([<code>evmc_context</code>] argument of <a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/structevmc__instance.html#a0823ebff21f9b0395b157e8c6b14a207"><code>execute()</code></a> is set to NULL).
Therefore, the precompiled contracts implementation MUST NOT access the <code>evmc_context</code>.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>It is very unlikely that any precompile will need to access or modify a contract state.
Not requiring the Client to implement the EVMC Host interface removes the big portion of work
needed for full EVMC integration.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<p>EVMC provides the <a rel="external" href="https://evmc.ethereum.org/vmtester.html">evmc-vmtester</a> tool for checking compatibility with the EVMC specification.</p>
<h2 id="implementations">Implementations</h2>
<ul>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/evmc/blob/master/examples/example_precompiles_vm/example_precompiles_vm.cpp">Example of Precompiles VM implementation</a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ewasm/ewasm-precompiles">ewasm precompiles</a></li>
<li>Aleth code for precompiles</li>
<li>Parity code for precompiles</li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/axic/eip1962-evmc">EIP-1962 implemented as an EVMC precompile module</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<ul>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/evmc">EVMC – Ethereum Client-VM Connector API</a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/">EVMC documentation</a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.github.io/evmc/vmguide.html">EVMC VM Implementation Guide</a></li>
<li><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1352/">EIP 1352: Specify restricted address range for precompiles/system contracts</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Add `blockHash` to defaultBlock methods2019-04-01T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Charles Cooperhttps://github.com/charles-cooperhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1898/Add `blockHash` option to JSON-RPC methods that currently support defaultBlock parameter.<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>For JSON-RPC methods which currently accept a default block parameter, additionally allow the parameter to be a block hash.</p>
<p>This EIP can be considered a generalization of <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/234/">EIP-234</a>. It would enable clients to unambiguously specify the block they want to query for certain JSON-RPC methods, even if the block is not in the canonical chain. This allows clients to maintain a coherent picture of blockchain state that they are interested in, even in the presence of reorgs, without requiring that the node maintain a persistent connection with the client or store any client-specific state.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The following JSON-RPC methods are affected:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>eth_getBalance</code></li>
<li><code>eth_getStorageAt</code></li>
<li><code>eth_getTransactionCount</code></li>
<li><code>eth_getCode</code></li>
<li><code>eth_call</code></li>
<li><code>eth_getProof</code></li>
</ul>
<p>The following options, quoted from the Ethereum JSON-RPC spec, are currently possible for the defaultBlock parameter:</p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>HEX String - an integer block number</li>
<li>String "earliest" for the earliest/genesis block</li>
<li>String "latest" - for the latest canonical block</li>
<li>String "pending" - for the pending state/transactions</li>
<li>String "safe" - for the most recent safe block</li>
<li>String "finalized" - for the most recent finalized block</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>Since there is no way to clearly distinguish between a DATA parameter and a QUANTITY parameter, this EIP proposes a new scheme for the block parameter. The following option is additionally allowed:</p>
<ul>
<li>OBJECT
<ul>
<li><code>blockNumber</code>: QUANTITY - a block number</li>
<li><code>blockHash</code>: DATA - a block hash</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>If the block is not found, the callee SHOULD raise a JSON-RPC error (the recommended error code is <code>-32001: Resource not found</code>).</p>
<p>If the tag is <code>blockHash</code>, an additional boolean field may be supplied to the block parameter, <code>requireCanonical</code>, which defaults to <code>false</code> and defines whether the block must be a canonical block according to the callee. If <code>requireCanonical</code> is <code>false</code>, the callee should raise a JSON-RPC error only if the block is not found (as described above). If <code>requireCanonical</code> is <code>true</code>, the callee SHOULD additionally raise a JSON-RPC error if the block is not in the canonical chain (the recommended error code is <code>-32000: Invalid input</code> and in any case should be different than the error code for the block not found case so that the caller can distinguish the cases). The block-not-found check SHOULD take precedence over the block-is-canonical check, so that if the block is not found the callee raises block-not-found rather than block-not-canonical.</p>
<p>To maintain backwards compatibility, the block number MAY be specified either as a hex string or using the new block parameter scheme. In other words, the following are equivalent for the default block parameter:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>"earliest"</code></li>
<li><code>"0x0"</code></li>
<li><code>{ "blockNumber": "0x0" }</code></li>
<li><code>{ "blockHash": "0xd4e56740f876aef8c010b86a40d5f56745a118d0906a34e69aec8c0db1cb8fa3" }</code> (hash of the genesis block on the Ethereum main chain)</li>
<li><code>{ "blockHash": "0xd4e56740f876aef8c010b86a40d5f56745a118d0906a34e69aec8c0db1cb8fa3", "requireCanonical": true }</code></li>
<li><code>{ "blockHash": "0xd4e56740f876aef8c010b86a40d5f56745a118d0906a34e69aec8c0db1cb8fa3", "requireCanonical": false }</code></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>Currently, the state-querying JSON-RPC methods specified above have no option to unambiguously specify which block to query the state for. This can cause issues for applications which need to make multiple calls to the RPC. For instance, a wallet which just executed a transfer may want to display the balances of both the sender and recipient. If there is a re-org in between when the balance of the sender is queried via <code>eth_getBalance</code> and when the balance of the recipient is queried, the balances may not reconcile. As a slightly more complicated example, the UI for a decentralized exchange (which hosts orders on-chain) may walk a list of orders by calling <code>eth_call</code> for each of them to get the order data. Another type of use case is where an application needs to make a decision based on multiple pieces of state, e.g. a payout predicated on simultaneous ownership of two NFTs.</p>
<p>In order to ensure that the state is coherent (i.e., <code>eth_call</code> was called with exactly the same block for every call), the application may currently use one of several strategies:</p>
<ul>
<li>Decide on a block number to use (e.g., the latest block number known to the application). After each <code>eth_call</code> using that block number, call <code>eth_getBlockByNumber</code>, also with that block number. If the block hash does not match the known hash for that block number, rollback the current activity and retry from the beginning. This adds <code>O(n)</code> invocations as baseline overhead and another <code>O(n)</code> invocations for every retry needed. Moreover, there is no way to detect the (unlikely but possible) case that the relevant block was reorged out before <code>eth_call</code>, and then reorged back in before <code>eth_getBlockByNumber</code>.</li>
<li>Rely on logs, which <em>can</em> be queried unambiguously thanks to the <code>blockHash</code> parameter. However, this requires semantic support from the smart contract; if the smart contract does not emit appropriate events, the client will not be able to reconstruct the specific state it is interested in.</li>
<li>Rely on non-standard extensions like <code>parity_subscribe</code>. This requires a persistent connection between the client and node (via IPC or websockets), increases coupling between the client and the node, and cannot handle use cases where there are dependencies between invocations of <code>eth_call</code>, for example, walking a linked list.</li>
</ul>
<p>Allowing <code>eth_call</code> and friends to unambiguously specify the block to be queried give the application developer a robust and intuitive way to solve these problems. Multiple sequential queries will query the same state, enabling the application developer to not worry about inconsistencies in their view of the blockchain state.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>Backwards compatible.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>eth_getStorageAt [ "0x<address>", { "blockNumber": "0x0" }</code> -> return storage at given address in genesis block</li>
<li><code>eth_getStorageAt [ "0x<address>", { "blockHash": "0xd4e56740f876aef8c010b86a40d5f56745a118d0906a34e69aec8c0db1cb8fa3" }</code> -> return storage at given address in genesis block</li>
<li><code>eth_getStorageAt [ "0x<address>", { "blockHash": "0xd4e56740f876aef8c010b86a40d5f56745a118d0906a34e69aec8c0db1cb8fa3", "requireCanonical": false }</code> -> return storage at given address in genesis block</li>
<li><code>eth_getStorageAt [ "0x<address>", { "blockHash": "0xd4e56740f876aef8c010b86a40d5f56745a118d0906a34e69aec8c0db1cb8fa3", "requireCanonical": true }</code> -> return storage at given address in genesis block</li>
<li><code>eth_getStorageAt [ "0x<address>", { "blockHash": "0x<non-existent-block-hash>" }</code> -> raise block-not-found error</li>
<li><code>eth_getStorageAt [ "0x<address>", { "blockHash": "0x<non-existent-block-hash>", "requireCanonical": false }</code> -> raise block-not-found error</li>
<li><code>eth_getStorageAt [ "0x<address>", { "blockHash": "0x<non-existent-block-hash>", "requireCanonical": true }</code> -> raise block-not-found error</li>
<li><code>eth_getStorageAt [ "0x<address>", { "blockHash": "0x<non-canonical-block-hash>" }</code> -> return storage at given address in specified block</li>
<li><code>eth_getStorageAt [ "0x<address>", { "blockHash": "0x<non-canonical-block-hash>", "requireCanonical": false }</code> -> return storage at given address in specified block</li>
<li><code>eth_getStorageAt [ "0x<address>", { "blockHash": "0x<non-canonical-block-hash>", "requireCanonical": true }</code> -> raise block-not-canonical error</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>None</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Add OpenRPC Service Discovery To JSON-RPC Services2019-02-25T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Shane Jonashttps://github.com/shanejonasZachary Belfordhttps://github.com/belfordzhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1901/<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<h3 id="what-is-this">What is this?</h3>
<p>This is a proposal to add <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/open-rpc/spec">OpenRPC</a> support to existing and future JSON-RPC services by adding the method <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/open-rpc/spec#service-discovery-method"><code>rpc.discover</code></a> to the projects <a rel="external" href="https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification">JSON-RPC</a> APIs, enabling automation and tooling.</p>
<p>The OpenRPC Document and generated Documentation that specifies all the methods an EVM-based blockchain should implement can be found <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/etclabscore/ethereum-json-rpc-specification">here</a>.</p>
<p>This was first proposed <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/etclabscore/ECIPs/blob/master/ECIPs/../01053.md">here as an ECIP</a>, but the benefits of this kind of tooling is apparent across Bitcoin, Ethereum Classic, Ethereum and other JSON-RPC accessible blockchains.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Although <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/">EIP-1474</a> outlines a JSON-RPC specification. Ethereum still lacks a machine-readable JSON-RPC Specification that can be used as the industry standard for tooling. This proposal attempts to standardize such a specification in a way that is versionable, and both human and machine readable.</p>
<p>Ethereum clients can expose RPC endpoints with different method signatures and cause compatibility issues between clients.</p>
<p>Developers need a reliable developer experience, and an industry standard way to describe Ethereum JSON-RPC 2.0 APIs.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<h3 id="what-is-openrpc">What is OpenRPC?</h3>
<p>The <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/open-rpc/spec">OpenRPC</a> Specification defines a standard, programming language-agnostic interface description for <a rel="external" href="https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification">JSON-RPC 2.0</a> APIs, which allows both humans and computers to discover and understand the capabilities of a service without requiring access to source code, additional documentation, or inspection of network traffic. When properly defined via OpenRPC, a consumer can understand and interact with the remote service with a minimal amount of implementation logic, and share these logic patterns across use cases. Similar to what interface descriptions have done for lower-level programming, the OpenRPC Specification removes guesswork in calling a service.</p>
<h5 id="structure">Structure</h5>
<p>This is the structure of an OpenRPC Document:</p>
<p><img src="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1901/./assets/OpenRPC_structure.png" alt="openrpc-spec-structure" /></p>
<p>JSON-RPC APIs can support the OpenRPC specification by implementing a service discovery method that will return the <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/open-rpc/spec#openrpc-document">OpenRPC document</a> for the JSON-RPC API. The method MUST be named <code>rpc.discover</code>. The <code>rpc.</code> prefix is a reserved method prefix for <a rel="external" href="https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification">JSON-RPC 2.0 Specification</a> system extensions.</p>
<h3 id="use-case">Use Case</h3>
<p>This is the vision for the use case of OpenRPC and how it would relate to a client implementation like multi-geth:</p>
<p><img src="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1901/./assets/multi-geth-use-case.png" alt="MultGethRpc-usecase" /></p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<h3 id="why-would-we-do-this">Why would we do this?</h3>
<p>Services need to figure out how to talk to each other. If we really want to build the next generation of automation, then having up to date libraries, documented APIs, and modern tools are going to provide easy discovery, on-boarding, and enable end user and developer interaction.</p>
<p>Use cases for machine-readable <a rel="external" href="https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification">JSON-RPC 2.0</a> API definition documents include, but are not limited to:</p>
<ul>
<li>A common vocabulary and document will keep developers, testers, architects, and technical writers all in sync.</li>
<li>Server stubs/skeletons generated in many languages</li>
<li>Clients generated in many languages</li>
<li>Mock Server generated in many languages</li>
<li>Tests generated in many languages</li>
<li>Documentation Generation</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="alternative">Alternative</h3>
<p><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/open-rpc/spec">OpenRPC</a> documents just describe <a rel="external" href="https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification">JSON-RPC</a> APIs services, and are represented in JSON format. These documents may be produced and served statically OR generated dynamically from an application and returned via the <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/open-rpc/spec#service-discovery-method"><code>rpc.discover</code></a> method. This gives projects and communities the opportunity to adopt tools, documentation, and clients outlined in the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/">etclabscore/ethereum-json-rpc-specification</a> before the <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/open-rpc/spec#service-discovery-method"><code>rpc.discover</code></a> method is implemented for a particular client.</p>
<h2 id="implementation">Implementation</h2>
<ul>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/multi-geth/multi-geth#openrpc-discovery">Multi-Geth OpenRPC Discovery</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="tooling">Tooling</h3>
<h4 id="interactive-documentation-playground">Interactive Documentation Playground</h4>
<p>You can view the interactive documentation <a rel="external" href="https://playground.open-rpc.org/?schemaUrl=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/etclabscore/ethereum-json-rpc-specification/master/openrpc.json">here</a>.</p>
<p><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p>Using <code>rpc.discover</code> via multi-geth, the playground can discover and display the documentation for the Ethereum JSON-RPC API:</p>
<p><img src="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1901/./assets/eth-playground-openrpc.gif" alt="eth-playground-openrpc" /></p>
<h4 id="generated-client">Generated Client</h4>
<p>The <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/etclabscore/ethereum-json-rpc-specification#clients">clients</a> are generated from the OpenRPC Document openrpc.json outlined in this EIP, and can be used as an alternative to web3.js or ethers.js but for various languages:</p>
<p><img src="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1901/./assets/eth-generated-client-openrpc.gif" alt="eth-generated-client-openrpc" /></p>
<h4 id="mock-server">Mock Server</h4>
<p>The <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/open-rpc/mock-server">OpenRPC mock server</a> provides a mock server for any given OpenRPC Document which allows testing without booting up a real network.</p>
<p><img src="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1901/./assets/inspector-mock-server-openrpc.png" alt="inspector-mock-server-openrpc" /></p>
<h2 id="resources">Resources</h2>
<ul>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/multi-geth/multi-geth#openrpc-discovery">Multi-Geth OpenRPC Discovery</a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgSPMZ9FQ4Q">EDCON 2019 talk on OpenRPC and The Future of JSON-RPC Tooling</a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/etclabscore/ethereum-json-rpc-specification">etclabscore/ethereum-json-rpc-specification</a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://open-rpc.org">open-rpc.org</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
GraphQL interface to Ethereum node data2019-02-14T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Nick Johnsonhttps://github.com/arachnidRaúl Kripalanihttps://github.com/raulkKris Shinnhttps://github.com/kshinnhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1767/<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This EIP specifies a GraphQL schema for accessing data stored on an Ethereum node. It aims to provide a complete replacement to the read-only information exposed via the present JSON-RPC interface, while improving on usability, consistency, efficiency, and future-proofing.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>The current JSON-RPC interface for Ethereum nodes has a number of shortcomings. It's informally and incompletely specified in areas, which has led to incompatibilities around issues such as representation of empty byte strings ("" vs "0x" vs "0x0"), and it has to make educated guesses about the data a user will request, which often leads to unnecessary work.</p>
<p>For example, the <code>totalDifficulty</code> field is stored separately from the block header in common Ethereum node implementations, and many callers do not require this field. However, every call to <code>eth_getBlock</code> still retrieves this field, requiring a separate disk read, because the RPC server has no way of knowing if the user requires this field or not.</p>
<p>Similarly, transaction receipts in go-ethereum are stored on disk as a single binary blob for each block. Fetching a receipt for a single transaction requires fetching and deserializing this blob, then finding the relevant entry and returning it; this is accomplished by the <code>eth_getTransactionReceipt</code> API call. A common task for API consumers is to fetch all the receipts in a block; as a result, node implementations end up fetching and deserializing the same data repeatedly, leading to <code>O(n^2)</code> effort to fetch all transaction receipts from a block instead of <code>O(n)</code>.</p>
<p>Some of these issues could be fixed with changes to the existing JSON-RPC interface, at the cost of complicating the interface somewhat. Instead, we propose adopting a standard query language, GraphQL, which facilitates more efficient API implementations, while also increasing flexibility.</p>
<h2 id="prior-art">Prior Art</h2>
<p>Nick Johnson and <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ConsenSys/ethql">EthQL</a> independently developed a GraphQL schema for node data. Once the parties were made aware of the shared effort, they made efforts to bring their schemas into alignment. The current schema proposed in this EIP is derived primarily from the EthQL schema.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<h3 id="node-api">Node API</h3>
<p>Compatible nodes MUST provide a GraphQL endpoint available over HTTP. This SHOULD be offered on port 8547 by default. The path to the GraphQL endpoint SHOULD be '/graphql'.</p>
<p>Compatible nodes MAY offer a GraphiQL interactive query explorer on the root path ('/').</p>
<h3 id="schema">Schema</h3>
<p>The GraphQL schema for this service is defined as follows:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span># Bytes32 is a 32 byte binary string, represented as 0x-prefixed hexadecimal.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>scalar Bytes32</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># Address is a 20 byte Ethereum address, represented as 0x-prefixed hexadecimal.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>scalar Address</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># Bytes is an arbitrary length binary string, represented as 0x-prefixed hexadecimal.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># An empty byte string is represented as '0x'. Byte strings must have an even number of hexadecimal nybbles.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>scalar Bytes</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># BigInt is a large integer. Input is accepted as either a JSON number or as a string.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># Strings may be either decimal or 0x-prefixed hexadecimal. Output values are all</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># 0x-prefixed hexadecimal.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>scalar BigInt</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># Long is a 64 bit unsigned integer.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>scalar Long</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>schema {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> query: Query</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> mutation: Mutation</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># Account is an Ethereum account at a particular block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>type Account {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Address is the address owning the account.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> address: Address!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Balance is the balance of the account, in wei.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> balance: BigInt!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # TransactionCount is the number of transactions sent from this account,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # or in the case of a contract, the number of contracts created. Otherwise</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # known as the nonce.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> transactionCount: Long!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Code contains the smart contract code for this account, if the account</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # is a (non-self-destructed) contract.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> code: Bytes!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Storage provides access to the storage of a contract account, indexed</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # by its 32 byte slot identifier.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> storage(slot: Bytes32!): Bytes32!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># Log is an Ethereum event log.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>type Log {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Index is the index of this log in the block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> index: Int!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Account is the account which generated this log - this will always</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # be a contract account.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> account(block: Long): Account!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Topics is a list of 0-4 indexed topics for the log.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> topics: [Bytes32!]!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Data is unindexed data for this log.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> data: Bytes!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Transaction is the transaction that generated this log entry.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> transaction: Transaction!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># Transaction is an Ethereum transaction.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>type Transaction {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Hash is the hash of this transaction.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> hash: Bytes32!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Nonce is the nonce of the account this transaction was generated with.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> nonce: Long!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Index is the index of this transaction in the parent block. This will</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # be null if the transaction has not yet been mined.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> index: Int</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # From is the account that sent this transaction - this will always be</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # an externally owned account.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> from(block: Long): Account!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # To is the account the transaction was sent to. This is null for</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # contract-creating transactions.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> to(block: Long): Account</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Value is the value, in wei, sent along with this transaction.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> value: BigInt!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # GasPrice is the price offered to miners for gas, in wei per unit.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> gasPrice: BigInt!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Gas is the maximum amount of gas this transaction can consume.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> gas: Long!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # InputData is the data supplied to the target of the transaction.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> inputData: Bytes!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Block is the block this transaction was mined in. This will be null if</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # the transaction has not yet been mined.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> block: Block</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Status is the return status of the transaction. This will be 1 if the</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # transaction succeeded, or 0 if it failed (due to a revert, or due to</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # running out of gas). If the transaction has not yet been mined, this</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # field will be null.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> status: Long</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # GasUsed is the amount of gas that was used processing this transaction.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # If the transaction has not yet been mined, this field will be null.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> gasUsed: Long</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # CumulativeGasUsed is the total gas used in the block up to and including</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # this transaction. If the transaction has not yet been mined, this field</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # will be null.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> cumulativeGasUsed: Long</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # CreatedContract is the account that was created by a contract creation</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # transaction. If the transaction was not a contract creation transaction,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # or it has not yet been mined, this field will be null.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> createdContract(block: Long): Account</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Logs is a list of log entries emitted by this transaction. If the</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # transaction has not yet been mined, this field will be null.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> logs: [Log!]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># BlockFilterCriteria encapsulates log filter criteria for a filter applied</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># to a single block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>input BlockFilterCriteria {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Addresses is list of addresses that are of interest. If this list is</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # empty, results will not be filtered by address.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> addresses: [Address!]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Topics list restricts matches to particular event topics. Each event has a list</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # of topics. Topics matches a prefix of that list. An empty element array matches any</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # topic. Non-empty elements represent an alternative that matches any of the</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # contained topics.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> #</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Examples:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # - [] or nil matches any topic list</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # - [[A]] matches topic A in first position</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # - [[], [B]] matches any topic in first position, B in second position</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # - [[A], [B]] matches topic A in first position, B in second position</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # - [[A, B]], [C, D]] matches topic (A OR B) in first position, (C OR D) in second position</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> topics: [[Bytes32!]!]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># Block is an Ethereum block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>type Block {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Number is the number of this block, starting at 0 for the genesis block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> number: Long!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Hash is the block hash of this block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> hash: Bytes32!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Parent is the parent block of this block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> parent: Block</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Nonce is the block nonce, an 8 byte sequence determined by the miner.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> nonce: Bytes!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # TransactionsRoot is the keccak256 hash of the root of the trie of transactions in this block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> transactionsRoot: Bytes32!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # TransactionCount is the number of transactions in this block. if</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # transactions are not available for this block, this field will be null.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> transactionCount: Int</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # StateRoot is the keccak256 hash of the state trie after this block was processed.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> stateRoot: Bytes32!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # ReceiptsRoot is the keccak256 hash of the trie of transaction receipts in this block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> receiptsRoot: Bytes32!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Miner is the account that mined this block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> miner(block: Long): Account!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # ExtraData is an arbitrary data field supplied by the miner.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> extraData: Bytes!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # GasLimit is the maximum amount of gas that was available to transactions in this block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> gasLimit: Long!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # GasUsed is the amount of gas that was used executing transactions in this block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> gasUsed: Long!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Timestamp is the unix timestamp at which this block was mined.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> timestamp: BigInt!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # LogsBloom is a bloom filter that can be used to check if a block may</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # contain log entries matching a filter.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> logsBloom: Bytes!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # MixHash is the hash that was used as an input to the PoW process.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> mixHash: Bytes32!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Difficulty is a measure of the difficulty of mining this block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> difficulty: BigInt!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # TotalDifficulty is the sum of all difficulty values up to and including</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # this block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> totalDifficulty: BigInt!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # OmmerCount is the number of ommers (AKA uncles) associated with this</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # block. If ommers are unavailable, this field will be null.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ommerCount: Int</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Ommers is a list of ommer (AKA uncle) blocks associated with this block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # If ommers are unavailable, this field will be null. Depending on your</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # node, the transactions, transactionAt, transactionCount, ommers,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # ommerCount and ommerAt fields may not be available on any ommer blocks.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ommers: [Block]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # OmmerAt returns the ommer (AKA uncle) at the specified index. If ommers</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # are unavailable, or the index is out of bounds, this field will be null.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ommerAt(index: Int!): Block</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # OmmerHash is the keccak256 hash of all the ommers (AKA uncles)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # associated with this block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ommerHash: Bytes32!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Transactions is a list of transactions associated with this block. If</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # transactions are unavailable for this block, this field will be null.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> transactions: [Transaction!]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # TransactionAt returns the transaction at the specified index. If</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # transactions are unavailable for this block, or if the index is out of</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # bounds, this field will be null.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> transactionAt(index: Int!): Transaction</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Logs returns a filtered set of logs from this block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> logs(filter: BlockFilterCriteria!): [Log!]!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Account fetches an Ethereum account at the current block's state.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> account(address: Address!): Account</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Call executes a local call operation at the current block's state.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> call(data: CallData!): CallResult</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # EstimateGas estimates the amount of gas that will be required for</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # successful execution of a transaction at the current block's state.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> estimateGas(data: CallData!): Long!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># CallData represents the data associated with a local contract call.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># All fields are optional.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>input CallData {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # From is the address making the call.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> from: Address</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # To is the address the call is sent to.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> to: Address</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Gas is the amount of gas sent with the call.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> gas: Long</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # GasPrice is the price, in wei, offered for each unit of gas.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> gasPrice: BigInt</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Value is the value, in wei, sent along with the call.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> value: BigInt</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Data is the data sent to the callee.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> data: Bytes</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># CallResult is the result of a local call operation.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>type CallResult {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Data is the return data of the called contract.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> data: Bytes!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # GasUsed is the amount of gas used by the call, after any refunds.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> gasUsed: Long!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Status is the result of the call - 1 for success or 0 for failure.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> status: Long!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># FilterCriteria encapsulates log filter criteria for searching log entries.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>input FilterCriteria {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # FromBlock is the block at which to start searching, inclusive. Defaults</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # to the latest block if not supplied.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> fromBlock: Long</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # ToBlock is the block at which to stop searching, inclusive. Defaults</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # to the latest block if not supplied.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> toBlock: Long</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Addresses is a list of addresses that are of interest. If this list is</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # empty, results will not be filtered by address.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> addresses: [Address!]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Topics list restricts matches to particular event topics. Each event has a list</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # of topics. Topics matches a prefix of that list. An empty element array matches any</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # topic. Non-empty elements represent an alternative that matches any of the</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # contained topics.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> #</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Examples:</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # - [] or nil matches any topic list</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # - [[A]] matches topic A in first position</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # - [[], [B]] matches any topic in first position, B in second position</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # - [[A], [B]] matches topic A in first position, B in second position</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # - [[A, B]], [C, D]] matches topic (A OR B) in first position, (C OR D) in second position</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> topics: [[Bytes32!]!]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># SyncState contains the current synchronisation state of the client.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>type SyncState{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # StartingBlock is the block number at which synchronisation started.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> startingBlock: Long!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # CurrentBlock is the point at which synchronisation has presently reached.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> currentBlock: Long!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # HighestBlock is the latest known block number.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> highestBlock: Long!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # PulledStates is the number of state entries fetched so far, or null</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # if this is not known or not relevant.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> pulledStates: Long</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # KnownStates is the number of states the node knows of so far, or null</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # if this is not known or not relevant.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> knownStates: Long</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span># Pending represents the current pending state.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>type Pending {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # TransactionCount is the number of transactions in the pending state.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> transactionCount: Int!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Transactions is a list of transactions in the current pending state.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> transactions: [Transaction!]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Account fetches an Ethereum account for the pending state.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> account(address: Address!): Account</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Call executes a local call operation for the pending state.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> call(data: CallData!): CallResult</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # EstimateGas estimates the amount of gas that will be required for</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # successful execution of a transaction for the pending state.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> estimateGas(data: CallData!): Long! </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>type Query {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Block fetches an Ethereum block by number or by hash. If neither is</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # supplied, the most recent known block is returned.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> block(number: Long, hash: Bytes32): Block</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Blocks returns all the blocks between two numbers, inclusive. If</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # to is not supplied, it defaults to the most recent known block.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> blocks(from: Long!, to: Long): [Block!]!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Pending returns the current pending state.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> pending: Pending!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Transaction returns a transaction specified by its hash.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> transaction(hash: Bytes32!): Transaction</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Logs returns log entries matching the provided filter.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> logs(filter: FilterCriteria!): [Log!]!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # GasPrice returns the node's estimate of a gas price sufficient to</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # ensure a transaction is mined in a timely fashion.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> gasPrice: BigInt!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # ProtocolVersion returns the current wire protocol version number.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> protocolVersion: Int!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # Syncing returns information on the current synchronisation state.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> syncing: SyncState</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>type Mutation {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> # SendRawTransaction sends an RLP-encoded transaction to the network.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> sendRawTransaction(data: Bytes!): Bytes32!</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Nodes MAY offer a superset of this schema, by adding new fields or types. Experimental or client-specific fields MUST be prefixed with '<em>client</em>' (eg, '<em>geth</em>' or '<em>parity</em>'). Unprefixed fields MUST be specified in a new EIP that extends this one.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>Ethereum nodes have been moving away from providing read-write functionality such as transaction and message signing, and from other services such as code compilation, in favor of a more 'unix-like' approach where each task is performed by a dedicated process. We have thus specified a core set of types and fields that reflects this trend, leaving out functionality that is presently, or intended to be, deprecated:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>eth_compile*</code> calls are deprecated, and hence not provided here.</li>
<li><code>eth_accounts</code>, <code>eth_sign</code>, and <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> are considered by many to be deprecated, and are not provided here; callers should use local accounts or a separate signing daemon instead.</li>
</ul>
<p>Further, two areas of the current API interface have been omitted for simplicity in this initial standard, with the intention that they will be defined in a later EIP:</p>
<ul>
<li>Filters will require use of GraphQL subscriptions, and require careful consideration around the desire for nodes without local per-caller state.</li>
<li>Mining functionality is less-used and benefits less from reimplementation in GraphQL, and should be specified in a separate EIP.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>This schema implements the bulk of the current read-only functionality provided by the JSON-RPC node interface. Existing RPC calls can be mapped to GraphQL queries as follows:</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>RPC</th><th>Status</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>eth_blockNumber</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ block { number } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_call</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ call(data: { to: "0x...", data: "0x..." }) { data status gasUsed } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_estimateGas</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ estimateGas(data: { to: "0x...", data: "0x..." }) }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_gasPrice</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ gasPrice }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getBalance</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ account(address: "0x...") { balance } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getBlockByHash</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ block(hash: "0x...") { ... } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getBlockByNumber</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ block(number: 123) { ... } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getBlockTransactionCountByHash</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ block(hash: "0x...") { transactionCount } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getBlockTransactionCountByNumber</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ block(number: x) { transactionCounnt } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getCode</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ account(address: "0x...") { code } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getLogs</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ logs(filter: { ... }) { ... } }</code> or <code>{ block(...) { logs(filter: { ... }) { ... } } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getStorageAt</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ account(address: "0x...") { storage(slot: "0x...") } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getTransactionByBlockHashAndIndex</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ block(hash: "0x...") { transactionAt(index: x) { ... } } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getTransactionByBlockNumberAndIndex</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ block(number: n) { transactionAt(index: x) { ... } } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getTransactionByHash</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ transaction(hash: "0x...") { ... } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getTransactionCount</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ account(address: "0x...") { transactionCount } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getTransactionReceipt</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ transaction(hash: "0x...") { ... } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getUncleByBlockHashAndIndex</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ block(hash: "0x...") { ommerAt(index: x) { ... } } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getUncleByBlockNumberAndIndex</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ block(number: n) { ommerAt(index: x) { ... } } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getUncleCountByBlockHash</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ block(hash: "0x...") { ommerCount } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getUncleCountByBlockNumber</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ block(number: x) { ommerCount } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_protocolVersion</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ protocolVersion }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_sendRawTransaction</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>mutation { sendRawTransaction(data: data) }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_syncing</td><td>IMPLEMENTED</td><td><code>{ syncing { ... } }</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getCompilers</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Compiler functionality is deprecated in JSON-RPC.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_compileLLL</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Compiler functionality is deprecated in JSON-RPC.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_compileSolidity</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Compiler functionality is deprecated in JSON-RPC.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_compileSerpent</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Compiler functionality is deprecated in JSON-RPC.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_newFilter</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Filter functionality may be specified in a future EIP.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_newBlockFilter</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Filter functionality may be specified in a future EIP.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_newPendingTransactionFilter</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Filter functionality may be specified in a future EIP.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_uninstallFilter</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Filter functionality may be specified in a future EIP.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getFilterChanges</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Filter functionality may be specified in a future EIP.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getFilterLogs</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Filter functionality may be specified in a future EIP.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_accounts</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Accounts functionality is not part of the core node API.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_sign</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Accounts functionality is not part of the core node API.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_sendTransaction</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Accounts functionality is not part of the core node API.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_coinbase</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Mining functionality to be defined separately.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_getWork</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Mining functionality to be defined separately.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_hashRate</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Mining functionality to be defined separately.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_mining</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Mining functionality to be defined separately.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_submitHashrate</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Mining functionality to be defined separately.</td></tr>
<tr><td>eth_submitWork</td><td>NOT IMPLEMENTED</td><td>Mining functionality to be defined separately.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>For specific reasoning behind omitted functionality, see the Rationale section.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<p>TBD.</p>
<h2 id="implementation">Implementation</h2>
<ul>
<li>Implemented and released in <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.9.0">Go-ethereum 1.9.0</a></li>
<li>Implemented and released in <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/PegaSysEng/pantheon/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md#111">Pantheon 1.1.1</a></li>
<li>Work in progress in <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/trinity/issues/302">Trinity</a></li>
<li>Work in progress in <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum/issues/10933">Parity</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
EthereumStratum/2.0.02018-11-09T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Andrea Lanfranchihttps://github.com/AndreaLanfranchiPawel Bylicahttps://github.com/chfastMarius Van Der Wijdenhttps://github.com/MariusVanDerWijdenhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1571/<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This draft contains the guidelines to define a new standard for the Stratum protocol used by Ethereum miners to communicate with mining pool servers.</p>
<h3 id="conventions">Conventions</h3>
<p>The key words <code>MUST</code>, <code>MUST NOT</code>, <code>REQUIRED</code>, <code>SHALL</code>, <code>SHALL NOT</code>, <code>SHOULD</code>, <code>SHOULD NOT</code>, <code>RECOMMENDED</code>, <code>MAY</code>, and <code>OPTIONAL</code> in this document are to be interpreted as described in <a rel="external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119">RFC 2119</a>.
The definition <code>mining pool server</code>, and it's plural form, is to be interpreted as <code>work provider</code> and later in this document can be shortened as <code>pool</code> or <code>server</code>.
The definition <code>miner(s)</code>, and it's plural form, is to be interpreted as <code>work receiver/processor</code> and later in this document can be shortened as <code>miner</code> or <code>client</code>.</p>
<h3 id="rationale">Rationale</h3>
<p>Ethereum does not have an official Stratum implementation yet. It officially supports only getWork which requires miners to constantly pool the work provider. Only recently go-ethereum have implemented a <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/17347">push mechanism</a> to notify clients for mining work, but whereas the vast majority of miners do not run a node, it's main purpose is to facilitate mining pools rather than miners.
The Stratum protocol on the other hand relies on a standard stateful TCP connection which allows two-way exchange of line-based messages. Each line contains the string representation of a JSON object following the rules of either <a rel="external" href="https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification_v1">JSON-RPC 1.0</a> or <a rel="external" href="https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification">JSON-RPC 2.0</a>.
Unfortunately, in absence of a well defined standard, various flavours of Stratum have bloomed for Ethereum mining as a derivative work for different mining pools implementations. The only attempt to define a standard was made by NiceHash with their <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/nicehash/Specifications/blob/master/EthereumStratum_NiceHash_v1.0.0.txt">EthereumStratum/1.0.0</a> implementation which is the main source this work inspires from.
Mining activity, thus the interaction among pools and miners, is at it's basics very simple, and can be summarized with "<em>please find a number (nonce) which coupled to this data as input for a given hashing algorithm produces, as output, a result which is below a certain target</em>". Other messages which may or have to be exchanged among parties during a session are needed to support this basic concept.
Due to the simplicity of the subject, the proponent, means to stick with JSON formatted objects rather than investigating more verbose solutions, like for example <a rel="external" href="https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/overview">Google's Protocol Buffers</a> which carry the load of strict object definition.</p>
<h3 id="stratum-design-flaws">Stratum design flaws</h3>
<p>The main Stratum design flaw is the absence of a well defined standard. This implies that miners (and mining software developers) have to struggle with different flavours which make their life hard when switching from one pool to another or even when trying to "guess" which is the flavour implemented by a single pool. Moreover all implementations still suffer from an excessive verbosity for a chain with a very small block time like Ethereum. A few numbers may help understand. A normal <code>mining.notify</code> message weigh roughly 240 bytes: assuming the dispatch of 1 work per block to an audience of 50k connected TCP sockets means the transmission of roughly 1.88TB of data a month. And this can be an issue for large pools. But if we see the same figures the other way round, from a miner's perspective, we totally understand how mining decentralization is heavily affected by the quality of internet connections.</p>
<h3 id="sources-of-inspiration">Sources of inspiration</h3>
<ul>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/nicehash/Specifications/blob/master/EthereumStratum_NiceHash_v1.0.0.txt">NiceHash EthereumStratum/1.0.0</a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/zcash/zips/blob/23d74b0373c824dd51c7854c0e3ea22489ba1b76/drafts/str4d-stratum/draft1.rst#json-rpc-1-0">Zcash variant of the Stratum protocol</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The Stratum protocol is an instance of <a rel="external" href="https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification">JSON-RPC-2.0</a>. The miner is a JSON-RPC client, and the server is a JSON-RPC server. All communications exist within the scope of a <code>session</code>. A session starts at the moment a client opens a TCP connection to the server till the moment either party do voluntary close the very same connection or it gets broken. Servers <strong>MAY</strong> support session resuming if this is initially negotiated (on first session handshaking) between the client and the server. During a session all messages exchanged among server and client are line-based which means all messages are JSON strings terminated by ASCII LF character (which may also be denoted as <code>\n</code> in this document). The LF character <strong>MUST NOT</strong> appear elsewhere in a message. Client and server implementations <strong>MUST</strong> assume that once they read a LF character, the current message has been completely received and can be processed.
Line messages are of three types:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>Requests</code> : messages for which the issuer expects a response. The receiver <strong>MUST</strong> reply back to any request individually</li>
<li><code>Responses</code> : solicited messages by a previous request. The responder <strong>MUST</strong> label the response with the same identifier of the originating request.</li>
<li><code>Notifications</code> : unsolicited messages for which the issuer is not interested nor is expecting a response. Nevertheless a response (eg. an acknowledgement) <strong>MAY</strong> be sent by the receiver.</li>
</ul>
<p>During a <code>session</code> both parties <strong>CAN</strong> exchange messages of the above depicted three types.</p>
<h3 id="json-rpc-2-0-compliances">JSON-RPC-2.0 Compliances</h3>
<p>As per <a rel="external" href="https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification">JSON-RPC-2.0</a> specification requests and responses differ from notifications by the identifier (<code>id</code>) member in the JSON object:</p>
<ul>
<li>Requests <strong>MUST</strong> have an <code>id</code> member</li>
<li>Responses <strong>MUST</strong> have an <code>id</code> member valued exactly as the <code>id</code> member of the request this response is for</li>
<li>Notifications <strong>MUST NOT</strong> have an <code>id</code> member</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="json-rpc-2-0-defiances">JSON-RPC-2.0 Defiances</h3>
<p>In order to get the most concise messages among parties of a session/conversation this implementation enforces the following defiances:</p>
<ul>
<li>JSON member <code>jsonrpc</code> (always valued to "2.0") <strong>MUST ALWAYS BE OMITTED</strong></li>
<li>JSON member <code>id</code> <strong>MUST NOT</strong> be <code>null</code>. When member is present, mandatorily in requests and responses, it <strong>MUST</strong> be valued to an integer Number ranging from 0 to 65535. Please note that a message with <code>"id": 0</code> <strong>MUST NOT</strong> be interpreted as a notification: it's a request with identifier 0</li>
<li>JSON member <code>id</code> <strong>MUST</strong> be only of type primitive number. The removal of other identifier types (namely strings) is due to the need to reduce the number of bytes transferred.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="conventions-1">Conventions</h2>
<ul>
<li>The representation of a JSON object is, at it's base, a string</li>
<li>The conversation among the client and the server is made of strings. Each string ending with a LF (ASCII char 10) denotes a <code>line</code>. Each line <strong>MUST</strong> contain only one JSON root object. Eventually the root object <strong>MAY</strong> contain additional JSON objects in it's members.</li>
<li>Aside the <code>LF</code> delimiter each <code>line</code> <strong>MUST</strong> be made of printable ASCII chars in the range 32..126</li>
<li>It's implicit and mandatory that each line message corresponds to a well formatted JSON object: see <a rel="external" href="https://www.json.org/">JSON documentation</a></li>
<li>JSON objects are made of <code>members</code> which can be of type : primitive of string/number, JSON object, JSON arrays</li>
<li>JSON <code>member</code>'s names are strings which <strong>MUST</strong> be composed of printable chars only in the ASCII range 48..57 (numbers) and 97..122 (lower case letters).</li>
<li>JSON <code>member</code>'s names <strong>MUST NOT</strong> begin with a number.</li>
<li>JSON values <code>arrays</code> : although the JSON notation allows the insertion of different data types within the same array, this behavior is generally not accepted in coding languages. Due to this, by the means of EthereumStratum/2.0.0, all implementers <strong>MUST</strong> assume that an array is made of elements of the very same data type.</li>
<li>JSON values <code>booleans</code> : the JSON notation allows to express boolean values as <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>. In EthereumStratum/2.0.0, for better compatibility within arrays, boolean values will be expressed in the hex form of "0" (false) or "1" (true)</li>
<li>JSON values <code>strings</code> : any string value <strong>MUST</strong> be composed of printable ASCII chars only in the ASCII range 32..126. Each string is delimited by a <code>"</code> (ASCII 34) at the beginning and at the end. Should the string value contain a <code>"</code> this must be escaped as <code>\"</code></li>
<li>Hex values : a Hexadecimal representation of a number is actually a string data type. As a convention, and to reduce the number of transmitted bytes, the prefix "0x" <strong>MUST</strong> always be omitted. In addition any hex number <strong>MUST</strong> be transferred only for their significant part i.e. the non significant zeroes <strong>MUST</strong> be omitted (example : the decimal <code>456</code> must be represented as <code>"1c8"</code> and not as <code>"01c8"</code> although the conversion produces the same decimal value). This directive <strong>DOES NOT APPLY</strong> to hashes and extranonces</li>
<li>Hex values casing : all letters in Hexadecimal values <strong>MUST</strong> be lower case. (example : the decimal <code>456</code> must be represented as <code>"1c8"</code> and not as <code>"1C8"</code> although the conversion produces the same decimal value). This directive <strong>DOES NOT APPLY</strong> to hashes.</li>
<li>Numbers : any non-fractional number <strong>MUST</strong> be transferred by it's hexadecimal representation</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="requests">Requests</h3>
<p>The JSON representation of <code>request</code> object is made of these parts:</p>
<ul>
<li>mandatory <code>id</code> member of type Integer : the identifier established by the issuer</li>
<li>mandatory <code>method</code> member of type String : the name of the method to be invoked on the receiver side</li>
<li>optional <code>params</code> member : in case the method invocation on the receiver side requires the application of additional parameters to be executed. The type <strong>CAN</strong> be Object (with named members of different types) or Array of single type. In case of an array the parameters will be applied by their ordinal position. If the method requested for invocation on the receiver side does not require the application of additional parameters this member <strong>MUST NOT</strong> be present. The notation <code>"params" : null</code> <strong>IS NOT PERMITTED</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="responses">Responses</h3>
<p>The JSON representation of <code>response</code> object is made of these parts:</p>
<ul>
<li>mandatory <code>id</code> member of type Integer : the identifier of the request this response corresponds to</li>
<li>optional <code>error</code> member : whether an error occurred during the parsing of the method or during it's execution this member <strong>MUST</strong> be present and valued. If no errors occurred this member <strong>MUST NOT</strong> be present. For a detailed structure of the <code>error</code> member see below.</li>
<li>optional <code>result</code> member : This has to be set, if the corresponding request requires a result from the user. If no errors occurred by invoking the corresponding function, this member <strong>MUST</strong> be present even if one or more information are null. The type can be of Object or single type Array or Primitive string/number. If no data is meant back for the issuer (the method is void on the receiver) or an error occurred this member <strong>MUST NOT</strong> be present.</li>
</ul>
<p>You'll notice here some differences with standard JSON-RPC-2.0. Namely the result member is not always required. Basically a response like this:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 2</span><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>means "request received and processed correctly with no data to send back".</p>
<p>To better clarify the concept and clear the field of free interpretations let's take another example of <strong>wrong response</strong></p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> false</span><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>This response syntax leaves room to many interpretations: is it an error? is <code>false</code> the legit response value to the issued request?</p>
<p>For this reason responses, we reiterate, <strong>MUST BE</strong> of two types:</p>
<ul>
<li>success responses : no error occurred during the processing, the request was legit, syntactically correct, and the receiver had no issues processing it. This kind of responses <strong>MUST NOT</strong> have the <code>error</code> member and <strong>MAY</strong> have the <code>result</code> member if a value is expected back to the issuer.</li>
<li>failure responses : something wrong with the request, it's syntax, it's validity scope, or server processing problems. This kind of responses <strong>MUST HAVE</strong> the <code>error</code> member and <strong>MAY</strong> have the <code>result</code> member.</li>
</ul>
<p>The latter deserves a better explanation: failure responses can be distinguished by a severity degree.
Example 1 : a client submits a solution and server rejects it cause it's not below target. Server <strong>MUST</strong> respond like this;</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 31</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">error</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">code</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 406</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">message</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Bad nonce</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Example 2 : a client submits a solution and server <strong>accepts</strong> it <strong>but</strong> it accounts the share as stale. Server <strong>MUST</strong> respond like this;</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 31</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">error</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">code</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 202</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">message</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Stale</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Example 3 : a client submits an authorization request specifying an invalid workername. Server authorizes the account but rejects worker name. Server <strong>MUST</strong> respond like this;</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">error</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">code</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 215</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">message</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Invalid Worker Name</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Example 1 depicts the condition of a severe failure while Example 2 and 3 depict a situation where the request has been accepted and processed properly but the result <strong>MAY NOT</strong> be what expected by the client.
It's up to the client to evaluate the severity of the error and decide whether to proceed or not.</p>
<p>Using proper error codes pools may properly inform miners of the condition of their requests. Error codes <strong>MUST</strong> honor this scheme:</p>
<ul>
<li>Error codes 2xx : request accepted and processed but some additional info in the <code>error</code> member may give hint</li>
<li>Error codes 3xx : server could not process the request due to a lack of authorization by the client</li>
<li>Error codes 4xx : server could not process the request due to syntactic problems (method not found, missing params, wrong data types ecc.) or passed <code>param</code> values are not valid.</li>
<li>Error codes 5xx : server could not process the request due to internal errors</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="notifications">Notifications</h3>
<p>A notification message has the very same representation of a <code>request</code> with the only difference the <code>id</code> member <strong>MUST NOT</strong> be present. This means the issuer is not interested nor expects any response to this message. It's up to the receiver to take actions accordingly. For instance the receiver <strong>MAY</strong> decide to execute the method, or, in case of errors or methods not allowed, drop the connection thus closing the session.</p>
<h4 id="error-member">Error member</h4>
<p>As seen above a <code>response</code> <strong>MAY</strong> contain an <code>error</code> member. When present this member <strong>MUST</strong> be an Object with:</p>
<ul>
<li>mandatory member <code>code</code> : a Number which identifies the error occurred</li>
<li>mandatory member <code>message</code> : a short human readable sentence describing the error occurred</li>
<li>optional member <code>data</code> : a Structured or Primitive value that contains additional information about the error. The value of this member is defined by the Server (e.g. detailed error information, nested errors etc.).</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="protocol-flow">Protocol Flow</h2>
<ul>
<li>Client starts session by opening a TCP socket to the server</li>
<li>Client advertises and request protocol compatibility</li>
<li>Server confirms compatibility and declares ready</li>
<li>Client starts/resumes a session</li>
<li>Client sends request for authorization for each of it's workers</li>
<li>Server replies back with responses for each authorization</li>
<li>Server sends <code>mining.set</code> for constant values to be adopted for following mining jobs</li>
<li>Server sends <code>mining.notify</code> with minimal job info</li>
<li>Client mines on job</li>
<li>Client sends <code>mining.submit</code> if any solution found for the job</li>
<li>Server replies whether solution is accepted</li>
<li>Server optionally sends <code>mining.set</code> for constant values to be adopted for following mining jobs (if something changed)</li>
<li>Server sends <code>mining.notify</code> with minimal job info</li>
<li>... (continue)</li>
<li>Eventually either party closes session and TCP connection</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="session-handling-hello">Session Handling - Hello</h3>
<p><del>One of the worst annoyances until now is that server, at the very moment of socket connection, does not provide any useful information about the stratum flavour implemented. This means the client has to start a conversation by iteratively trying to connect via different protocol flavours. This proposal amends the situation making mandatory for the server to advertise itself to the client.
When a new client connects to the server, the server <strong>MUST</strong> send a <code>mining.hello</code> notification :</del></p>
<p>It's been noted that charging the server of the duty to advertise itself as first message of the conversation could potentially be harmful in respect of traffic amplification attacks using spoofed IP addresses or in traditional DDos attacks where an attacker need to spend very little resources to force the server to send a large packet back.
For this reason the duty of first advertisement is kept on client which will issue a <code>mining.hello</code> request like this:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">mining.hello</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">agent</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">ethminer-0.17</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">host</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">somemininigpool.com</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">port</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">4d2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">proto</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">EthereumStratum/2.0.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The <code>params</code> member object has these mandatory members:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>agent</code> (string) the mining software version</li>
<li><code>host</code> (string) the host name of the server this client is willing to connect to</li>
<li><code>port</code> (hex) the port number of the server this client is willing to connect to</li>
<li><code>proto</code> (string) which reports the stratum flavour requested and expected to be implemented by the server;</li>
</ul>
<p>The rationale behind sending host and port is it enables virtual hosting, where virtual pools or private URLs might be used for DDoS protection, but that are aggregated on Stratum server backends. As with HTTP, the server CANNOT trust the host string. The port is included separately to parallel the client.reconnect method (see below).</p>
<p>If the server is prepared to start/resume a session with such requirements it <strong>MUST</strong> reply back with a response like this:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">proto</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">EthereumStratum/2.0.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">encoding</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">gzip</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">resume</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">timeout</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">b4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">maxerrors</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">node</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Geth/v1.8.18-unstable-f08f596a/linux-amd64/go1.10.4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Where the <code>result</code> is an object made of 5 mandatory members</p>
<ul>
<li><code>proto</code> (string) which <strong>MUST</strong> match the exact version requested by the client</li>
<li><code>encoding</code> (string) which value states whether or not all <strong>next messages</strong> should be gzip compressed or not. Possible values are "gzip" or "plain"</li>
<li><code>resume</code> (hex) which value states whether or not the host can resume a previously created session;</li>
<li><code>timeout</code> (hex) which reports the number of seconds after which the server is allowed to drop connection if no messages from the client</li>
<li><code>maxerrors</code> (hex) the maximum number of errors the server will bear before abruptly close connection</li>
<li><code>node</code> (string) the node software version underlying the pool</li>
</ul>
<p>When the server replies back with <code>"encoding" : "gzip"</code> to the client, both parties <strong>MUST</strong> gzip compress all next messages. In case the client is not capable of compression it <strong>MUST</strong> close the connection immediately.
Should the server, after this reply, receive other messages as plain text, it <strong>MUST</strong> close the connection.</p>
<p>Eventually the client will continue with <code>mining.subscribe</code> (further on descripted)</p>
<p>Otherwise, in case of errors or rejection to start the conversation, the server <strong>MAY</strong> reply back with an error giving the other party useful information or, at server's maintainers discretion, abruptly close the connection.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">error</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">code</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 400</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">message</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Bad protocol request</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>or</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">error</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">code</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 403</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">message</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Forbidden - Banned IP address</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p><em>The above two JSON error values are only samples</em>
Eventually the server will close the connection.</p>
<p>Why a pool should advertise the node's version? It's a matter of transparency : miners should know whether or not pool have upgraded to latest patches/releases for node's software.</p>
<h3 id="session-handling-bye">Session Handling - Bye</h3>
<p>Disconnection are not gracefully handled in Stratum. Client disconnections from pool may be due to several errors and this leads to waste of TCP sockets on server's side which wait for keepalive timeouts to trigger. A useful notification is <code>mining.bye</code> which, once processed, allows both parties of the session to stop receiving and gracefully close TCP connections</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">mining.bye</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The party receiving this message aknowledges the other party wants to stop the conversation and closes the socket. The issuer will close too. The explicit issuance of this notification implies the session gets abandoned so no session resuming will be possible even on server which support session-resuming. Client reconnecting to the same server which implements session resuming <strong>SHOULD</strong> expect a new session id and <strong>MUST</strong> re-authorize all their workers.</p>
<h3 id="session-handling-session-subscription">Session Handling - Session Subscription</h3>
<p>After receiving the response to <code>mining.hello</code> from server, the client, in case the server does support session resuming <strong>MAY</strong> request to resume a previously interrupted session with <code>mining.subscribe</code> request:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">mining.subscribe</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">s-12345</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>where <code>params</code> is the id of the session the client wants to resume.</p>
<p>Otherwise, if client wants to start a new session <strong>OR</strong> server does not support session resuming, the request of subscription <strong>MUST</strong> omit the <code>params</code> member:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">mining.subscribe</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="session-handling-response-to-subscription">Session Handling - Response to Subscription</h3>
<p>A server receiving a client session subscription <strong>MUST</strong> reply back with</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">s-12345</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>A server receiving a subscription request with <code>params</code> being a string holding the session id. This cases may apply</p>
<ul>
<li>If session resuming is not supported <code>result</code> will hold a new session Id which <strong>MUST</strong> be a different value from the <code>session</code> member issued by client in previous <code>mining.subscribe</code> method</li>
<li>If session resuming is supported it will retrieve working values from cache and <code>result</code> will have the same id requested by the client. This means a session is "resumed": as a consequence the server <strong>CAN</strong> start pushing jobs omitting to precede them with <code>mining.set</code> (see below) and the client <strong>MUST</strong> continue to use values lastly received within the same session scope. In addition the client <strong>CAN</strong> omit to re-authorize all it's workers.</li>
<li>If session resuming is supported but the requested session has expired or it's cache values have been purged <code>result</code> will hold a new session Id which <strong>MUST</strong> be a different value from the <code>session</code> member issued by client in previous <code>mining.subscribe</code> method. As a consequence the server <strong>MUST</strong> wait for client to request authorization for it's workers and <strong>MUST</strong> send <code>mining.set</code> values before pushing jobs. The client <strong>MUST</strong> prepare for a new session discarding all previously cached values (if any).</li>
</ul>
<p>A server implementing session-resuming <strong>MUST</strong> cache:</p>
<ul>
<li>The session Ids</li>
<li>Any active job per session</li>
<li>The extraNonce</li>
<li>Any authorized worker</li>
</ul>
<p>Servers <strong>MAY</strong> drop entries from the cache on their own schedule. It's up to server to enforce session validation for same agent and/or ip.</p>
<p>A client which successfully subscribes and resumes session (the <code>session</code> value in server response is identical to <code>session</code> value requested by client on <code>mining.subscribe</code>) <strong>CAN</strong> omit to issue the authorization request for it's workers.</p>
<h3 id="session-handling-noop">Session Handling - Noop</h3>
<p>There are cases when a miner struggles to find a solution in a reasonable time so it may trigger the timeout imposed by the server in case of no communications (the server, in fact, may think the client got disconnected). To mitigate the problem a new method <code>mining.noop</code>(with no additional parameters) may be requested by the client.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 50</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">mining.noop</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="session-handling-reconnect">Session Handling - Reconnect</h3>
<p>Under certain circumstances the server may need to free some resources and or to relocate miners to another machine. Until now the only option for servers was to abruptly close the connection. On the miner's side this action is interpreted as a server malfunction and they, more often than not, switch to a failover pool.
The implementation of the notification <code>mining.reconnect</code> helps client to better merge with logic of handling of large mining pools.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">mining.reconnect</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">host</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">someotherhost.com</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">port</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">d80</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">resume</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>This notification is meant only from servers to clients. Should a server receive such a notification it will simply ignore it. After the notification has been properly sent, the server is ALLOWED to close the connection, while the client will take the proper actions to reconnect to the suggested end-point.
The <code>host</code> member in <code>params</code> object <strong>SHOULD</strong> report a host DNS name and not an IP address: TLS encrypted connections require to validate the CN name in the certificate which, 99% of the cases, is a host name.
The third member <code>resume</code> of the <code>params</code> object sets whether or not the receiving server is prepared for session resuming.
After this notification has been issued by the server, the client should expect no further messages and <strong>MUST</strong> disconnect.</p>
<h3 id="workers-authorization">Workers Authorization</h3>
<p>The miner <strong>MUST</strong> authorize at least one worker in order to begin receiving jobs and submit solutions or hashrates. The miner <strong>MAY</strong> authorize multiple workers in the same session. The server <strong>MUST</strong> allow authorization for multiple workers within a session and <strong>MUST</strong> validate at least one authorization from the client before starting to send jobs. A <code>worker</code> is a tuple of the address where rewards must be credited coupled with identifier of the machine actually doing the work. For Ethereum the most common form is <code><account>.<MachineName></code>. The same account can be bound to multiple machines. For pool's allowing anonymous mining the account is the address where rewards must be credited, while, for pools requiring registration, the account is the login name. Each time a solution is submitted by the client it must be labelled with the Worker identifier. It's up to server to keep the correct accounting for different addresses.</p>
<p>The syntax for the authorization request is the following:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 2</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">mining.authorize</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string"><account>[.<MachineName>]</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">password</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p><code>params</code> member must be an Array of 2 string elements. For anonymous mining the "password" can be any string value or empty but not null. Pools allowing anonymous mining will simply ignore the value.
The server <strong>MUST</strong> reply back either with an error or, in case of success, with</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 2</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">w-123</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Where the <code>result</code> member is a string which holds an unique - within the scope of the <code>session</code> - token which identifies the authorized worker. For every further request issued by the client, and related to a Worker action, the client <strong>MUST</strong> use the token given by the server in response to an <code>mining.authorize</code> request. This reduces the number of bytes transferred for solution and /or hashrate submission.</p>
<p>If client is resuming a previous session it <strong>CAN</strong> omit the authorization request for it's workers and, in this case, <strong>MUST</strong> use the tokens assigned in the originating session. It's up to the server to keep the correct map between tokens and workers.
The server receiving an authorization request where the credentials match previously authorized ones within the same session <strong>MUST</strong> reply back with the previously generated unique token.</p>
<h3 id="prepare-for-mining">Prepare for mining</h3>
<p>A lot of data is sent over the wire multiple times with useless redundancy. For instance the seed hash is meant to change only every 30000 blocks (roughly 5 days) while fixed-diff pools rarely change the work target. Moreover pools must optimize the search segments among miners trying to assign to every session a different "startNonce" (AKA extraNonce).
For this purpose the <code>notification</code> method <code>mining.set</code> allows to set (on miner's side) only those params which change less frequently. The server will keep track of seed, target and extraNonce at session level and will push a notification <code>mining.set</code> whenever any (or all) of those values change to the connected miner.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">mining.set</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">epoch</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">dc</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">target</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0112e0be826d694b2e62d01511f12a6061fbaec8bc02357593e70e52ba</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">algo</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">ethash</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">extranonce</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">af4c</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>At the beginning of each <code>session</code> the server <strong>MUST</strong> send this notification before any <code>mining.notify</code>. All values passed by this notification will be valid for all <strong>NEXT</strong> jobs until a new <code>mining.set</code> notification overwrites them. Description of members is as follows:</p>
<ul>
<li>optional <code>epoch</code> (hex) : unlike all actual Stratum implementations the server should inform the client of the epoch number instead of passing the seed hash. This is enforced by two reasons: the main one is that client has only one way to compute the epoch number and this is by a linear search from epoch 0 iteratively trying increasing epochs till the hash matches the seed hash. Second reason is that epoch number is more concise than seed hash. In the end the seed hash is only transmitted to inform the client about the epoch and is not involved in the mining algorithm.</li>
<li>optional <code>target</code> (hex) : this is the boundary hash already adjusted for pool difficulty. Unlike in EthereumStratum/1.0.0, which provides a <code>mining.set_difficulty</code> notification of an <em>index of difficulty</em>, the proponent opt to pass directly the boundary hash. If omitted the client <strong>MUST</strong> assume a boundary of <code>"0x00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"</code></li>
<li>optional <code>algo</code> (string) : the algorithm the miner is expected to mine on. If omitted the client <strong>MUST</strong> assume <code>"algo": "ethash"</code></li>
<li>optional <code>extranonce</code> (hex) : a starting search segment nonce assigned by server to clients so they possibly do not overlap their search segments. If server wants to "cancel" a previously set extranonce it must pass this member valued as an empty string.</li>
</ul>
<p>Whenever the server detects that one, or two, or three or four values change within the session, the server will issue a notification with one, or two or three or four members in the <code>param</code> object. For this reason on each <strong>new</strong> session the server <strong>MUST</strong> pass all four members. As a consequence the miner is instructed to adapt those values on <strong>next</strong> job which gets notified.
The new <code>algo</code> member is defined to be prepared for possible presence of algorithm variants to ethash, namely ethash1a or ProgPow.
Pools providing multicoin switching will take care to send a new <code>mining.set</code> to miners before pushing any job after a switch.
The client which can't support the data provided in the <code>mining.set</code> notification <strong>MAY</strong> close connection or stay idle till new values satisfy it's configuration (see <code>mining.noop</code>).
All client's implementations <strong>MUST</strong> be prepared to accept new extranonces during the session: unlike in EthereumStratum/1.0.0 the optional client advertisement <code>mining.extranonce.subscribe</code> is now implicit and mandatory.</p>
<p>The miner receiving the <code>extranonce</code> <strong>MUST</strong> initialize the search segment for next job resizing the extranonce to a hex of 16 bytes thus appending as many zeroes as needed.
Extranonce "af4c" means "<em>search segment of next jobs starts from 0xaf4c000000000000</em>"
If <code>extranonce</code> is valued to an empty string, or it's never been set within the session scope, the client is free pick any starting point of it's own search segment on subsequent <code>mining.notify</code> jobs.</p>
<h3 id="a-detail-of-extranonce">A detail of "extranonce"</h3>
<p>Miners connected to a pool might likely process the very same nonces thus wasting a lot of duplicate jobs. A <code>nonce</code> is any valid number which, applied to algorithm and job specifications, produces a result which is below a certain target. For every job pushed by server to client(s) there are 2^64 possible nonces to test.</p>
<p>To be noted that:</p>
<ul>
<li>Any nonce in the 2^64 has the very same possibility to be the right one.</li>
<li>A certain hashing job can be solved by more than one nonce</li>
</ul>
<p>Every "test" over a number is called a hash. Assuming a miner should receive a job for each block and considering the actual average block time of 15 seconds that would mean a miner should try</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span> ( 2^64 / 15 ) / 1T ~ 1,229,782.94 TeraHashes per second</span></span></code></pre>
<p>This computation capacity is well beyond any miner on the market (including ASICs). For this reason single miners can process only small chunks (segments) of this humongous range. The way miners pick the segments to search on is beyond the scope of this work. Fact is as miners are not coordinated there is no knowledge - for a single miner - of segments picked by other miners.
Extranonce concept is here to mitigate this possibility of duplicate jobs charging the server (the work provider) to give miners, at the maximum possible extent, different segments to search on.</p>
<p>Giving the above assumptions we can depict a nonce as any number in the hex range:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span> Min 0x0000000000000000</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> Max 0xffffffffffffffff</span></span></code></pre>
<p><em>the prefix 0x is voluntarily inserted here only to give a better visual representation</em>.</p>
<p>The <code>extranonce</code> is, at it's basics, the message of the server saying the client "<em>I give you the first number to start search from</em>". More in detail the <code>extranonce</code> is the leftmost part of that number.
Assume a pool notifies the client the usage of extranonce <code>ab5d</code> this means the client will see it's search segment narrowed as</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span> Min 0xab5d000000000000</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> Max 0xab5dffffffffffff</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Pushing an extranonce of 4 bytes (like in the example) will give pool the possibility to separate segment 65535 different miners ( or if you prefer 0xffff miners ) while leaving the miner still a segment of 2^48 possible nonces to search on.
Recalculating, as above, the computation capacity needed to search this segment we get</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span> ( 2^48 / 15 ) / 1T ~ 18.76 TeraHashes per second</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Which is still a wide segment where miners can randomly (or using other ergodic techniques) pick their internal search segments.</p>
<p>Extranonce <strong>MUST</strong> be passed with all relevant bytes (no omission of left zeroes) for a specific reason. Assume an extranonce of "01ac" : it has the same decimal value of "1ac" but the number of bytes changes thus changing available search segment</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span> When "01ac" When "1ac"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> Segment is Segment is</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> Min 0x01ac000000000000 Min 0x1ac0000000000000</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> Max 0x01acffffffffffff Max 0x1acfffffffffffff</span></span></code></pre>
<p>As you can see resulting segments are quite different</p>
<p>This all said pools (server), when making use of extranonce, <strong>MUST</strong> observe a maximum length of 6 bytes (hex).</p>
<h3 id="jobs-notification">Jobs notification</h3>
<p>When available server will dispatch jobs to connected miners issuing a <code>mining.notify</code> notification.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">mining.notify</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">bf0488aa</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">6526d5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">645cf20198c2f3861e947d4f67e3ab63b7b2e24dcc9095bd9123e7b33371f6cc</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p><code>params</code> member is made of 4 mandatory elements:</p>
<ul>
<li>1st element is jobId as specified by pool. To reduce the amount of data sent over the wire pools <strong>SHOULD</strong> keep their job IDs as concise as possible. Pushing a Job id which is identical to headerhash is a bad practice and is highly discouraged.</li>
<li>2nd element is the hex number of the block id</li>
<li>3rd element is the headerhash.</li>
<li>4th element is an hex boolean indicating whether or not eventually found shares from previous jobs will be accounted for sure as stale.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="solution-submission">Solution submission</h3>
<p>When a miner finds a solution for a job he is mining on it sends a <code>mining.submit</code> request to server.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 31</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">mining.submit</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">bf0488aa</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">68765fccd712</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">w-123</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>First element of <code>params</code> array is the jobId this solution refers to (as sent in the <code>mining.notify</code> message from the server). Second element is the <code>miner nonce</code> as hex. Third element is the token given to the worker previous <code>mining.authorize</code> request. Any <code>mining.submit</code> request bound to a worker which was not successfully authorized - i.e. the token does not exist in the session - <strong>MUST</strong> be rejected.</p>
<p>You'll notice in the sample above the <code>miner nonce</code> is only 12 bytes wide (should be 16). Why?
That's because in the previous <code>mining.set</code> the server has set an <code>extranonce</code> of <code>af4c</code>. This means the full nonce is <code>af4c68765fccd712</code>
In presence of extranonce the miner <strong>MUST</strong> submit only the chars to append to the extranonce to build the final hex value. If no extranonce is set for the session or for the work the miner <strong>MUST</strong> send all 16 bytes.</p>
<p>It's server duty to keep track of the tuples <code>job ids <-> extranonces</code> per session.</p>
<p>When the server receives this request it either responds success using the short form</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 31</span><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>or, in case of any error or condition with a detailed error object</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 31</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">error</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">code</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 404</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">message</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Job not found</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Client <strong>should</strong> treat errors as "soft" errors (stales) or "hard" (bad nonce computation, job not found etc.). Errors in 5xx range are server errors and suggest the miner to abandon the connection and switch to a failover.</p>
<h3 id="hashrate">Hashrate</h3>
<p>Most pools offer statistic information, in form of graphs or by API calls, about the calculated hashrate expressed by the miner while miners like to compare this data with the hashrate they read on their devices. Communication about parties of these information have never been coded in Stratum and most pools adopt the method from getWork named <code>eth_submitHashrate</code>.
In this document we propose an official implementation of the <code>mining.hashrate</code> request.
This method behaves differently when issued from client or from server.</p>
<h4 id="client-communicates-it-s-hashrate-to-server">Client communicates it's hashrate to server.</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-constant"> 16</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">mining.hashrate</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">500000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">w-123</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>where <code>params</code> is an array made of two elements: the first is a hexadecimal string representation (32 bytes) of the hashrate the miner reads on it's devices and the latter is the authorization token issued to worker this hashrate is refers to (see above for <code>mining.authorization</code>).
Server <strong>MUST</strong> respond back with either an aknowledgment message</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 16</span><span> }</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Optionally the server can reply back reporting it's findings about calculated hashrate <strong>for the same worker</strong>.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 16</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">4f0000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">w-123</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>In case of errors - for example when the client submits too frequently - with</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 16</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">error</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">code</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 220</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">message</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Enhance your calm. Too many requests</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h4 id="server-communicates-hashrate-to-client">Server communicates hashrate to client</h4>
<p>Optionally the server can <strong>notify</strong> client about it's overall performance (according to schedule set on server) with a <code>mining.hashrate</code> notification composed like this</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">mining.hashrate</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">interval</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 60</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">hr</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">500000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">accepted</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-constant">3692</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">20</span><span>]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">rejected</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Where <code>params</code> is an object which holds these members for values of the <strong>whole session</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>interval</code> (number) the width, in minutes, of the observation window. "<em>in the last x minutes we calculated ...</em>"</li>
<li><code>hr</code> (hex) representation of the hashrate the pool has calculated for the miner</li>
<li><code>accepted</code> is an array of two number elements : the first is the overall count of accepted shares and the second is the number of stale shares. The array must be interpreted as "total accepted of which x are stale"</li>
<li><code>rejected</code> (number) the overall number of rejected shares</li>
</ul>
<p>The client will eventually take internal actions to reset/restart it's workers.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Remote procedure call specification2018-10-02T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:28+00:00Paul Bouchonmail@bitpshr.netErik Markshttps://github.com/rekmarkshttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>This proposal defines a standard set of remote procedure call methods that an Ethereum node should implement.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>Nodes created by the current generation of Ethereum clients expose inconsistent and incompatible remote procedure call (RPC) methods because no formal Ethereum RPC specification exists. This proposal standardizes such a specification to provide developers with a predictable Ethereum RPC interface regardless of underlying node implementation.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<h3 id="concepts">Concepts</h3>
<h4 id="rfc-2119">RFC-2119</h4>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in <a rel="external" href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">RFC-2119</a>.</p>
<h4 id="json-rpc">JSON-RPC</h4>
<p>Communication with Ethereum nodes is accomplished using <a rel="external" href="https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification">JSON-RPC</a>, a stateless, lightweight <a rel="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_procedure_call">remote procedure call</a> protocol that uses <a rel="external" href="http://www.json.org/">JSON</a> as its data format. Ethereum RPC methods <strong>MUST</strong> be called using <a rel="external" href="https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification#request_object">JSON-RPC request objects</a> and <strong>MUST</strong> respond with <a rel="external" href="https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification#response_object">JSON-RPC response objects</a>.</p>
<h4 id="error-codes">Error codes</h4>
<p>If an Ethereum RPC method encounters an error, the <code>error</code> member included on the response object <strong>MUST</strong> be an object containing a <code>code</code> member and descriptive <code>message</code> member. The following list contains all possible error codes and associated messages:</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Code</th><th>Message</th><th>Meaning</th><th>Category</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>-32700</td><td>Parse error</td><td>Invalid JSON</td><td>standard</td></tr>
<tr><td>-32600</td><td>Invalid request</td><td>JSON is not a valid request object</td><td>standard</td></tr>
<tr><td>-32601</td><td>Method not found</td><td>Method does not exist</td><td>standard</td></tr>
<tr><td>-32602</td><td>Invalid params</td><td>Invalid method parameters</td><td>standard</td></tr>
<tr><td>-32603</td><td>Internal error</td><td>Internal JSON-RPC error</td><td>standard</td></tr>
<tr><td>-32000</td><td>Invalid input</td><td>Missing or invalid parameters</td><td>non-standard</td></tr>
<tr><td>-32001</td><td>Resource not found</td><td>Requested resource not found</td><td>non-standard</td></tr>
<tr><td>-32002</td><td>Resource unavailable</td><td>Requested resource not available</td><td>non-standard</td></tr>
<tr><td>-32003</td><td>Transaction rejected</td><td>Transaction creation failed</td><td>non-standard</td></tr>
<tr><td>-32004</td><td>Method not supported</td><td>Method is not implemented</td><td>non-standard</td></tr>
<tr><td>-32005</td><td>Limit exceeded</td><td>Request exceeds defined limit</td><td>non-standard</td></tr>
<tr><td>-32006</td><td>JSON-RPC version not supported</td><td>Version of JSON-RPC protocol is not supported</td><td>non-standard</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Example error response:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1337</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">error</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">code</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">32003,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">message</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Transaction rejected</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h4 id="value-encoding">Value encoding</h4>
<p>Specific types of values passed to and returned from Ethereum RPC methods require special encoding:</p>
<h5 id="quantity"><code>Quantity</code></h5>
<ul>
<li>A <code>Quantity</code> value <strong>MUST</strong> be hex-encoded.</li>
<li>A <code>Quantity</code> value <strong>MUST</strong> be "0x"-prefixed.</li>
<li>A <code>Quantity</code> value <strong>MUST</strong> be expressed using the fewest possible hex digits per byte.</li>
<li>A <code>Quantity</code> value <strong>MUST</strong> express zero as "0x0".</li>
</ul>
<p>Examples <code>Quantity</code> values:</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Value</th><th>Valid</th><th>Reason</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>0x</td><td><code>invalid</code></td><td>empty not a valid quantity</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x0</td><td><code>valid</code></td><td>interpreted as a quantity of zero</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x00</td><td><code>invalid</code></td><td>leading zeroes not allowed</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x41</td><td><code>valid</code></td><td>interpreted as a quantity of 65</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x400</td><td><code>valid</code></td><td>interpreted as a quantity of 1024</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x0400</td><td><code>invalid</code></td><td>leading zeroes not allowed</td></tr>
<tr><td>ff</td><td><code>invalid</code></td><td>values must be prefixed</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="block-identifier"><code>Block Identifier</code></h5>
<p>The RPC methods below take a default block identifier as a parameter.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>eth_getBalance</code></li>
<li><code>eth_getStorageAt</code></li>
<li><code>eth_getTransactionCount</code></li>
<li><code>eth_getCode</code></li>
<li><code>eth_call</code></li>
<li><code>eth_getProof</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Since there is no way to clearly distinguish between a <code>Data</code> parameter and a <code>Quantity</code> parameter, <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1898/">EIP-1898</a> provides a format to specify a block either using the block hash or block number. The block identifier is a JSON <code>object</code> with the following fields:</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Property</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><code>[blockNumber]</code></td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>}</td><td>The block in the canonical chain with this number</td></tr>
<tr><td>OR <code>[blockHash]</code></td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>The block uniquely identified by this hash. The <code>blockNumber</code> and <code>blockHash</code> properties are mutually exclusive; exactly one of them must be set.</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>requireCanonical</code></td><td>{<code>boolean</code>}</td><td>(optional) Whether or not to throw an error if the block is not in the canonical chain as described below. Only allowed in conjunction with the <code>blockHash</code> tag. Defaults to <code>false</code>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>If the block is not found, the callee SHOULD raise a JSON-RPC error (the recommended error code is <code>-32001: Resource not found</code>. If the tag is <code>blockHash</code> and <code>requireCanonical</code> is <code>true</code>, the callee SHOULD additionally raise a JSON-RPC error if the block is not in the canonical chain (the recommended error code is <code>-32000: Invalid input</code> and in any case should be different than the error code for the block not found case so that the caller can distinguish the cases). The block-not-found check SHOULD take precedence over the block-is-canonical check, so that if the block is not found the callee raises block-not-found rather than block-not-canonical.</p>
<h5 id="data"><code>Data</code></h5>
<ul>
<li>A <code>Data</code> value <strong>MUST</strong> be hex-encoded.</li>
<li>A <code>Data</code> value <strong>MUST</strong> be "0x"-prefixed.</li>
<li>A <code>Data</code> value <strong>MUST</strong> be expressed using two hex digits per byte.</li>
</ul>
<p>Examples <code>Data</code> values:</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Value</th><th>Valid</th><th>Reason</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>0x</td><td><code>valid</code></td><td>interpreted as empty data</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x0</td><td><code>invalid</code></td><td>each byte must be represented using two hex digits</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x00</td><td><code>valid</code></td><td>interpreted as a single zero byte</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x41</td><td><code>true</code></td><td>interpreted as a data value of 65</td></tr>
<tr><td>0x004200</td><td><code>true</code></td><td>interpreted as a data value of 16896</td></tr>
<tr><td>0xf0f0f</td><td><code>false</code></td><td>bytes require two hex digits</td></tr>
<tr><td>004200</td><td><code>false</code></td><td>values must be prefixed</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="proposing-changes">Proposing changes</h5>
<p>New Ethereum RPC methods and changes to existing methods <strong>MUST</strong> be proposed via the traditional EIP process. This allows for community consensus around new method implementations and proposed method modifications. RPC method proposals <strong>MUST</strong> reach "draft" status before being added to this proposal and the official Ethereum RPC specification defined herein.</p>
<h3 id="methods">Methods</h3>
<h4 id="web3-clientversion">web3_clientVersion</h4>
<h5 id="description">Description</h5>
<p>Returns the version of the current client</p>
<h5 id="parameters">Parameters</h5>
<p><em>(none)</em></p>
<h5 id="returns">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>string</code>} - client version</p>
<h5 id="example">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "web3_clientVersion",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": [],</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Mist/v0.9.3/darwin/go1.4.1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="web3-sha3">web3_sha3</h4>
<h5 id="description-1">Description</h5>
<p>Hashes data using the Keccak-256 algorithm</p>
<h5 id="parameters-1">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>data to hash</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-1">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} - Keccak-256 hash of the given data</p>
<h5 id="example-1">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "web3_sha3",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0x68656c6c6f20776f726c64"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xc94770007dda54cF92009BFF0dE90c06F603a09f</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="net-listening">net_listening</h4>
<h5 id="description-2">Description</h5>
<p>Determines if this client is listening for new network connections</p>
<h5 id="parameters-2">Parameters</h5>
<p><em>(none)</em></p>
<h5 id="returns-2">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>boolean</code>} - <code>true</code> if listening is active or <code>false</code> if listening is not active</p>
<h5 id="example-2">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "net_listening",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": []</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="net-peercount">net_peerCount</h4>
<h5 id="description-3">Description</h5>
<p>Returns the number of peers currently connected to this client</p>
<h5 id="parameters-3">Parameters</h5>
<p><em>(none)</em></p>
<h5 id="returns-3">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} - number of connected peers</p>
<h5 id="example-3">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "net_peerCount",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": []</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="net-version">net_version</h4>
<h5 id="description-4">Description</h5>
<p>Returns the chain ID associated with the current network</p>
<h5 id="parameters-4">Parameters</h5>
<p><em>(none)</em></p>
<h5 id="returns-4">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>string</code>} - chain ID associated with the current network</p>
<p>Common chain IDs:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>"1"</code> - Ethereum mainnet</li>
<li><code>"3"</code> - Ropsten testnet</li>
<li><code>"4"</code> - Rinkeby testnet</li>
<li><code>"42"</code> - Kovan testnet</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> See EIP-155 for a <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/155/#list-of-chain-id-s">complete list</a> of possible chain IDs.</p>
<h5 id="example-4">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "net_version",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": []</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">3</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-accounts">eth_accounts</h4>
<h5 id="description-5">Description</h5>
<p>Returns a list of addresses owned by this client</p>
<h5 id="parameters-5">Parameters</h5>
<p><em>(none)</em></p>
<h5 id="returns-5">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data[]</code></a>} - array of addresses</p>
<h5 id="example-5">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_accounts",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": []</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0xc94770007dda54cF92009BFF0dE90c06F603a09f</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-blocknumber">eth_blockNumber</h4>
<h5 id="description-6">Description</h5>
<p>Returns the number of the most recent block seen by this client</p>
<h5 id="parameters-6">Parameters</h5>
<p><em>(none)</em></p>
<h5 id="returns-6">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} - number of the latest block</p>
<h5 id="example-6">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_blockNumber",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": []</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xc94</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-call">eth_call</h4>
<h5 id="description-7">Description</h5>
<p>Executes a new message call immediately without submitting a transaction to the network</p>
<h5 id="parameters-7">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<code>object</code>}</td><td>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>[from]</code> - transaction sender<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>to</code> - transaction recipient or <code>null</code> if deploying a contract<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>[gas]</code> - gas provided for transaction execution<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>[gasPrice]</code> - price in wei of each gas used<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>[value]</code> - value in wei sent with this transaction<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>[data]</code> - contract code or a hashed method call with encoded args</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>|<code>string</code>|<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#block-identifier"><code>Block Identifier</code></a>}</td><td>block number, or one of <code>"latest"</code>, <code>"earliest"</code> or <code>"pending"</code>, or a block identifier as described in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#block-identifier"><code>Block Identifier</code></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-7">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} - return value of executed contract</p>
<h5 id="example-7">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_call",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": [{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "data": "0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8d46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f072445675058bb8eb970870f072445675",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "from": "0xb60e8dd61c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f07233155",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "gas": "0x76c0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "gasPrice": "0x9184e72a000",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "to": "0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f07244567",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "value": "0x9184e72a"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> }]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-coinbase">eth_coinbase</h4>
<h5 id="description-8">Description</h5>
<p>Returns the coinbase address for this client</p>
<h5 id="parameters-8">Parameters</h5>
<p><em>(none)</em></p>
<h5 id="returns-8">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} - coinbase address</p>
<h5 id="example-8">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_coinbase",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": []</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xc94770007dda54cF92009BFF0dE90c06F603a09f</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-estimategas">eth_estimateGas</h4>
<h5 id="description-9">Description</h5>
<p>Estimates the gas necessary to complete a transaction without submitting it to the network</p>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The resulting gas estimation may be significantly more than the amount of gas actually used by the transaction. This is due to a variety of reasons including EVM mechanics and node performance.</p>
<h5 id="parameters-9">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<code>object</code>}</td><td>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>[from]</code> - transaction sender<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>[to]</code> - transaction recipient<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>[gas]</code> - gas provided for transaction execution<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>[gasPrice]</code> - price in wei of each gas used<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>[value]</code> - value in wei sent with this transaction<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>[data]</code> - contract code or a hashed method call with encoded args</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>|<code>string</code>}</td><td>block number, or one of <code>"latest"</code>, <code>"earliest"</code> or <code>"pending"</code></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-9">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} - amount of gas required by transaction</p>
<h5 id="example-9">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_estimateGas",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": [{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "data": "0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8d46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f072445675058bb8eb970870f072445675",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "from": "0xb60e8dd61c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f07233155",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "gas": "0x76c0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "gasPrice": "0x9184e72a000",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "to": "0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f07244567",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "value": "0x9184e72a"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> }]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x5208</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-gasprice">eth_gasPrice</h4>
<h5 id="description-10">Description</h5>
<p>Returns the current price of gas expressed in wei</p>
<h5 id="parameters-10">Parameters</h5>
<p><em>(none)</em></p>
<h5 id="returns-10">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} - current gas price in wei</p>
<h5 id="example-10">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_gasPrice",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": []</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x09184e72a000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-getbalance">eth_getBalance</h4>
<h5 id="description-11">Description</h5>
<p>Returns the balance of an address in wei</p>
<h5 id="parameters-11">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>address to query for balance</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>|<code>string</code>|<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#block-identifier"><code>Block Identifier</code></a>}</td><td>block number, or one of <code>"latest"</code>, <code>"earliest"</code> or <code>"pending"</code>, or a block identifier as described in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#block-identifier"><code>Block Identifier</code></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-11">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} - balance of the provided account in wei</p>
<h5 id="example-11">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getBalance",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0xc94770007dda54cF92009BFF0dE90c06F603a09f", "latest"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0234c8a3397aab58</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-getblockbyhash">eth_getBlockByHash</h4>
<h5 id="description-12">Description</h5>
<p>Returns information about a block specified by hash</p>
<h5 id="parameters-12">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>hash of a block</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>{<code>boolean</code>}</td><td><code>true</code> will pull full transaction objects, <code>false</code> will pull transaction hashes</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-12">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>null|object</code>} - <code>null</code> if no block is found, otherwise a block object with the following members:</p>
<ul>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>extraData</code> - "extra data" field of this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>hash</code> - block hash or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>logsBloom</code> - logs bloom filter or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>miner</code> - address that received this block's mining rewards</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>nonce</code> - proof-of-work hash or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>parentHash</code> - parent block hash</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>receiptsRoot</code> -root of this block's receipts trie</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>sha3Uncles</code> - SHA3 of the uncles data in this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>stateRoot</code> - root of this block's final state trie</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>transactionsRoot</code> - root of this block's transaction trie</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>difficulty</code> - difficulty for this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>gasLimit</code> - maximum gas allowed in this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>gasUsed</code> - total used gas by all transactions in this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>number</code> - block number or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>size</code> - size of this block in bytes</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>timestamp</code> - unix timestamp of when this block was collated</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>totalDifficulty</code> - total difficulty of the chain until this block</li>
<li>{<code>Array<Transaction></code>} <code>transactions</code> - list of transaction objects or hashes</li>
<li>{<code>Array<Transaction></code>} <code>uncles</code> - list of uncle hashes</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="example-12">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getBlockByHash",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params":["0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331", true]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">difficulty</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">extraData</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasLimit</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9f759</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasUsed</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9f759</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">hash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">logsBloom</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">miner</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4e65fda2159562a496f9f3522f89122a3088497a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">nonce</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe04d296d2460cfb8472af2c5fd05b5a214109c25688d3704aed5484f9a7792f2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">number</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1b4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">parentHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9646252be9520f6e71339a8df9c55e4d7619deeb018d2a3f2d21fc165dde5eb5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sha3Uncles</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">size</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">stateRoot</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xd5855eb08b3387c0af375e9cdb6acfc05eb8f519e419b874b6ff2ffda7ed1dff</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">timestamp</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x54e34e8e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">totalDifficulty</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactions</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionsRoot</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">uncles</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x1606e5...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xd5145a9...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-getblockbynumber">eth_getBlockByNumber</h4>
<h5 id="description-13">Description</h5>
<p>Returns information about a block specified by number</p>
<h5 id="parameters-13">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>|<code>string</code>}</td><td>block number, or one of <code>"latest"</code>, <code>"earliest"</code> or <code>"pending"</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>{<code>boolean</code>}</td><td><code>true</code> will pull full transaction objects, <code>false</code> will pull transaction hashes</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-13">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>null|object</code>} - <code>null</code> if no block is found, otherwise a block object with the following members:</p>
<ul>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>extraData</code> - "extra data" field of this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>hash</code> - block hash or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>logsBloom</code> - logs bloom filter or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>miner</code> - address that received this block's mining rewards</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>nonce</code> - proof-of-work hash or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>parentHash</code> - parent block hash</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>receiptsRoot</code> -root of this block's receipts trie</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>sha3Uncles</code> - SHA3 of the uncles data in this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>stateRoot</code> - root of this block's final state trie</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>transactionsRoot</code> - root of this block's transaction trie</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>difficulty</code> - difficulty for this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>gasLimit</code> - maximum gas allowed in this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>gasUsed</code> - total used gas by all transactions in this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>number</code> - block number or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>size</code> - size of this block in bytes</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>timestamp</code> - unix timestamp of when this block was collated</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>totalDifficulty</code> - total difficulty of the chain until this block</li>
<li>{<code>Array<Transaction></code>} <code>transactions</code> - list of transaction objects or hashes</li>
<li>{<code>Array<Transaction></code>} <code>uncles</code> - list of uncle hashes</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="example-13">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getBlockByNumber",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params":["0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331", true]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">difficulty</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">extraData</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasLimit</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9f759</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasUsed</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9f759</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">hash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">logsBloom</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">miner</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4e65fda2159562a496f9f3522f89122a3088497a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">nonce</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe04d296d2460cfb8472af2c5fd05b5a214109c25688d3704aed5484f9a7792f2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">number</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1b4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">parentHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9646252be9520f6e71339a8df9c55e4d7619deeb018d2a3f2d21fc165dde5eb5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sha3Uncles</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">size</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">stateRoot</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xd5855eb08b3387c0af375e9cdb6acfc05eb8f519e419b874b6ff2ffda7ed1dff</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">timestamp</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x54e34e8e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">totalDifficulty</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactions</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionsRoot</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">uncles</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x1606e5...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xd5145a9...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-getblocktransactioncountbyhash">eth_getBlockTransactionCountByHash</h4>
<h5 id="description-14">Description</h5>
<p>Returns the number of transactions in a block specified by block hash</p>
<h5 id="parameters-14">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>hash of a block</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-14">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} - number of transactions in the specified block</p>
<h5 id="example-14">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getBlockTransactionCountByHash",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0xc94770007dda54cF92009BFF0dE90c06F603a09f"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xc</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-getblocktransactioncountbynumber">eth_getBlockTransactionCountByNumber</h4>
<h5 id="description-15">Description</h5>
<p>Returns the number of transactions in a block specified by block number</p>
<h5 id="parameters-15">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>|<code>string</code>}</td><td>block number, or one of <code>"latest"</code>, <code>"earliest"</code> or <code>"pending"</code></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-15">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} - number of transactions in the specified block</p>
<h5 id="example-15">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getBlockTransactionCountByNumber",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0xe8"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xa</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-getcode">eth_getCode</h4>
<h5 id="description-16">Description</h5>
<p>Returns the contract code stored at a given address</p>
<h5 id="parameters-16">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>address to query for code</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>|<code>string</code>|<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#block-identifier"><code>Block Identifier</code></a>}</td><td>block number, or one of <code>"latest"</code>, <code>"earliest"</code> or <code>"pending"</code>, or a block identifier as described in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#block-identifier"><code>Block Identifier</code></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-16">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} - code from the specified address</p>
<h5 id="example-16">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getCode",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b", "0x2"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x600160008035811a818181146012578301005b601b6001356025565b8060005260206000f25b600060078202905091905056</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-getfilterchanges">eth_getFilterChanges</h4>
<h5 id="description-17">Description</h5>
<p>Returns a list of all logs based on filter ID since the last log retrieval</p>
<h5 id="parameters-17">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>}</td><td>ID of the filter</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-17">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>Array<Log></code>} - array of log objects with the following members:</p>
<ul>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>address</code> - address from which this log originated</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>blockHash</code> - hash of block containing this log or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>data</code> - contains the non-indexed arguments of the log</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>transactionHash</code> - hash of the transaction that created this log or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>blockNumber</code> - number of block containing this log or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>logIndex</code> - index of this log within its block or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>transactionIndex</code> - index of the transaction that created this log or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data[]</code></a>} <code>topics</code> - list of order-dependent topics</li>
<li>{<code>boolean</code>} <code>removed</code> - <code>true</code> if this filter has been destroyed and is invalid</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The return value of <code>eth_getFilterChanges</code> when retrieving logs from <code>eth_newBlockFilter</code> and <code>eth_newPendingTransactionFilter</code> filters will be an array of hashes, not an array of Log objects.</p>
<h5 id="example-17">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getFilterChanges",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0x16"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">address</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x16c5785ac562ff41e2dcfdf829c5a142f1fccd7d</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">blockHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x8216c5785ac562ff41e2dcfdf5785ac562ff41e2dcfdf829c5a142f1fccd7d</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">blockNumber</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x1b4</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">data</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">logIndex</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">topics</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>],</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xdf829c5a142f1fccd7d8216c5785ac562ff41e2dcfdf5785ac562ff41e2dcf</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionIndex</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-getfilterlogs">eth_getFilterLogs</h4>
<h5 id="description-18">Description</h5>
<p>Returns a list of all logs based on filter ID</p>
<h5 id="parameters-18">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>}</td><td>ID of the filter</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-18">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>Array<Log></code>} - array of log objects with the following members:</p>
<ul>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} address - address from which this log originated</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} blockHash - hash of block containing this log or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} data - contains the non-indexed arguments of the log</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} transactionHash - hash of the transaction that created this log or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} blockNumber - number of block containing this log or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} logIndex - index of this log within its block or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} transactionIndex - index of the transaction that created this log or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<code>Array<Data></code>} topics - list of order-dependent topics</li>
<li>{<code>boolean</code>} removed - <code>true</code> if this filter has been destroyed and is invalid</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The return value of <code>eth_getFilterLogs</code> when retrieving logs from <code>eth_newBlockFilter</code> and <code>eth_newPendingTransactionFilter</code> filters will be an array of hashes, not an array of Log objects.</p>
<h5 id="example-18">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getFilterLogs",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0x16"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">address</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x16c5785ac562ff41e2dcfdf829c5a142f1fccd7d</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">blockHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x8216c5785ac562ff41e2dcfdf5785ac562ff41e2dcfdf829c5a142f1fccd7d</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">blockNumber</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x1b4</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">data</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">logIndex</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">topics</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>],</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xdf829c5a142f1fccd7d8216c5785ac562ff41e2dcfdf5785ac562ff41e2dcf</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionIndex</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-getlogs">eth_getLogs</h4>
<h5 id="description-19">Description</h5>
<p>Returns a list of all logs based on a filter object</p>
<h5 id="parameters-19">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<code>object</code>}</td><td>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>|<code>string</code>} <code>[fromBlock]</code> - block number, or one of <code>"latest"</code>, <code>"earliest"</code> or <code>"pending"</code><br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>|<code>string</code>} <code>[toBlock]</code> - block number, or one of <code>"latest"</code>, <code>"earliest"</code> or <code>"pending"</code><br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>|<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data[]</code></a>} <code>[address]</code> - contract address or a list of addresses from which logs should originate<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data[]</code></a>} <code>[topics]</code> - list of order-dependent topics<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>[blockhash]</code> - restrict logs to a block by hash</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> If <code>blockhash</code> is passed, neither <code>fromBlock</code> nor <code>toBlock</code> are allowed or respected.</p>
<h5 id="returns-19">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>Array<Log></code>} - array of log objects with the following members:</p>
<ul>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>address</code> - address from which this log originated</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>blockHash</code> - hash of block containing this log or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>data</code> - contains the non-indexed arguments of the log</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>transactionHash</code> - hash of the transaction that created this log or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>blockNumber</code> - number of block containing this log or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>logIndex</code> - index of this log within its block or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>transactionIndex</code> - index of the transaction that created this log or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>topics</code> - list of order-dependent topics</li>
<li>{<code>boolean</code>} <code>removed</code> - <code>true</code> if this filter has been destroyed and is invalid</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="example-19">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getLogs",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": [{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "topics":["0x000000000000000000000000a94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> }]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">address</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x16c5785ac562ff41e2dcfdf829c5a142f1fccd7d</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">blockHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x8216c5785ac562ff41e2dcfdf5785ac562ff41e2dcfdf829c5a142f1fccd7d</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">blockNumber</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x1b4</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">data</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">logIndex</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">topics</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>],</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xdf829c5a142f1fccd7d8216c5785ac562ff41e2dcfdf5785ac562ff41e2dcf</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionIndex</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-getstorageat">eth_getStorageAt</h4>
<h5 id="description-20">Description</h5>
<p>Returns the value from a storage position at an address</p>
<h5 id="parameters-20">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>address of stored data</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>}</td><td>index into stored data</td></tr>
<tr><td>3</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>|<code>string</code>|<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#block-identifier"><code>Block Identifier</code></a>}</td><td>block number, or one of <code>"latest"</code>, <code>"earliest"</code> or <code>"pending"</code>, or a block identifier as described in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#block-identifier"><code>Block Identifier</code></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-20">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} - value stored at the given address and data index</p>
<h5 id="example-20">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getStorageAt",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0x295a70b2de5e3953354a6a8344e616ed314d7251", "0x0", "latest"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004d2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-gettransactionbyblockhashandindex">eth_getTransactionByBlockHashAndIndex</h4>
<h5 id="description-21">Description</h5>
<p>Returns information about a transaction specified by block hash and transaction index</p>
<h5 id="parameters-21">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>hash of a block</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>}</td><td>index of a transaction in the specified block</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-21">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>null|object</code>} - <code>null</code> if no transaction is found, otherwise a transaction object with the following members:</p>
<ul>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>r</code> - ECDSA signature r</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>s</code> - ECDSA signature s</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>blockHash</code> - hash of block containing this transaction or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>from</code> - transaction sender</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>hash</code> - hash of this transaction</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>input</code> - contract code or a hashed method call</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>to</code> - transaction recipient or <code>null</code> if deploying a contract</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>v</code> - ECDSA recovery ID</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>blockNumber</code> - number of block containing this transaction or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>gas</code> - gas provided for transaction execution</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>gasPrice</code> - price in wei of each gas used</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>nonce</code> - unique number identifying this transaction</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>transactionIndex</code> - index of this transaction in the block or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>value</code> - value in wei sent with this transaction</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="example-21">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getTransactionByBlockHashAndIndex",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params":["0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331", "0x0"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">blockHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1d59ff54b1eb26b013ce3cb5fc9dab3705b415a67127a003c3e61eb445bb8df2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">blockNumber</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x5daf3b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">from</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xa7d9ddbe1f17865597fbd27ec712455208b6b76d</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gas</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xc350</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasPrice</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4a817c800</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">hash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x88df016429689c079f3b2f6ad39fa052532c56795b733da78a91ebe6a713944b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">input</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x68656c6c6f21</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">nonce</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x15</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">r</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1b5e176d927f8e9ab405058b2d2457392da3e20f328b16ddabcebc33eaac5fea</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">s</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4ba69724e8f69de52f0125ad8b3c5c2cef33019bac3249e2c0a2192766d1721c</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">to</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xf02c1c8e6114b1dbe8937a39260b5b0a374432bb</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionIndex</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x41</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">v</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x25</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">value</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xf3dbb76162000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-gettransactionbyblocknumberandindex">eth_getTransactionByBlockNumberAndIndex</h4>
<h5 id="description-22">Description</h5>
<p>Returns information about a transaction specified by block number and transaction index</p>
<h5 id="parameters-22">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>|<code>string</code>}</td><td>block number, or one of <code>"latest"</code>, <code>"earliest"</code> or <code>"pending"</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>}</td><td>index of a transaction in the specified block</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-22">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>null|object</code>} - <code>null</code> if no transaction is found, otherwise a transaction object with the following members:</p>
<ul>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>r</code> - ECDSA signature r</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>s</code> - ECDSA signature s</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>blockHash</code> - hash of block containing this transaction or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>from</code> - transaction sender</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>hash</code> - hash of this transaction</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>input</code> - contract code or a hashed method call</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>to</code> - transaction recipient or <code>null</code> if deploying a contract</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>v</code> - ECDSA recovery ID</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>blockNumber</code> - number of block containing this transaction or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>gas</code> - gas provided for transaction execution</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>gasPrice</code> - price in wei of each gas used</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>nonce</code> - unique number identifying this transaction</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>transactionIndex</code> - index of this transaction in the block or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>value</code> - value in wei sent with this transaction</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="example-22">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getTransactionByBlockNumberAndIndex",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params":["0x29c", "0x0"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">blockHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1d59ff54b1eb26b013ce3cb5fc9dab3705b415a67127a003c3e61eb445bb8df2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">blockNumber</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x5daf3b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">from</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xa7d9ddbe1f17865597fbd27ec712455208b6b76d</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gas</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xc350</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasPrice</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4a817c800</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">hash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x88df016429689c079f3b2f6ad39fa052532c56795b733da78a91ebe6a713944b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">input</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x68656c6c6f21</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">nonce</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x15</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">r</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1b5e176d927f8e9ab405058b2d2457392da3e20f328b16ddabcebc33eaac5fea</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">s</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4ba69724e8f69de52f0125ad8b3c5c2cef33019bac3249e2c0a2192766d1721c</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">to</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xf02c1c8e6114b1dbe8937a39260b5b0a374432bb</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionIndex</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x41</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">v</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x25</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">value</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xf3dbb76162000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-gettransactionbyhash">eth_getTransactionByHash</h4>
<h5 id="description-23">Description</h5>
<p>Returns information about a transaction specified by hash</p>
<h5 id="parameters-23">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>hash of a transaction</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-23">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>null|object</code>} - <code>null</code> if no transaction is found, otherwise a transaction object with the following members:</p>
<ul>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>r</code> - ECDSA signature r</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>s</code> - ECDSA signature s</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>blockHash</code> - hash of block containing this transaction or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>from</code> - transaction sender</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>hash</code> - hash of this transaction</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>input</code> - contract code or a hashed method call</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>to</code> - transaction recipient or <code>null</code> if deploying a contract</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>v</code> - ECDSA recovery ID</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>blockNumber</code> - number of block containing this transaction or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>gas</code> - gas provided for transaction execution</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>gasPrice</code> - price in wei of each gas used</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>nonce</code> - unique number identifying this transaction</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>transactionIndex</code> - index of this transaction in the block or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>value</code> - value in wei sent with this transaction</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="example-23">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getTransactionByHash",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0x88df016429689c079f3b2f6ad39fa052532c56795b733da78a91ebe6a713944b"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">blockHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1d59ff54b1eb26b013ce3cb5fc9dab3705b415a67127a003c3e61eb445bb8df2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">blockNumber</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x5daf3b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">from</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xa7d9ddbe1f17865597fbd27ec712455208b6b76d</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gas</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xc350</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasPrice</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4a817c800</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">hash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x88df016429689c079f3b2f6ad39fa052532c56795b733da78a91ebe6a713944b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">input</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x68656c6c6f21</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">nonce</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x15</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">r</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1b5e176d927f8e9ab405058b2d2457392da3e20f328b16ddabcebc33eaac5fea</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">s</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4ba69724e8f69de52f0125ad8b3c5c2cef33019bac3249e2c0a2192766d1721c</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">to</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xf02c1c8e6114b1dbe8937a39260b5b0a374432bb</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionIndex</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x41</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">v</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x25</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">value</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xf3dbb76162000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-gettransactioncount">eth_getTransactionCount</h4>
<h5 id="description-24">Description</h5>
<p>Returns the number of transactions sent from an address</p>
<h5 id="parameters-24">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>address to query for sent transactions</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>|<code>string</code>|<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#block-identifier"><code>Block Identifier</code></a>}</td><td>block number, or one of <code>"latest"</code>, <code>"earliest"</code> or <code>"pending"</code>, or a block identifier as described in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#block-identifier"><code>Block Identifier</code></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-24">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} - number of transactions sent from the specified address</p>
<h5 id="example-24">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getTransactionCount",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0xc94770007dda54cF92009BFF0dE90c06F603a09f", "latest"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-gettransactionreceipt">eth_getTransactionReceipt</h4>
<h5 id="description-25">Description</h5>
<p>Returns the receipt of a transaction specified by hash</p>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> Transaction receipts are unavailable for pending transactions.</p>
<h5 id="parameters-25">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>hash of a transaction</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-25">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>null|object</code>} - <code>null</code> if no transaction is found, otherwise a transaction receipt object with the following members:</p>
<ul>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>blockHash</code> - hash of block containing this transaction</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>contractAddress</code> - address of new contract or <code>null</code> if no contract was created</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>from</code> - transaction sender</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>logsBloom</code> - logs bloom filter</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>to</code> - transaction recipient or <code>null</code> if deploying a contract</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>transactionHash</code> - hash of this transaction</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>blockNumber</code> - number of block containing this transaction</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>cumulativeGasUsed</code> - gas used by this and all preceding transactions in this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>gasUsed</code> - gas used by this transaction</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>status</code> - <code>1</code> if this transaction was successful or <code>0</code> if it failed</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>transactionIndex</code> - index of this transaction in the block</li>
<li>{<code>Array<Log></code>} <code>logs</code> - list of log objects generated by this transaction</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="example-25">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getTransactionReceipt",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0xb903239f8543d04b5dc1ba6579132b143087c68db1b2168786408fcbce568238"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">blockHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">0xc6ef2fc5426d6ad6fd9e2a26abeab0aa2411b7ab17f30a99d3cb96aed1d1055b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">blockNumber</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">0xb</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">contractAddress</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">0xb60e8dd61c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f07233155</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">cumulativeGasUsed</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">0x33bc</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasUsed</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">0x4dc</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">logs</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>],</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">logsBloom</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x00...0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">status</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">0xb903239f8543d04b5dc1ba6579132b143087c68db1b2168786408fcbce568238</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionIndex</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-getunclebyblockhashandindex">eth_getUncleByBlockHashAndIndex</h4>
<h5 id="description-26">Description</h5>
<p>Returns information about an uncle specified by block hash and uncle index position</p>
<h5 id="parameters-26">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>hash of a block</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>}</td><td>index of uncle</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-26">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>null|object</code>} - <code>null</code> if no block or uncle is found, otherwise an uncle object with the following members:</p>
<ul>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>extraData</code> - "extra data" field of this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>hash</code> - block hash or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>logsBloom</code> - logs bloom filter or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>miner</code> - address that received this block's mining rewards</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>nonce</code> - proof-of-work hash or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>parentHash</code> - parent block hash</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>receiptsRoot</code> -root of this block's receipts trie</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>sha3Uncles</code> - SHA3 of the uncles data in this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>stateRoot</code> - root of this block's final state trie</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>transactionsRoot</code> - root of this block's transaction trie</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>difficulty</code> - difficulty for this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>gasLimit</code> - maximum gas allowed in this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>gasUsed</code> - total used gas by all transactions in this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>number</code> - block number or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>size</code> - size of this block in bytes</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>timestamp</code> - unix timestamp of when this block was collated</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>totalDifficulty</code> - total difficulty of the chain until this block</li>
<li>{<code>Array<Transaction></code>} <code>uncles</code> - list of uncle hashes</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="example-26">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getUncleByBlockHashAndIndex",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0xc6ef2fc5426d6ad6fd9e2a26abeab0aa2411b7ab17f30a99d3cb96aed1d1055b", "0x0"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">difficulty</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">extraData</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasLimit</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9f759</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasUsed</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9f759</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">hash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">logsBloom</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">miner</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4e65fda2159562a496f9f3522f89122a3088497a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">nonce</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe04d296d2460cfb8472af2c5fd05b5a214109c25688d3704aed5484f9a7792f2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">number</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1b4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">parentHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9646252be9520f6e71339a8df9c55e4d7619deeb018d2a3f2d21fc165dde5eb5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sha3Uncles</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">size</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">stateRoot</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xd5855eb08b3387c0af375e9cdb6acfc05eb8f519e419b874b6ff2ffda7ed1dff</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">timestamp</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x54e34e8e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">totalDifficulty</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionsRoot</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">uncles</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-getunclebyblocknumberandindex">eth_getUncleByBlockNumberAndIndex</h4>
<h5 id="description-27">Description</h5>
<p>Returns information about an uncle specified by block number and uncle index position</p>
<h5 id="parameters-27">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>|<code>string</code>}</td><td>block number, or one of <code>"latest"</code>, <code>"earliest"</code> or <code>"pending"</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>}</td><td>index of uncle</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-27">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>null|object</code>} - <code>null</code> if no block or uncle is found, otherwise an uncle object with the following members:</p>
<ul>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>extraData</code> - "extra data" field of this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>hash</code> - block hash or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>logsBloom</code> - logs bloom filter or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>miner</code> - address that received this block's mining rewards</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>nonce</code> - proof-of-work hash or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>parentHash</code> - parent block hash</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>receiptsRoot</code> -root of this block's receipts trie</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>sha3Uncles</code> - SHA3 of the uncles data in this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>stateRoot</code> - root of this block's final state trie</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>transactionsRoot</code> - root of this block's transaction trie</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>difficulty</code> - difficulty for this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>gasLimit</code> - maximum gas allowed in this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>gasUsed</code> - total used gas by all transactions in this block</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>number</code> - block number or <code>null</code> if pending</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>size</code> - size of this block in bytes</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>timestamp</code> - unix timestamp of when this block was collated</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>totalDifficulty</code> - total difficulty of the chain until this block</li>
<li>{<code>Array<Transaction></code>} <code>uncles</code> - list of uncle hashes</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="example-27">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getUncleByBlockNumberAndIndex",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0x29c", "0x0"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">difficulty</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">extraData</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasLimit</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9f759</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gasUsed</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9f759</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">hash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">logsBloom</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">miner</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4e65fda2159562a496f9f3522f89122a3088497a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">nonce</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe04d296d2460cfb8472af2c5fd05b5a214109c25688d3704aed5484f9a7792f2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">number</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1b4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">parentHash</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x9646252be9520f6e71339a8df9c55e4d7619deeb018d2a3f2d21fc165dde5eb5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sha3Uncles</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">size</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">stateRoot</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xd5855eb08b3387c0af375e9cdb6acfc05eb8f519e419b874b6ff2ffda7ed1dff</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">timestamp</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x54e34e8e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">totalDifficulty</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x027f07</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">transactionsRoot</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">uncles</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-getunclecountbyblockhash">eth_getUncleCountByBlockHash</h4>
<h5 id="description-28">Description</h5>
<p>Returns the number of uncles in a block specified by block hash</p>
<h5 id="parameters-28">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>hash of a block</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-28">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} - number of uncles in the specified block</p>
<h5 id="example-28">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getUncleCountByBlockHash",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0xc94770007dda54cF92009BFF0dE90c06F603a09f"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xc</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-getunclecountbyblocknumber">eth_getUncleCountByBlockNumber</h4>
<h5 id="description-29">Description</h5>
<p>Returns the number of uncles in a block specified by block number</p>
<h5 id="parameters-29">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>|<code>string</code>}</td><td>block number, or one of <code>"latest"</code>, <code>"earliest"</code> or <code>"pending"</code></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-29">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} - number of uncles in the specified block</p>
<h5 id="example-29">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getUncleCountByBlockNumber",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0xe8"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-getwork">eth_getWork</h4>
<h5 id="description-30">Description</h5>
<p>Returns a list containing relevant information for proof-of-work</p>
<h5 id="parameters-30">Parameters</h5>
<p><em>none</em></p>
<h5 id="returns-30">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data[]</code></a>} - array with the following items:</p>
<ol>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} - current block header pow-hash</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} - seed hash used for the DAG</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} - boundary condition ("target"), 2^256 / difficulty</li>
</ol>
<h5 id="example-30">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_getWork",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": []</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0x5EED00000000000000000000000000005EED0000000000000000000000000000</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-entity z-name">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">0xd1ff1c01710000000000000000000000d1ff1c01710000000000000000000000</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-hashrate">eth_hashrate</h4>
<h5 id="description-31">Description</h5>
<p>Returns the number of hashes-per-second this node is mining at</p>
<h5 id="parameters-31">Parameters</h5>
<p><em>(none)</em></p>
<h5 id="returns-31">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} - number of hashes-per-second</p>
<h5 id="example-31">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_hashrate",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": []</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x38a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-mining">eth_mining</h4>
<h5 id="description-32">Description</h5>
<p>Determines if this client is mining new blocks</p>
<h5 id="parameters-32">Parameters</h5>
<p><em>(none)</em></p>
<h5 id="returns-32">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>boolean</code>} - <code>true</code> if this client is mining or <code>false</code> if it is not mining</p>
<h5 id="example-32">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_mining",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": []</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-newblockfilter">eth_newBlockFilter</h4>
<h5 id="description-33">Description</h5>
<p>Creates a filter to listen for new blocks that can be used with <code>eth_getFilterChanges</code></p>
<h5 id="parameters-33">Parameters</h5>
<p><em>none</em></p>
<h5 id="returns-33">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} - ID of the newly-created filter that can be used with <code>eth_getFilterChanges</code></p>
<h5 id="example-33">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_newBlockFilter",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": []</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-newfilter">eth_newFilter</h4>
<h5 id="description-34">Description</h5>
<p>Creates a filter to listen for specific state changes that can then be used with <code>eth_getFilterChanges</code></p>
<h5 id="parameters-34">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<code>object</code>}</td><td>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>|<code>string</code>} <code>[fromBlock]</code> - block number, or one of <code>"latest"</code>, <code>"earliest"</code> or <code>"pending"</code><br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>|<code>string</code>} <code>[toBlock]</code> - block number, or one of <code>"latest"</code>, <code>"earliest"</code> or <code>"pending"</code><br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>|<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data[]</code></a>} <code>[address]</code> - contract address or a list of addresses from which logs should originate<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data[]</code></a>} <code>[topics]</code> - list of order-dependent topics</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> Topics are order-dependent. A transaction with a log with topics <code>[A, B]</code> will be matched by the following topic filters:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>[]</code> - "anything"</li>
<li><code>[A]</code> - "A in first position (and anything after)"</li>
<li><code>[null, B]</code> - "anything in first position AND B in second position (and anything after)"</li>
<li><code>[A, B]</code> - "A in first position AND B in second position (and anything after)"</li>
<li><code>[[A, B], [A, B]]</code> - "(A OR B) in first position AND (A OR B) in second position (and anything after)"</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="returns-34">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} - ID of the newly-created filter that can be used with <code>eth_getFilterChanges</code></p>
<h5 id="example-34">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_newFilter",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": [{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "topics": ["0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012341234"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> }]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-newpendingtransactionfilter">eth_newPendingTransactionFilter</h4>
<h5 id="description-35">Description</h5>
<p>Creates a filter to listen for new pending transactions that can be used with <code>eth_getFilterChanges</code></p>
<h5 id="parameters-35">Parameters</h5>
<p><em>none</em></p>
<h5 id="returns-35">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} - ID of the newly-created filter that can be used with <code>eth_getFilterChanges</code></p>
<h5 id="example-35">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_newPendingTransactionFilter",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": []</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-protocolversion">eth_protocolVersion</h4>
<h5 id="description-36">Description</h5>
<p>Returns the current Ethereum protocol version</p>
<h5 id="parameters-36">Parameters</h5>
<p><em>(none)</em></p>
<h5 id="returns-36">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>string</code>} - current Ethereum protocol version</p>
<h5 id="example-36">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_protocolVersion",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": []</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">54</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-sendrawtransaction">eth_sendRawTransaction</h4>
<h5 id="description-37">Description</h5>
<p>Sends and already-signed transaction to the network</p>
<h5 id="parameters-37">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>signed transaction data</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-37">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} - transaction hash, or the zero hash if the transaction is not yet available</p>
<h5 id="example-37">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_sendRawTransaction",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8d46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f072445675058bb8eb970870f072445675"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-sendtransaction">eth_sendTransaction</h4>
<h5 id="description-38">Description</h5>
<p>Creates, signs, and sends a new transaction to the network</p>
<h5 id="parameters-38">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<code>object</code>}</td><td>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>from</code> - transaction sender<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>[to]</code> - transaction recipient<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>[gas="0x15f90"]</code> - gas provided for transaction execution<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>[gasPrice]</code> - price in wei of each gas used<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>[value]</code> - value in wei sent with this transaction<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>[data]</code> - contract code or a hashed method call with encoded args<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>[nonce]</code> - unique number identifying this transaction</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-38">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} - transaction hash, or the zero hash if the transaction is not yet available</p>
<h5 id="example-38">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_sendTransaction",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": [{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "data": "0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8d46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f072445675058bb8eb970870f072445675",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "from": "0xb60e8dd61c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f07233155",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "gas": "0x76c0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "gasPrice": "0x9184e72a000",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "to": "0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f07244567",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "value": "0x9184e72a"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> }]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-sign">eth_sign</h4>
<h5 id="description-39">Description</h5>
<p>Calculates an Ethereum-specific signature in the form of <code>keccak256("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n" + len(message) + message))</code></p>
<h5 id="parameters-39">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>address to use for signing</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>data to sign</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-39">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} - signature hash of the provided data</p>
<h5 id="example-39">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_sign",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0x9b2055d370f73ec7d8a03e965129118dc8f5bf83", "0xdeadbeaf"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xa3f20717a250c2b0b729b7e5becbff67fdaef7e0699da4de7ca5895b02a170a12d887fd3b17bfdce3481f10bea41f45ba9f709d39ce8325427b57afcfc994cee1b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-signtransaction">eth_signTransaction</h4>
<h5 id="description-40">Description</h5>
<p>Signs a transaction that can be submitted to the network at a later time using with <code>eth_sendRawTransaction</code></p>
<h5 id="parameters-40">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<code>object</code>}</td><td>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>from</code> - transaction sender<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>[to]</code> - transaction recipient<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>[gas="0x15f90"]</code> - gas provided for transaction execution<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>[gasPrice]</code> - price in wei of each gas used<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>[value]</code> - value in wei sent with this transaction<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} <code>[data]</code> - contract code or a hashed method call with encoded args<br/>@property {<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>[nonce]</code> - unique number identifying this transaction</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-40">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} - signature hash of the transaction object</p>
<h5 id="example-40">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_signTransaction",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": [{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "data": "0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8d46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f072445675058bb8eb970870f072445675",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "from": "0xb60e8dd61c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f07233155",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "gas": "0x76c0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "gasPrice": "0x9184e72a000",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "to": "0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f07244567",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "value": "0x9184e72a"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> }]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xa3f20717a250c2b0b729b7e5becbff67fdaef7e0699da4de7ca5895b02a170a12d887fd3b17bfdce3481f10bea41f45ba9f709d39ce8325427b57afcfc994cee1b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-signtypeddata">eth_signTypedData</h4>
<h5 id="description-41">Description</h5>
<p>Calculates an Ethereum-specific signature in the form of <code>keccak256("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n" + len(message) + message))</code></p>
<h5 id="parameters-41">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>address to use for signing</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>message to sign containing type information, a domain separator, and data</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> Client developers should refer to EIP-712 for complete semantics around <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/712/#specification">encoding and signing data</a>. Dapp developers should refer to EIP-712 for the expected structure of <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/712/#parameters">RPC method input parameters</a>.</p>
<h5 id="returns-41">Returns</h5>
<p>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>} - signature hash of the provided message</p>
<h5 id="example-41">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_signTypedData",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0xCD2a3d9F938E13CD947Ec05AbC7FE734Df8DD826", {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "types": {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "EIP712Domain": [{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "name": "name",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "type": "string"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> }, {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "name": "version",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "type": "string"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> }, {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "name": "chainId",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "type": "uint256"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> }, {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "name": "verifyingContract",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "type": "address"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> }],</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "Person": [{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "name": "name",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "type": "string"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> }, {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "name": "wallet",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "type": "address"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> }],</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "Mail": [{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "name": "from",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "type": "Person"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> }, {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "name": "to",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "type": "Person"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> }, {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "name": "contents",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "type": "string"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> }]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> },</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "primaryType": "Mail",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "domain": {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "name": "Ether Mail",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "version": "1",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "chainId": 1,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "verifyingContract": "0xCcCCccccCCCCcCCCCCCcCcCccCcCCCcCcccccccC"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> },</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "message": {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "from": {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "name": "Cow",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "wallet": "0xCD2a3d9F938E13CD947Ec05AbC7FE734Df8DD826"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> },</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "to": {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "name": "Bob",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "wallet": "0xbBbBBBBbbBBBbbbBbbBbbbbBBbBbbbbBbBbbBBbB"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> },</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "contents": "Hello, Bob!"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> }]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4355c47d63924e8a72e509b65029052eb6c299d53a04e167c5775fd466751c9d07299936d304c153f6443dfa05f40ff007d72911b6f72307f996231605b915621c</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-submithashrate">eth_submitHashrate</h4>
<h5 id="description-42">Description</h5>
<p>Submit a mining hashrate</p>
<h5 id="parameters-42">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>hash rate</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>random ID identifying this node</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-42">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>boolean</code>} - <code>true</code> if submitting went through successfully, <code>false</code> otherwise</p>
<h5 id="example-42">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_submitHashrate",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000500000",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "0x59daa26581d0acd1fce254fb7e85952f4c09d0915afd33d3886cd914bc7d283c"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-submitwork">eth_submitWork</h4>
<h5 id="description-43">Description</h5>
<p>Submit a proof-of-work solution</p>
<h5 id="parameters-43">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>nonce found</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>header's pow-hash</td></tr>
<tr><td>3</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#data"><code>Data</code></a>}</td><td>mix digest</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-43">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>boolean</code>} - <code>true</code> if the provided solution is valid, <code>false</code> otherwise</p>
<h5 id="example-43">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_submitWork",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "0x0000000000000001",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "0xD1GE5700000000000000000000000000D1GE5700000000000000000000000000"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-syncing">eth_syncing</h4>
<h5 id="description-44">Description</h5>
<p>Returns information about the status of this client's network synchronization</p>
<h5 id="parameters-44">Parameters</h5>
<p><em>(none)</em></p>
<h5 id="returns-44">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>boolean|object</code>} - <code>false</code> if this client is not syncing with the network, otherwise an object with the following members:</p>
<ul>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>currentBlock</code> - number of the most-recent block synced</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>highestBlock</code> - number of latest block on the network</li>
<li>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>} <code>startingBlock</code> - block number at which syncing started</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="example-44">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_syncing",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": []</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">currentBlock</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">0x386</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">highestBlock</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">0x454</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">startingBlock</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">0x384</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h4 id="eth-uninstallfilter">eth_uninstallFilter</h4>
<h5 id="description-45">Description</h5>
<p>Destroys a filter based on filter ID</p>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> This should only be called if a filter and its notifications are no longer needed. This will also be called automatically on a filter if its notifications are not retrieved using <code>eth_getFilterChanges</code> for a period of time.</p>
<h5 id="parameters-45">Parameters</h5>
<table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Type</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>{<a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/#quantity"><code>Quantity</code></a>}</td><td>ID of the filter to destroy</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h5 id="returns-45">Returns</h5>
<p>{<code>boolean</code>} - <code>true</code> if the filter is found and successfully destroyed or <code>false</code> if it is not</p>
<h5 id="example-45">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Request</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "id": 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "jsonrpc": "2.0",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "method": "eth_uninstallFilter",</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "params": ["0xb"]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> <</span><span class="z-string">ur</span><span>l</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">#</span><span class="z-comment"> Response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">id</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-string"> 1337,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> "</span><span class="z-entity z-name">result</span><span class="z-entity z-name">"</span><span class="z-support">:</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<hr />
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>Much of Ethereum's effectiveness as an enterprise-grade application platform depends on its ability to provide a reliable and predictable developer experience. Nodes created by the current generation of Ethereum clients expose RPC endpoints with differing method signatures; this forces applications to work around method inconsistencies to maintain compatibility with various Ethereum RPC implementations.</p>
<p>Both Ethereum client developers and downstream dapp developers lack a formal Ethereum RPC specification. This proposal standardizes such a specification in a way that's versionable and modifiable through the traditional EIP process.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards compatibility</h2>
<p>This proposal impacts Ethereum client developers by requiring that any exposed RPC interface adheres to this specification. This proposal impacts dapp developers by requiring that any RPC calls currently used in applications are made according to this specification.</p>
<h2 id="implementation">Implementation</h2>
<p>The current generation of Ethereum clients includes several implementations that attempt to expose this RPC specification:</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Client Name</th><th>Language</th><th>Homepage</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>Geth</td><td>Go</td><td><a rel="external" href="https://geth.ethereum.org">geth.ethereum.org</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Parity</td><td>Rust</td><td><a rel="external" href="https://parity.io/ethereum">parity.io/ethereum</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Aleth</td><td>C++</td><td><a rel="external" href="https://cpp-ethereum.org">cpp-ethereum.org</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
wallet_watchAsset RPC Method2018-08-13T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Dan Finlayhttps://github.com/danfinlayEsteban Minohttps://github.com/estebanminoGavin Johnhttps://github.com/Pandapip1https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/747/Adds a new RPC method that allows websites to prompt users to watch an asset<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This EIP standardizes a new wallet-scoped RPC method, <code>wallet_watchAsset</code>, to allow a client to suggest a token for the user's wallet to track.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Today, one of the major uses of Ethereum wallets is to track users' assets.
Without this EIP, each wallet either needs to pre-load a list of approved assets, or users must manually add assets to their wallet.
In the first case, wallets are burdened with both the security of managing this list, as well as the bandwidth of mass polling for known assets on their wallet.
In the second case, the user experience is terrible.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 and RFC 8174.</p>
<p>A new RPC method, <code>wallet_watchAsset</code> is added. <code>wallet_watchAsset</code> requests that a specified asset be listed to the user's wallet. It MUST immediately (i.e. before prompting the user) return <code>true</code> if the request was valid, or error if it was not. The meaning of "listed to the user's wallet" is dependent on the wallet implementation. A successful call to <code>wallet_watchAsset</code> MUST indicate that the wallet recognized the request and that it contained no issues, but doesn't indicate whether the user was prompted or whether the asset was actually added to the wallet.</p>
<h3 id="wallet-watchasset-parameters"><code>wallet_watchAsset</code> Parameters</h3>
<p>The <code>wallet_watchAsset</code> method takes a single parameter, a <code>WatchAssetParameters</code> object, which is defined as follows:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> WatchAssetParameters</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> type</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> The asset's interface, e.g. 'ERC1046'</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> options</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> any</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The <code>type</code> string SHOULD be the commonly accepted name of the interface implemented by the asset's contract, e.g. <code>ERC1046</code>. Defining the global identifiers for different asset types is beyond the scope of this EIP.</p>
<p>This interface SHOULD be extended or modified depending on the asset <code>type</code>. These changes MUST be specified in separate EIPs.</p>
<h3 id="wallet-watchasset-returns"><code>wallet_watchAsset</code> Returns</h3>
<p><code>wallet_watchAsset</code> immediately (i.e. without waiting for user interaction) returns the boolean value <code>true</code> to indicate that the request was recognized (regardless of whether the user was prompted), or errors if the request is invalid. An error might occur in the following circumstances (not comprehensive):</p>
<ul>
<li>The asset type is unrecognized/unsupported</li>
<li>The asset was blocked due to an allowlist or denylist (this makes the request 'invalid' since the root cause requires developer action)</li>
<li>Downloading the image failed to load
<ul>
<li>The wallet didn't load some of the metadata required to display the asset, in order to protect against a potential SSRF attack</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="erc1046-type"><code>ERC1046</code> type</h3>
<p>The format of the options field is:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ERC1046WatchAssetOptions</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> address</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> string</span><span>;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> The hexadecimal address of the token contract</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> chainId</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> number</span><span>;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> The chain ID of the asset. If empty, defaults to the current chain ID.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p><code>address</code> is required, and the other fields are optional. <code>address</code> MUST be the <code>0x</code>-prefixed checksummed hexadecimal address of the token contract. <code>chainId</code> MUST be the chain ID to which the asset belongs.</p>
<p>If the checksum fails, the request MUST be considered invalid.</p>
<p>If the wallet does not recognize the <code>chainId</code>, or the <code>chainId</code> is blank and the wallet does not have a concept of "active" chain, the call MUST fail.</p>
<p><code>wallet_watchAsset</code> MUST fetch the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1046/">ERC-1046</a> <code>tokenURI</code> and check the <code>interop</code> field to determine the type of the token. If the parsing fails, or the type is unknown, the RPC call MUST error.</p>
<p><code>wallet_watchAsset</code> SHOULD check the <code>name</code> and <code>symbol</code> fields, and the contract <code>address</code> and <code>chainId</code> against a list of well-known tokens. If the name and/or symbol are similar to ones on the list but the <code>chainId</code>/<code>address</code> don't match, a warning SHOULD be presented to the user.</p>
<p>The wallet SHOULD whitelist and/or blacklist specific ports and schemes to avoid SSRF attacks.</p>
<h3 id="legacy-erc20-type">Legacy <code>ERC20</code> type</h3>
<p>The format of the options field is:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ERC20WatchAssetOptions</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> address</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> string</span><span>;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> The hexadecimal address of the token contract</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> chainId</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> number</span><span>;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> The chain ID of the asset. If empty, defaults to the current chain ID.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p><code>address</code> is required, and the other fields are optional. <code>address</code> MUST be the <code>0x</code>-prefixed checksummed hexadecimal address of the token contract. <code>chainId</code> MUST be the chain ID to which the asset belongs.</p>
<p>If the checksum fails, the request MUST be considered invalid.</p>
<p>If the wallet does not recognize the <code>chainId</code>, or the <code>chainId</code> is blank and the wallet does not have a concept of "active" chain, the call MUST fail.</p>
<p><code>wallet_watchAsset</code> SHOULD check the <code>name</code> and <code>symbol</code> fields, and the contract <code>address</code> and <code>chainId</code> against a list of well-known tokens. If the name and/or symbol are similar to ones on the list but the <code>chainId</code>/<code>address</code> don't match, a warning SHOULD be presented to the user.</p>
<p>If possible, it is RECOMMENDED to instead use the <code>ERC1046</code> type, which supports images and custom metadata.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>Displaying a user's assets is a basic feature that every modern DApp user expects. Most wallets currently either manage their own asset lists, which they store client-side, or they query a centralized API for balances, which reduces decentralization and allows correlating account holders with IP addresses. Additionally, refreshing/polling an asset list from the network can be costly, especially on bandwidth-constrained devices. Also, maintaining an asset list becomes a political act, provoking harassment and inducing pressure to list obscure assets.</p>
<p>Automatically listing assets makes assets into a sort of spam mail: Users suddenly see new assets that they don't care about in their wallet. This can be used to send unsolicited information, or even to conduct phishing scams. This phenomenon is already common with airdropped tokens, a major cause of network congestion, because spamming people with new tokens has, so far, been rewarded with increased user attention.</p>
<p>When a user is manually adding an asset, they had likely previously learned about it from a website. At that moment, there was a natural alignment of interests, where both parties wanted the user to track the token. This is a natural point to introduce an API to easily allow these parties to collaborate.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<h3 id="server-side-request-forgery">Server-Side Request Forgery</h3>
<p>Wallets should be careful about making arbitrary requests to URLs. As such, it is recommended for wallets to sanitize the URI by whitelisting specific schemes and ports. A vulnerable wallet could be tricked into, for example, modifying data on a locally-hosted redis database.</p>
<h3 id="validation">Validation</h3>
<p>Wallets should warn users if the symbol or name matches or is similar to another token, to avoid phishing scams.</p>
<h3 id="fingerprinting">Fingerprinting</h3>
<p>To avoid fingerprinting based on wallet behavior and/or listed assets, the RPC call must return as soon as the user is prompted or an error occurs, without waiting for the user to accept or deny the prompt.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Ethereum Provider JavaScript API2018-06-30T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Fabian Vogelstellerhttps://github.com/frozemanRyan Ghodshttps://github.com/ryanioVictor Maiahttps://github.com/MaiaVictorMarc Garreauhttps://github.com/wolovimErik Markshttps://github.com/rekmarkshttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
<p>A JavaScript Ethereum Provider API for consistency across clients and applications.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>A common convention in the Ethereum web application ("dapp") ecosystem is for key management software ("wallets") to expose their API via a JavaScript object in the web page.
This object is called "the Provider".</p>
<p>Historically, Provider implementations have exhibited conflicting interfaces and behaviors between wallets.
This EIP formalizes an Ethereum Provider API to promote wallet interoperability.
The API is designed to be minimal, event-driven, and agnostic of transport and RPC protocols.
Its functionality is easily extended by defining new RPC methods and <code>message</code> event types.</p>
<p>Historically, Providers have been made available as <code>window.ethereum</code> in web browsers, but this convention is not part of the specification.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in <a rel="external" href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">RFC-2119</a>.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Comments like this are non-normative.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="definitions">Definitions</h3>
<p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
<ul>
<li>Provider
<ul>
<li>A JavaScript object made available to a consumer, that provides access to Ethereum by means of a Client.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Client
<ul>
<li>An endpoint that receives Remote Procedure Call (RPC) requests from the Provider, and returns their results.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Wallet
<ul>
<li>An end-user application that manages private keys, performs signing operations, and acts as a middleware between the Provider and the Client.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
<ul>
<li>A Remote Procedure Call (RPC), is any request submitted to a Provider for some procedure that is to be processed by a Provider, its Wallet, or its Client.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="connectivity">Connectivity</h3>
<p>The Provider is said to be "connected" when it can service RPC requests to at least one chain.</p>
<p>The Provider is said to be "disconnected" when it cannot service RPC requests to any chain at all.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>To service an RPC request, the Provider must successfully submit the request to the remote location, and receive a response.
In other words, if the Provider is unable to communicate with its Client, for example due to network issues, the Provider is disconnected.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="api">API</h3>
<blockquote>
<p>The Provider API is specified using TypeScript.
The authors encourage implementers to declare their own types and interfaces, using the ones in this section as a basis.</p>
<p>For consumer-facing API documentation, see <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#appendix-i-consumer-facing-api-documentation">Appendix I</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>The Provider <strong>MUST</strong> implement and expose the API defined in this section.
All API entities <strong>MUST</strong> adhere to the types and interfaces defined in this section.</p>
<h4 id="request">request</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <code>request</code> method is intended as a transport- and protocol-agnostic wrapper function for Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs).</p>
</blockquote>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> RequestArguments</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> method</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> params</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-support"> unknown</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword"> |</span><span class="z-support"> object</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">args</span><span>: </span><span class="z-variable z-other">RequestArguments</span><span>)</span><span>: </span><span class="z-support">Promise</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-variable z-other">unknown</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The Provider <strong>MUST</strong> identify the requested RPC method by the value of <code>RequestArguments.method</code>.</p>
<p>If the requested RPC method takes any parameters, the Provider <strong>MUST</strong> accept them as the value of <code>RequestArguments.params</code>.</p>
<p>RPC requests <strong>MUST</strong> be handled such that the returned Promise either resolves with a value per the requested RPC method's specification, or rejects with an error.</p>
<p>If resolved, the Promise <strong>MUST</strong> resolve with a result per the RPC method's specification. The Promise <strong>MUST NOT</strong> resolve with any RPC protocol-specific response objects, unless the RPC method's return type is so defined.</p>
<p>If the returned Promise rejects, it <strong>MUST</strong> reject with a <code>ProviderRpcError</code> as specified in the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#rpc-errors">RPC Errors</a> section below.</p>
<p>The returned Promise <strong>MUST</strong> reject if any of the following conditions are met:</p>
<ul>
<li>An error is returned for the RPC request.
<ul>
<li>If the returned error is compatible with the <code>ProviderRpcError</code> interface, the Promise <strong>MAY</strong> reject with that error directly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Provider encounters an error or fails to process the request for any reason.</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>If the Provider implements any kind of authorization logic, the authors recommend rejecting with a <code>4100</code> error in case of authorization failures.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The returned Promise <strong>SHOULD</strong> reject if any of the following conditions are met:</p>
<ul>
<li>The Provider is disconnected.
<ul>
<li>If rejecting for this reason, the Promise rejection error <code>code</code> <strong>MUST</strong> be <code>4900</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The RPC request is directed at a specific chain, and the Provider is not connected to that chain, but is connected to at least one other chain.
<ul>
<li>If rejecting for this reason, the Promise rejection error <code>code</code> <strong>MUST</strong> be <code>4901</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>See the section <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#connectivity">Connectivity</a> for the definitions of "connected" and "disconnected".</p>
<h3 id="supported-rpc-methods">Supported RPC Methods</h3>
<p>A "supported RPC method" is any RPC method that may be called via the Provider.</p>
<p>All supported RPC methods <strong>MUST</strong> be identified by unique strings.</p>
<p>Providers <strong>MAY</strong> support whatever RPC methods required to fulfill their purpose, standardized or otherwise.</p>
<p>If an RPC method defined in a finalized EIP is not supported, it <strong>SHOULD</strong> be rejected with a <code>4200</code> error per the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#provider-errors">Provider Errors</a> section below, or an appropriate error per the RPC method's specification.</p>
<h4 id="rpc-errors">RPC Errors</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ProviderRpcError</span><span class="z-storage"> extends</span><span class="z-entity"> Error</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> code</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> number</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> data</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> unknown</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li><code>message</code>
<ul>
<li><strong>MUST</strong> be a human-readable string</li>
<li><strong>SHOULD</strong> adhere to the specifications in the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#error-standards">Error Standards</a> section below</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>code</code>
<ul>
<li><strong>MUST</strong> be an integer number</li>
<li><strong>SHOULD</strong> adhere to the specifications in the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#error-standards">Error Standards</a> section below</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>data</code>
<ul>
<li><strong>SHOULD</strong> contain any other useful information about the error</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="error-standards">Error Standards</h5>
<p><code>ProviderRpcError</code> codes and messages <strong>SHOULD</strong> follow these conventions, in order of priority:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>The errors in the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#provider-errors">Provider Errors</a> section below</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Any errors mandated by the erroring RPC method's specification</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <a rel="external" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CloseEvent#Status_codes"><code>CloseEvent</code> status codes</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="provider-errors">Provider Errors</h4>
<table><thead><tr><th>Status code</th><th>Name</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>4001</td><td>User Rejected Request</td><td>The user rejected the request.</td></tr>
<tr><td>4100</td><td>Unauthorized</td><td>The requested method and/or account has not been authorized by the user.</td></tr>
<tr><td>4200</td><td>Unsupported Method</td><td>The Provider does not support the requested method.</td></tr>
<tr><td>4900</td><td>Disconnected</td><td>The Provider is disconnected from all chains.</td></tr>
<tr><td>4901</td><td>Chain Disconnected</td><td>The Provider is not connected to the requested chain.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<blockquote>
<p><code>4900</code> is intended to indicate that the Provider is disconnected from all chains, while <code>4901</code> is intended to indicate that the Provider is disconnected from a specific chain only.
In other words, <code>4901</code> implies that the Provider is connected to other chains, just not the requested one.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="events">Events</h3>
<p>The Provider <strong>MUST</strong> implement the following event handling methods:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>on</code></li>
<li><code>removeListener</code></li>
</ul>
<p>These methods <strong>MUST</strong> be implemented per the Node.js <a rel="external" href="https://nodejs.org/api/events.html"><code>EventEmitter</code> API</a>.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>To satisfy these requirements, Provider implementers should consider simply extending the Node.js <code>EventEmitter</code> class and bundling it for the target environment.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="message">message</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <code>message</code> event is intended for arbitrary notifications not covered by other events.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>When emitted, the <code>message</code> event <strong>MUST</strong> be emitted with an object argument of the following form:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ProviderMessage</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> type</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> data</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> unknown</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h5 id="subscriptions">Subscriptions</h5>
<p>If the Provider supports Ethereum RPC subscriptions, e.g. <a rel="external" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/rpc/pubsub"><code>eth_subscribe</code></a>, the Provider <strong>MUST</strong> emit the <code>message</code> event when it receives a subscription notification.</p>
<p>If the Provider receives a subscription message from e.g. an <code>eth_subscribe</code> subscription, the Provider <strong>MUST</strong> emit a <code>message</code> event with a <code>ProviderMessage</code> object of the following form:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> EthSubscription</span><span class="z-storage"> extends</span><span class="z-entity"> ProviderMessage</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> type</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_subscription</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> data</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> subscription</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> result</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> unknown</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h4 id="connect">connect</h4>
<p>See the section <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#connectivity">Connectivity</a> for the definition of "connected".</p>
<p>If the Provider becomes connected, the Provider <strong>MUST</strong> emit the event named <code>connect</code>.</p>
<p>This includes when:</p>
<ul>
<li>The Provider first connects to a chain after initialization.</li>
<li>The Provider connects to a chain after the <code>disconnect</code> event was emitted.</li>
</ul>
<p>This event <strong>MUST</strong> be emitted with an object of the following form:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ProviderConnectInfo</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> chainId</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p><code>chainId</code> <strong>MUST</strong> specify the integer ID of the connected chain as a hexadecimal string, per the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/695/"><code>eth_chainId</code></a> Ethereum RPC method.</p>
<h4 id="disconnect">disconnect</h4>
<p>See the section <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#connectivity">Connectivity</a> for the definition of "disconnected".</p>
<p>If the Provider becomes disconnected from all chains, the Provider <strong>MUST</strong> emit the event named <code>disconnect</code> with value <code>error: ProviderRpcError</code>, per the interfaced defined in the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#rpc-errors">RPC Errors</a> section. The value of the error's <code>code</code> property <strong>MUST</strong> follow the <a rel="external" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CloseEvent#Status_codes">status codes for <code>CloseEvent</code></a>.</p>
<h4 id="chainchanged">chainChanged</h4>
<p>If the chain the Provider is connected to changes, the Provider <strong>MUST</strong> emit the event named <code>chainChanged</code> with value <code>chainId: string</code>, specifying the integer ID of the new chain as a hexadecimal string, per the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/695/"><code>eth_chainId</code></a> Ethereum RPC method.</p>
<h4 id="accountschanged">accountsChanged</h4>
<p>If the accounts available to the Provider change, the Provider <strong>MUST</strong> emit the event named <code>accountsChanged</code> with value <code>accounts: string[]</code>, containing the account addresses per the <code>eth_accounts</code> Ethereum RPC method.</p>
<p>The "accounts available to the Provider" change when the return value of <code>eth_accounts</code> changes.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>The purpose of a Provider is to <em>provide</em> a consumer with access to Ethereum.
In general, a Provider must enable an Ethereum web application to do two things:</p>
<ul>
<li>Make Ethereum RPC requests</li>
<li>Respond to state changes in the Provider's Ethereum chain, Client, and Wallet</li>
</ul>
<p>The Provider API specification consists of a single method and five events.
The <code>request</code> method and the <code>message</code> event alone, are sufficient to implement a complete Provider.
They are designed to make arbitrary RPC requests and communicate arbitrary messages, respectively.</p>
<p>The remaining four events can be separated into two categories:</p>
<ul>
<li>Changes to the Provider's ability to make RPC requests
<ul>
<li><code>connect</code></li>
<li><code>disconnect</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Common Client and/or Wallet state changes that any non-trivial application must handle
<ul>
<li><code>chainChanged</code></li>
<li><code>accountsChanged</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>These events are included due to the widespread production usage of related patterns, at the time of writing.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>Many Providers adopted a draft version of this specification before it was finalized.
The current API is designed to be a strict superset of the legacy version, and this specification is in that sense fully backwards compatible.
See <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#appendix-iii-legacy-provider-api">Appendix III</a> for the legacy API.</p>
<p>Providers that only implement this specification will not be compatible with Ethereum web applications that target the legacy API.</p>
<h2 id="implementations">Implementations</h2>
<p>At the time of writing, the following projects have working implementations:</p>
<ul>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/nomiclabs/buidler/pull/608">buidler.dev</a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/56af4413b1dd1787db68985e0b612b63d86fdf7c/packages/providers/src.ts/web3-provider.ts">ethers.js</a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/eth-provider">eth-provider</a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/MetaMask/inpage-provider">MetaMask</a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/WalletConnect/walletconnect-monorepo/blob/d33fd2070d7a67f74de50fd10ca4217f4e2f22f3/packages/providers/web3-provider/README.md">WalletConnect</a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://web3js.readthedocs.io/">web3.js</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>The Provider is intended to pass messages between an Ethereum Client and an Ethereum application.
It is <em>not</em> responsible for private key or account management; it merely processes RPC messages and emits events.
Consequently, account security and user privacy need to be implemented in middlewares between the Provider and its Ethereum Client.
In practice, we call these middleware applications "Wallets," and they usually manage the user's private keys and accounts.
The Provider can be thought of as an extension of the Wallet, exposed in an untrusted environment, under the control of some third party (e.g. a website).</p>
<h3 id="handling-adversarial-behavior">Handling Adversarial Behavior</h3>
<p>Since it is a JavaScript object, consumers can generally perform arbitrary operations on the Provider, and all its properties can be read or overwritten.
Therefore, it is best to treat the Provider object as though it is controlled by an adversary.
It is paramount that the Provider implementer protects the user, Wallet, and Client by ensuring that:</p>
<ul>
<li>The Provider does not contain any private user data.</li>
<li>The Provider and Wallet programs are isolated from each other.</li>
<li>The Wallet and/or Client rate-limit requests from the Provider.</li>
<li>The Wallet and/or Client validate all data sent from the Provider.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="chain-changes">Chain Changes</h3>
<p>Since all Ethereum operations are directed at a particular chain, it's important that the Provider accurately reflects the Client's configured chain, per the <code>eth_chainId</code> Ethereum RPC method (see <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/695/">EIP-695</a>).</p>
<p>This includes ensuring that <code>eth_chainId</code> has the correct return value, and that the <code>chainChanged</code> event is emitted whenever that value changes.</p>
<h3 id="user-account-exposure-and-account-changes">User Account Exposure and Account Changes</h3>
<p>Many Ethereum write operations (e.g. <code>eth_sendTransaction</code>) require a user account to be specified.
Provider consumers access these accounts via the <code>eth_accounts</code> RPC method, and by listening for the <code>accountsChanged</code> event.</p>
<p>As with <code>eth_chainId</code>, it is critical that <code>eth_accounts</code> has the correct return value, and that the <code>accountsChanged</code> event is emitted whenever that value changes.</p>
<p>The return value of <code>eth_accounts</code> is ultimately controlled by the Wallet or Client.
In order to protect user privacy, the authors recommend not exposing any accounts by default.
Instead, Providers should support RPC methods for explicitly requesting account access, such as <code>eth_requestAccounts</code> (see <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1102/">EIP-1102</a>) or <code>wallet_requestPermissions</code> (see <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2255/">EIP-2255</a>).</p>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<ul>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/interfaces/issues/16">Initial discussion in <code>ethereum/interfaces</code></a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/eip-1193-ethereum-provider-javascript-api/640">Deprecated Ethereum Magicians thread</a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/2319">Continuing discussion</a></li>
<li>Related EIPs
<ul>
<li><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1102/">EIP-1102: Opt-in Account Exposure</a></li>
<li><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/">EIP-1474: Remote Procedure Call Specification</a></li>
<li><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1767/">EIP-1767: GraphQL Interface to Ethereum Node Data</a></li>
<li><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/2255/">EIP-2255: Wallet Permissions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
<h2 id="appendix-i-consumer-facing-api-documentation">Appendix I: Consumer-Facing API Documentation</h2>
<h3 id="request-1">request</h3>
<p>Makes an Ethereum RPC method call.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> RequestArguments</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> method</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> params</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-support"> unknown</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword"> |</span><span class="z-support"> object</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">args</span><span>: </span><span class="z-variable z-other">RequestArguments</span><span>)</span><span>: </span><span class="z-support">Promise</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-variable z-other">unknown</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The returned Promise resolves with the method's result or rejects with a <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#errors"><code>ProviderRpcError</code></a>. For example:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_accounts</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span> }</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">then</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">accounts</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">log</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">accounts</span><span>)</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">catch</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">error</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">error</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Consult each Ethereum RPC method's documentation for its <code>params</code> and return type.
You can find a list of common methods <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/">here</a>.</p>
<h4 id="rpc-protocols">RPC Protocols</h4>
<p>Multiple RPC protocols may be available. For examples, see:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/">EIP-1474</a>, the Ethereum JSON-RPC API</li>
<li><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1767/">EIP-1767</a>, the Ethereum GraphQL schema</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="events-1">Events</h3>
<p>Events follow the conventions of the Node.js <a rel="external" href="https://nodejs.org/api/events.html"><code>EventEmitter</code> API</a>.</p>
<h4 id="connect-1">connect</h4>
<p>The Provider emits <code>connect</code> when it:</p>
<ul>
<li>first connects to a chain after being initialized.</li>
<li>first connects to a chain, after the <code>disconnect</code> event was emitted.</li>
</ul>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ProviderConnectInfo</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> chainId</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">on</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">connect</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> listener</span><span>:</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">connectInfo</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ProviderConnectInfo</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span class="z-keyword"> void</span><span>)</span><span>: </span><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The event emits an object with a hexadecimal string <code>chainId</code> per the <code>eth_chainId</code> Ethereum RPC method, and other properties as determined by the Provider.</p>
<h4 id="disconnect-1">disconnect</h4>
<p>The Provider emits <code>disconnect</code> when it becomes disconnected from all chains.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">on</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">disconnect</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> listener</span><span>:</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">error</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ProviderRpcError</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span class="z-keyword"> void</span><span>)</span><span>: </span><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>This event emits a <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#errors"><code>ProviderRpcError</code></a>. The error <code>code</code> follows the table of <a rel="external" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CloseEvent#Status_codes"><code>CloseEvent</code> status codes</a>.</p>
<h4 id="chainchanged-1">chainChanged</h4>
<p>The Provider emits <code>chainChanged</code> when connecting to a new chain.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">on</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">chainChanged</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> listener</span><span>:</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">chainId</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span class="z-keyword"> void</span><span>)</span><span>: </span><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The event emits a hexadecimal string <code>chainId</code> per the <code>eth_chainId</code> Ethereum RPC method.</p>
<h4 id="accountschanged-1">accountsChanged</h4>
<p>The Provider emits <code>accountsChanged</code> if the accounts returned from the Provider (<code>eth_accounts</code>) change.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">on</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">accountsChanged</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> listener</span><span>:</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">accounts</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span class="z-keyword"> void</span><span>)</span><span>: </span><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The event emits with <code>accounts</code>, an array of account addresses, per the <code>eth_accounts</code> Ethereum RPC method.</p>
<h4 id="message-1">message</h4>
<p>The Provider emits <code>message</code> to communicate arbitrary messages to the consumer.
Messages may include JSON-RPC notifications, GraphQL subscriptions, and/or any other event as defined by the Provider.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ProviderMessage</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> type</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage"> readonly</span><span class="z-variable"> data</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> unknown</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">on</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">message</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> listener</span><span>:</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">message</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ProviderMessage</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span class="z-keyword"> void</span><span>)</span><span>: </span><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre><h5 id="subscriptions-1">Subscriptions</h5>
<p><a rel="external" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/rpc/pubsub"><code>eth_</code> subscription methods</a> and <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Whisper-v6-RPC-API#shh_subscribe"><code>shh_</code> subscription methods</a> rely on this event to emit subscription updates.</p>
<p>For e.g. <code>eth_subscribe</code> subscription updates, <code>ProviderMessage.type</code> will equal the string <code>'eth_subscription'</code>, and the subscription data will be the value of <code>ProviderMessage.data</code>.</p>
<h3 id="errors">Errors</h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">interface</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> ProviderRpcError</span><span class="z-storage"> extends</span><span class="z-entity"> Error</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> message</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> string</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> code</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> number</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable"> data</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-support"> unknown</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="appendix-ii-examples">Appendix II: Examples</h2>
<p>These examples assume a web browser environment.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> Most Providers are available as window.ethereum on page load.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> This is only a convention, not a standard, and may not be the case in practice.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> Please consult the Provider implementation's documentation.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">const</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> ethereum</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">ethereum</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> Example 1: Log chainId</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">ethereum</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_chainId</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span> }</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">then</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">chainId</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">log</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">hexadecimal string: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">chainId</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">log</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">decimal number: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-entity z-name">parseInt</span><span class="z-string">(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">chainId</span><span class="z-string">,</span><span class="z-constant"> 16</span><span class="z-string">)</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">catch</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">error</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">error</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">Error fetching chainId: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">code</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string">: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">message</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> Example 2: Log last block</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">ethereum</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_getBlockByNumber</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> params</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">latest</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span><span>]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">then</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">block</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">log</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">Block </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">block</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">number</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> block</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">catch</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">error</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">error</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">Error fetching last block: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">message</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string">.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> Code: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">code</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string">. Data: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> )</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> Example 3: Log available accounts</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">ethereum</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_accounts</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span> }</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">then</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">accounts</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">log</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">Accounts:</span><span class="z-constant">\n</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">accounts</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">join</span><span class="z-string">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-constant">\n</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">)</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">catch</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">error</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">error</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">Error fetching accounts: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">message</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string">.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> Code: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">code</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string">. Data: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> )</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> Example 4: Log new blocks</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">ethereum</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">request</span><span>(</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_subscribe</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> params</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">newHeads</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">then</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">subscriptionId</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> ethereum</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">on</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">message</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">message</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable z-other">message</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">type</span><span class="z-keyword"> ===</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">eth_subscription</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>)</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> const</span><span> {</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> data</span><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> message</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">subscription</span><span class="z-keyword"> ===</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> subscriptionId</span><span>)</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span> (</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">result</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> in</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> data</span><span class="z-keyword"> &&</span><span class="z-keyword"> typeof</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">result</span><span class="z-keyword"> ===</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>)</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> const</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> block</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">result</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">log</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">New block </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">block</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">number</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> block</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword"> else</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">error</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">Something went wrong: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">result</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> .</span><span class="z-entity z-name">catch</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">error</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">error</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> `</span><span class="z-string">Error making newHeads subscription: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">message</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string">.</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> Code: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">code</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string">. Data: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> )</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> Example 5: Log when accounts change</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">const</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> logAccounts</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">accounts</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">log</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">Accounts:</span><span class="z-constant">\n</span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">accounts</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">join</span><span class="z-string">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-constant">\n</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">)</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">ethereum</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">on</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">accountsChanged</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> logAccounts</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> to unsubscribe</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">ethereum</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">removeListener</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">accountsChanged</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> logAccounts</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> Example 6: Log if connection ends</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">ethereum</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">on</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">disconnect</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">code</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable"> reason</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> =></span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">log</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span class="z-string">Ethereum Provider connection closed: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">reason</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-string">. Code: </span><span class="z-string">${</span><span class="z-variable z-other">code</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">`</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="appendix-iii-legacy-provider-api">Appendix III: Legacy Provider API</h2>
<p>This section documents the legacy Provider API, which is extensively used in production at the time of writing.
As it was never fully standardized, significant deviations occur in practice.
The authors recommend against implementing it except to support legacy Ethereum applications.</p>
<h3 id="sendasync-deprecated">sendAsync (DEPRECATED)</h3>
<p>This method is superseded by <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#request"><code>request</code></a>.</p>
<p><code>sendAsync</code> is like <code>request</code>, but with JSON-RPC objects and a callback.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sendAsync</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">request</span><span>: </span><span class="z-variable z-other">Object</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> callback</span><span>: </span><span class="z-variable z-other">Function</span><span>)</span><span>: </span><span class="z-keyword">void</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Historically, the request and response object interfaces have followed the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1474/">Ethereum JSON-RPC specification</a>.</p>
<h3 id="send-deprecated">send (DEPRECATED)</h3>
<p>This method is superseded by <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#request"><code>request</code></a>.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">Provider</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">send</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">...</span><span class="z-variable z-other">args</span><span>: </span><span class="z-variable z-other">unknown</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span>: </span><span class="z-variable z-other">unknown</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="legacy-events">Legacy Events</h3>
<h4 id="close-deprecated">close (DEPRECATED)</h4>
<p>This event is superseded by <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#disconnect"><code>disconnect</code></a>.</p>
<h4 id="networkchanged-deprecated">networkChanged (DEPRECATED)</h4>
<p>The event <code>networkChanged</code> is superseded by <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#chainchanged"><code>chainChanged</code></a>.</p>
<p>For details, see <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/155/">EIP-155: Simple replay attack protection</a> and <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/695/">EIP-695: Create eth_chainId method for JSON-RPC</a>.</p>
<h4 id="notification-deprecated">notification (DEPRECATED)</h4>
<p>This event is superseded by <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1193/#message"><code>message</code></a>.</p>
<p>Historically, this event has been emitted with e.g. <code>eth_subscribe</code> subscription updates of the form <code>{ subscription: string, result: unknown }</code>.</p>
RPC-Method to get Merkle Proofs - eth_getProof2018-06-24T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Simon Jentzschsimon.jentzsch@slock.itChristoph Jentzschchristoph.jentzsch@slock.ithttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1186/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>One of the great features of Ethereum is the fact, that you can verify all data of the state. But in order to allow verification of accounts outside the client, we need an additional function delivering us the required proof. These proofs are important to secure Layer2-Technologies.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>Ethereum uses a <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/eth-wiki/blob/master/fundamentals/patricia-tree.md">Merkle Tree</a> to store the state of accounts and their storage. This allows verification of each value by simply creating a Merkle Proof. But currently, the standard RPC-Interface does not give you access to these proofs. This EIP suggests an additional RPC-Method, which creates Merkle Proofs for Accounts and Storage Values.</p>
<p>Combined with a stateRoot (from the blockheader) it enables offline verification of any account or storage-value. This allows especially IOT-Devices or even mobile apps which are not able to run a light client to verify responses from an untrusted source only given a trusted blockhash.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>In order to create a MerkleProof access to the full state db is required. The current RPC-Methods allow an application to access single values (<code>eth_getBalance</code>,<code>eth_getTransactionCount</code>,<code>eth_getStorageAt</code>,<code>eth_getCode</code>), but it is impossible to read the data needed for a MerkleProof through the standard RPC-Interface. (There are implementations using leveldb and accessing the data via filesystems, but this can not be used for production systems since it requires the client to be stopped first - See https://github.com/zmitton/eth-proof)</p>
<p>Today MerkleProofs are already used internally. For example, the <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/zsfelfoldi/go-ethereum/wiki/Light-Ethereum-Subprotocol-%28LES%29#on-demand-data-retrieval">Light Client Protocol</a> supports a function creating MerkleProof, which is used in order to verify the requested account or storage-data.</p>
<p>Offering these already existing function through the RPC-Interface as well would enable Applications to store and send these proofs to devices which are not directly connected to the p2p-network and still are able to verify the data. This could be used to verify data in mobile applications or IOT-devices, which are currently only using a remote client.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>As Part of the eth-Module, an additional Method called <code>eth_getProof</code> should be defined as follows:</p>
<h4 id="eth-getproof">eth_getProof</h4>
<p>Returns the account- and storage-values of the specified account including the Merkle-proof.</p>
<h5 id="parameters">Parameters</h5>
<ol>
<li><code>DATA</code>, 20 Bytes - address of the account.</li>
<li><code>ARRAY</code>, 32 Bytes - array of storage-keys which should be proofed and included. See <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JSON-RPC#eth_getstorageat"><code>eth_getStorageAt</code></a></li>
<li><code>QUANTITY|TAG</code> - integer block number, or the string <code>"latest"</code> or <code>"earliest"</code>, see the <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JSON-RPC#the-default-block-parameter">default block parameter</a></li>
</ol>
<h5 id="returns">Returns</h5>
<p><code>Object</code> - A account object:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>balance</code>: <code>QUANTITY</code> - the balance of the account. See <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JSON-RPC#eth_getbalance"><code>eth_getBalance</code></a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>codeHash</code>: <code>DATA</code>, 32 Bytes - hash of the code of the account. For a simple Account without code it will return <code>"0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470"</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>nonce</code>: <code>QUANTITY</code>, - nonce of the account. See <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JSON-RPC#eth_gettransactioncount"><code>eth_getTransactionCount</code></a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>storageHash</code>: <code>DATA</code>, 32 Bytes - SHA3 of the StorageRoot. All storage will deliver a MerkleProof starting with this rootHash.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>accountProof</code>: <code>ARRAY</code> - Array of rlp-serialized MerkleTree-Nodes, starting with the stateRoot-Node, following the path of the SHA3 (address) as key.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>storageProof</code>: <code>ARRAY</code> - Array of storage-entries as requested. Each entry is an object with these properties:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>key</code>: <code>QUANTITY</code> - the requested storage key</li>
<li><code>value</code>: <code>QUANTITY</code> - the storage value</li>
<li><code>proof</code>: <code>ARRAY</code> - Array of rlp-serialized MerkleTree-Nodes, starting with the storageHash-Node, following the path of the SHA3 (key) as path.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="example">Example</h5>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eth_getProof</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x7F0d15C7FAae65896648C8273B6d7E43f58Fa842</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">latest</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The result will look like this:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">accountProof</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xf90211a...0701bc80</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xf90211a...0d832380</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xf90211a...5fb20c80</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xf90211a...0675b80</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xf90151a0...ca08080</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">balance</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">codeHash</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">nonce</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">storageHash</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">storageProof</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">key</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">proof</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xf90211a...0701bc80</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xf90211a...0d832380</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">value</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>This one Method actually returns 3 different important data points:</p>
<ol>
<li>The 4 fields of an account-object as specified in the yellow paper <code>[nonce, balance, storageHash, codeHash ]</code>, which allows storing a hash of the account-object in order to keep track of changes.</li>
<li>The MerkleProof for the account starting with a stateRoot from the specified block.</li>
<li>The MerkleProof for each requested storage entry starting with a storageHash from the account.</li>
</ol>
<p>Combining these in one Method allows the client to work very efficient since the required data are already fetched from the db.</p>
<h3 id="proofs-for-non-existent-values">Proofs for non existent values</h3>
<p>In case an address or storage-value does not exist, the proof needs to provide enough data to verify this fact. This means the client needs to follow the path from the root node and deliver until the last matching node. If the last matching node is a branch, the proof value in the node must be an empty one. In case of leaf-type, it must be pointing to a different relative-path in order to proof that the requested path does not exist.</p>
<h3 id="possible-changes-to-be-discussed">possible Changes to be discussed:</h3>
<ul>
<li>instead of providing the blocknumber maybe the blockhash would be better since it would allow proofs of uncles-states.</li>
<li>in order to reduce data, the account-object may only provide the <code>accountProof</code> and <code>storageProof</code>. The Fields <code>balance</code>, <code>nonce</code>, <code>storageHash</code> and <code>codeHash</code> could be taken from the last Node in the proof by deserializing it.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>Since this only adds a new Method there are no issues with Backwards Compatibility.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<p>TODO: Tests still need to be implemented, but the core function creating the proof already exists inside the clients and are well tested.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Opt-in account exposure2018-05-04T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:28+00:00Paul Bouchonmail@bitpshr.netErik Markshttps://github.com/rekmarkshttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1102/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple summary</h2>
<p>This proposal describes a communication protocol between dapps and Ethereum-enabled DOM environments that allows the Ethereum-enabled DOM environment to choose what information to supply the dapp with and when.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>The previous generation of Ethereum-enabled DOM environments follows a pattern of injecting a provider populated with accounts without user consent. This puts users of such environments at risk because malicious websites can use these accounts to view detailed account information and to arbitrarily initiate unwanted transactions on a user's behalf.</p>
<p>This proposal outlines a protocol in which Ethereum-enabled DOM environments can choose to expose no accounts until the user approves account access.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<h3 id="concepts">Concepts</h3>
<h4 id="rfc-2119">RFC-2119</h4>
<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in <a rel="external" href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">RFC-2119</a>.</p>
<h4 id="eth-requestaccounts"><code>eth_requestAccounts</code></h4>
<p>Providers exposed by Ethereum-enabled DOM environments define a new RPC method: <code>eth_requestAccounts</code>. Calling this method may trigger a user interface that allows the user to approve or reject account access for a given dapp. This method returns a <code>Promise</code> that is resolved with an <code>Array</code> of accounts or is rejected with an <code>Error</code> if accounts are not available.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">ethereum</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">send</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">eth_requestAccounts</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>)</span><span>: </span><span class="z-support">Promise</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-variable z-other">Array</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-variable z-other">string</span><span class="z-keyword">>></span></span></code></pre><h4 id="provider-enable-deprecated">Provider#enable (DEPRECATED)</h4>
<p><strong>Note: This method is deprecated in favor of the RPC method <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1102/#eth-requestaccounts"><code>eth_requestAccounts</code></a>.</strong></p>
<p>Providers exposed by Ethereum-enabled DOM environments define a new RPC method: <code>ethereum.enable()</code>. Calling this method triggers a user interface that allows the user to approve or reject account access for a given dapp. This method returns a <code>Promise</code> that is resolved with an <code>Array</code> of accounts if the user approves access or rejected with an <code>Error</code> if the user rejects access.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="typescript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">ethereum</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">enable</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>: </span><span class="z-support">Promise</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-variable z-other">any</span><span class="z-keyword">></span></span></code></pre><h3 id="protocol">Protocol</h3>
<h4 id="legacy-dapp-initialization">Legacy dapp initialization</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>START dapp</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>IF web3 is defined</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> CONTINUE dapp</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>IF web3 is undefined</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> STOP dapp</span></span></code></pre><h4 id="proposed-dapp-initialization">Proposed dapp initialization</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>START dapp</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>IF provider is defined</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> REQUEST[1] account access</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> IF user approves</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> RESOLVE[2] account access</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> CONTINUE dapp</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> IF user rejects</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> REJECT[3] account access</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> STOP dapp</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>IF provider is undefined</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> STOP dapp</span></span></code></pre><h5 id="1-request"><code>[1] REQUEST</code></h5>
<p>Dapps <strong>MUST</strong> request accounts by calling the <code>eth_requestAccounts</code> RPC method on the provider exposed at <code>window.ethereum</code>. Calling this method <strong>MAY</strong> trigger a user interface that allows the user to approve or reject account access for a given dapp. This method <strong>MUST</strong> return a <code>Promise</code> that is resolved with an array of one or more user accounts or rejected if no accounts are available (e.g., the user rejected account access).</p>
<h5 id="2-resolve"><code>[2] RESOLVE</code></h5>
<p>The <code>Promise</code> returned when calling the <code>eth_requestAccounts</code> RPC method <strong>MUST</strong> be resolved with an <code>Array</code> of user accounts.</p>
<h5 id="3-reject"><code>[3] REJECT</code></h5>
<p>The <code>Promise</code> returned when calling the <code>eth_requestAccounts</code> RPC method <strong>MUST</strong> be rejected with an informative <code>Error</code> if no accounts are available for any reason.</p>
<h3 id="example-initialization">Example initialization</h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">try</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> Request account access if needed</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> const</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> accounts</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-keyword"> await</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> ethereum</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">send</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">eth_requestAccounts</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> Accounts now exposed, use them</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> ethereum</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">send</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">eth_sendTransaction</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span> {</span><span> from</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> accounts</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> /*</span><span class="z-comment"> ... </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">*/</span><span> }</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword"> catch</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span>)</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> User denied account access</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="constraints">Constraints</h3>
<ul>
<li>Browsers <strong>MUST</strong> expose a provider at <code>window.ethereum</code> .</li>
<li>Browsers <strong>MUST</strong> define an <code>eth_requestAccounts</code> RPC method.</li>
<li>Browsers <strong>MAY</strong> wait for a user interaction before resolving/rejecting the <code>eth_requestAccounts</code> promise.</li>
<li>Browsers <strong>MUST</strong> include at least one account if the <code>eth_requestAccounts</code> promise is resolved.</li>
<li>Browsers <strong>MUST</strong> reject the promise with an informative error if no accounts are available.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>The pattern of automatic account exposure followed by the previous generation of Ethereum-enabled DOM environments fails to protect user privacy and fails to maintain safe user experience: untrusted websites can both view detailed account information and arbitrarily initiate transactions on a user's behalf. Even though most users may reject unsolicited transactions on untrusted websites, a protocol for account access should make such unsolicited requests impossible.</p>
<p>This proposal establishes a new pattern wherein dapps must request access to user accounts. This protocol directly strengthens user privacy by allowing the browser to hide user accounts and preventing unsolicited transaction requests on untrusted sites.</p>
<h3 id="immediate-value-add">Immediate value-add</h3>
<ul>
<li>Users can reject account access on untrusted sites to hide accounts.</li>
<li>Users can reject account access on untrusted sites to prevent unsolicited transactions.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="long-term-value-add">Long-term value-add</h3>
<ul>
<li>Dapps could request specific account information based on user consent.</li>
<li>Dapps could request specific user information based on user consent (uPort, DIDs).</li>
<li>Dapps could request a specific network based on user consent.</li>
<li>Dapps could request multiple instances of the above based on user consent.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards compatibility</h2>
<p>This proposal impacts dapp developers and requires that they request access to user accounts following the protocol outlined above. Similarly, this proposal impacts dapp browser developers and requires that they only expose user accounts following the protocol defined above.</p>
<h2 id="implementation">Implementation</h2>
<p>The MetaMask team <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/MetaMask/metamask-extension/pull/4703">has implemented</a> the strategy described above.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Subscriptions and filters for completed transactions2017-11-09T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Jack Petersonjack@tinybike.nethttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/758/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>Provide a way for external callers to be notified of completed transactions, and access the return data of functions executed when a transaction is mined.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>When a new transaction is submitted successfully to an Ethereum node, the node responds with the transaction's hash. If the transaction involved the execution of a contract function that returns data, the data is discarded. If the return data is state-dependent, which is common, there is no straightforward way for the caller to access or compute the return data. This EIP proposes that callers should be able to subscribe to (or poll for) completed transactions. The Ethereum node sends the return data to the caller when the transactions are sealed.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>External callers presently have no way of accessing return data from Ethereum, if the function was executed via <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> or <code>eth_sendRawTransaction</code> RPC request. Access to function return data is in many cases a desirable feature. Making return data available to external callers also addresses the inconsistency between internal callers, which have access to return data within the context of the transaction, and external callers, which do not. Presently, a common workaround is to log the return data, which is bad for several reasons: it contributes to chain bloat, imposes additional gas costs on the caller, and can result in unused logs being written if the externally called function involves other (internal) function calls that log their return data. While implementing the original version of this EIP, it was decided to expand this functionality slightly to allow for external callers to be notified of their completed transactions even in the case where there is <em>no</em> return data. This could be either because the method called doesn't return a value, or because the transaction is a simple transfer of value.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<h3 id="subscription">Subscription</h3>
<p>A caller who wants to be notified when transactions of theirs complete sends an <code>eth_subscribe</code> RPC request with the first parameter <code>"completedTransaction"</code>:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eth_subscribe</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">completedTransaction</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-invalid z-illegal"> f</span><span class="z-invalid z-illegal">i</span><span class="z-invalid z-illegal">l</span><span class="z-invalid z-illegal">t</span><span class="z-invalid z-illegal">e</span><span class="z-invalid z-illegal">r</span><span>]</span><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The <code>filter</code> parameter is a dictionary containing 3 optional named arguments: <code>from</code>, <code>to</code>, and <code>hasReturnData</code>. <code>from</code> and <code>to</code> can each either be single addresses, or a list of addresses. They are used to filter out any transactions not sent from an address in the <code>from</code> list and sent to an address in the to list. <code>hasReturnData</code> is a boolean--if it is specified and <code>true</code>, then notifications will be received only for completed transactions containing returnData.</p>
<p>For example, to restrict results to contract creations originating from either of two addresses (0x3f7d39bDBf1f5cE649c194571aEd3D2BbB2F85ce or 0x7097f41F1C1847D52407C629d0E0ae0fDD24fd58):</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>filter = </span><span>{</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">from</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x3f7d39bDBf1f5cE649c194571aEd3D2BbB2F85ce</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x7097f41F1C1847D52407C629d0E0ae0fDD24fd58</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">to</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span></code></pre>
<p>To restrict results to method calls on contract address 0xD9Cb531aB97A652c8fC60dcF6D263fcA2F5764e9:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>filter = </span><span>{</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">to</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xD9Cb531aB97A652c8fC60dcF6D263fcA2F5764e9</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">hasReturnData</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span> :</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span><span> }</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Or to be notified of any transactions submitted by this rpc client when they complete, with no further restrictions:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>filter = </span><span>{</span><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>After the request is received, the Ethereum node responds with a subscription ID:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x00000000000000000000000000000b0b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Suppose the caller then submits a transaction via <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> or <code>eth_sendRawTransaction</code> RPC request which has the transaction hash <code>"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000deadbeef"</code>. When the transaction is sealed (mined), the Ethereum node pushes a notification to the caller. If the transaction is a method call on a contract, this will include the return value (eg. <code>"0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002a"</code>) of the called function:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eth_subscription</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">transactionHash</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000deadbeef</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">returnData</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">subscription</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x00000000000000000000000000000b0b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The caller receives notifications about their transactions in two cases: first when a transaction is sealed, and again (with an extra <code>"removed": true</code> field) if a transaction is affected by a chain reorganization. Notifications are sent to the client for all transactions submitted from the client that are sealed <em>after</em> subscribing. If <code>from</code>, <code>to</code>, or <code>hasReturnData</code> is specified, then only those matching the filter criteria will generate notifications. As with other subscriptions, the caller can send an <code>eth_unsubscribe</code> RPC request to stop receiving push notifications:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eth_unsubscribe</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x00000000000000000000000000000b0b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h3 id="polling">Polling</h3>
<p>Push notifications require full duplex connections (i.e., websocket or IPC). Instead of subscribing, callers using HTTP send an <code>eth_newCompletedTransactionFilter</code> request:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eth_newCompletedTransactionFilter</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-invalid z-illegal">f</span><span class="z-invalid z-illegal">i</span><span class="z-invalid z-illegal">l</span><span class="z-invalid z-illegal">t</span><span class="z-invalid z-illegal">e</span><span class="z-invalid z-illegal">r</span><span>]</span><span> }</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The Ethereum node responds with a filter ID:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>When a transaction is submitted, the Ethereum node pushes the transaction notification, including return value, into a queue which is emptied when the caller polls using <code>eth_getFilterChanges</code>:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">method</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eth_getFilterChanges</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">params</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The node responds with an array of transaction hashes and their corresponding return data, in the order they were computed:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="json"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">id</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 2</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">result</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">transactionHash</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000deadbeef</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> "</span><span class="z-support">returnData</span><span class="z-support">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>All transactions that were sealed <em>after</em> the initial <code>eth_newCompletedTransactionFilter</code> request are included in this array. Again, if the <code>filter</code> param is a non-empty dictionary (contains either <code>from</code>, <code>to</code>, or <code>hasReturnData</code>) then only transactions matching the filter criteria generate notifications. Note that in the polling case, there is no way for the Ethereum node to be sure that an RPC client which submits a transaction was the same as the one who created the filter, so there is no restriction based on where the transaction was submitted.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/658/">EIP-658</a> originally proposed adding return data to transaction receipts. However, return data is not charged for (as it is not stored on the blockchain), so adding it to transaction receipts could result in DoS and spam opportunities. Instead, a simple Boolean <code>status</code> field was added to transaction receipts. This modified version of EIP 658 was included in the Byzantium hard fork. While the <code>status</code> field is useful, applications often need the return data as well.</p>
<p>The primary advantage of using the strategy outlined here is efficiency: no extra data needs to be stored on the blockchain, and minimal extra computational load is imposed on nodes. Although after-the-fact lookups of the return value would not be supported, this is consistent with the conventional use of return data, which are only accessible to the caller when the function returns, and are not stored for later use.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Typed structured data hashing and signing2017-09-12T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:28+00:00Remco Bloemenhttps://github.com/RecmoLeonid Logvinovhttps://github.com/LogvinovLeonJacob Evanshttps://github.com/dekzhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/712/A procedure for hashing and signing of typed structured data as opposed to just bytestrings.<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This is a standard for hashing and signing of typed structured data as opposed to just bytestrings. It includes a</p>
<ul>
<li>theoretical framework for correctness of encoding functions,</li>
<li>specification of structured data similar to and compatible with Solidity structs,</li>
<li>safe hashing algorithm for instances of those structures,</li>
<li>safe inclusion of those instances in the set of signable messages,</li>
<li>an extensible mechanism for domain separation,</li>
<li>new RPC call <code>eth_signTypedData</code>, and</li>
<li>an optimized implementation of the hashing algorithm in EVM.</li>
</ul>
<p>It does not include replay protection.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Signing data is a solved problem if all we care about are bytestrings. Unfortunately in the real world we care about complex meaningful messages. Hashing structured data is non-trivial and errors result in loss of the security properties of the system.</p>
<p>As such, the adage "don't roll your own crypto" applies. Instead, a peer-reviewed well-tested standard method needs to be used. This EIP aims to be that standard.</p>
<p>This EIP aims to improve the usability of off-chain message signing for use on-chain. We are seeing growing adoption of off-chain message signing as it saves gas and reduces the number of transactions on the blockchain. Currently signed messages are an opaque hex string displayed to the user with little context about the items that make up the message.</p>
<p><img src="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/712/./assets/eth_sign.png" alt="eth_sign screenshot" /></p>
<p>Here we outline a scheme to encode data along with its structure which allows it to be displayed to the user for verification when signing. Below is an example of what a user could be shown when signing a message according to the present proposal.</p>
<p><img src="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/712/./assets/eth_signTypedData.png" alt="eth_signTypedData screenshot" /></p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The set of signable messages is extended from transactions and bytestrings <code>𝕋 ∪ 𝔹⁸ⁿ</code> to also include structured data <code>𝕊</code>. The new set of signable messages is thus <code>𝕋 ∪ 𝔹⁸ⁿ ∪ 𝕊</code>. They are encoded to bytestrings suitable for hashing and signing as follows:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>encode(transaction : 𝕋) = RLP_encode(transaction)</code></li>
<li><code>encode(message : 𝔹⁸ⁿ) = "\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n" ‖ len(message) ‖ message</code> where <code>len(message)</code> is the <em>non-zero-padded</em> ascii-decimal encoding of the number of bytes in <code>message</code>.</li>
<li><code>encode(domainSeparator : 𝔹²⁵⁶, message : 𝕊) = "\x19\x01" ‖ domainSeparator ‖ hashStruct(message)</code> where <code>domainSeparator</code> and <code>hashStruct(message)</code> are defined below.</li>
</ul>
<p>This encoding is deterministic because the individual components are. The encoding is injective because the three cases always differ in first byte. (<code>RLP_encode(transaction)</code> does not start with <code>\x19</code>.)</p>
<p>The encoding is compliant with <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/191/">ERC-191</a>. The 'version byte' is fixed to <code>0x01</code>, the 'version specific data' is the 32-byte domain separator <code>domainSeparator</code> and the 'data to sign' is the 32-byte <code>hashStruct(message)</code>.</p>
<h3 id="definition-of-typed-structured-data-s">Definition of typed structured data <code>𝕊</code></h3>
<p>To define the set of all structured data, we start with defining acceptable types. Like ABIv2 these are closely related to Solidity types. It is illustrative to adopt Solidity notation to explain the definitions. The standard is specific to the Ethereum Virtual Machine, but aims to be agnostic to higher level languages. Example:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="solidity"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">struct</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Mail</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> address</span><span> from</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> address</span><span> to</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> string</span><span> contents</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p><strong>Definition</strong>: A <em>struct type</em> has valid identifier as name and contains zero or more member variables. Member variables have a member type and a name.</p>
<p><strong>Definition</strong>: A <em>member type</em> can be either an atomic type, a dynamic type or a reference type.</p>
<p><strong>Definition</strong>: The <em>atomic types</em> are <code>bytes1</code> to <code>bytes32</code>, <code>uint8</code> to <code>uint256</code>, <code>int8</code> to <code>int256</code>, <code>bool</code> and <code>address</code>. These correspond to their definition in Solidity. Note that there are no aliases <code>uint</code> and <code>int</code>. Note that contract addresses are always plain <code>address</code>. Fixed point numbers are not supported by the standard. Future versions of this standard may add new atomic types.</p>
<p><strong>Definition</strong>: The <em>dynamic types</em> are <code>bytes</code> and <code>string</code>. These are like the atomic types for the purpose of type declaration, but their treatment in encoding is different.</p>
<p><strong>Definition</strong>: The <em>reference types</em> are arrays and structs. Arrays are either fixed size or dynamic and denoted by <code>Type[n]</code> or <code>Type[]</code> respectively. Structs are references to other structs by their name. The standard supports recursive struct types.</p>
<p><strong>Definition</strong>: The set of structured typed data <code>𝕊</code> contains all the instances of all the struct types.</p>
<h3 id="definition-of-hashstruct">Definition of <code>hashStruct</code></h3>
<p>The <code>hashStruct</code> function is defined as</p>
<ul>
<li><code>hashStruct(s : 𝕊) = keccak256(typeHash ‖ encodeData(s))</code> where <code>typeHash = keccak256(encodeType(typeOf(s)))</code></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Note</strong>: The <code>typeHash</code> is a constant for a given struct type and does not need to be runtime computed.</p>
<h3 id="definition-of-encodetype">Definition of <code>encodeType</code></h3>
<p>The type of a struct is encoded as <code>name ‖ "(" ‖ member₁ ‖ "," ‖ member₂ ‖ "," ‖ … ‖ memberₙ ")"</code> where each member is written as <code>type ‖ " " ‖ name</code>. For example, the above <code>Mail</code> struct is encoded as <code>Mail(address from,address to,string contents)</code>.</p>
<p>If the struct type references other struct types (and these in turn reference even more struct types), then the set of referenced struct types is collected, sorted by name and appended to the encoding. An example encoding is <code>Transaction(Person from,Person to,Asset tx)Asset(address token,uint256 amount)Person(address wallet,string name)</code>.</p>
<h3 id="definition-of-encodedata">Definition of <code>encodeData</code></h3>
<p>The encoding of a struct instance is <code>enc(value₁) ‖ enc(value₂) ‖ … ‖ enc(valueₙ)</code>, i.e. the concatenation of the encoded member values in the order that they appear in the type. Each encoded member value is exactly 32-byte long.</p>
<p>The atomic values are encoded as follows: Boolean <code>false</code> and <code>true</code> are encoded as <code>uint256</code> values <code>0</code> and <code>1</code> respectively. Addresses are encoded as <code>uint160</code>. Integer values are sign-extended to 256-bit and encoded in big endian order. <code>bytes1</code> to <code>bytes31</code> are arrays with a beginning (index <code>0</code>) and an end (index <code>length - 1</code>), they are zero-padded at the end to <code>bytes32</code> and encoded in beginning to end order. This corresponds to their encoding in ABI v1 and v2.</p>
<p>The dynamic values <code>bytes</code> and <code>string</code> are encoded as a <code>keccak256</code> hash of their contents.</p>
<p>The array values are encoded as the <code>keccak256</code> hash of the concatenated <code>encodeData</code> of their contents (i.e. the encoding of <code>SomeType[5]</code> is identical to that of a struct containing five members of type <code>SomeType</code>).</p>
<p>The struct values are encoded recursively as <code>hashStruct(value)</code>. This is undefined for cyclical data.</p>
<h3 id="definition-of-domainseparator">Definition of <code>domainSeparator</code></h3>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="solidity"><span class="giallo-l"><span>domainSeparator </span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> hashStruct</span><span>(</span><span>eip712Domain</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre>
<p>where the type of <code>eip712Domain</code> is a struct named <code>EIP712Domain</code> with one or more of the below fields. Protocol designers only need to include the fields that make sense for their signing domain. Unused fields are left out of the struct type.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>string name</code> the user readable name of signing domain, i.e. the name of the DApp or the protocol.</li>
<li><code>string version</code> the current major version of the signing domain. Signatures from different versions are not compatible.</li>
<li><code>uint256 chainId</code> the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/155/">EIP-155</a> chain id. The user-agent <em>should</em> refuse signing if it does not match the currently active chain.</li>
<li><code>address verifyingContract</code> the address of the contract that will verify the signature. The user-agent <em>may</em> do contract specific phishing prevention.</li>
<li><code>bytes32 salt</code> a disambiguating salt for the protocol. This can be used as a domain separator of last resort.</li>
</ul>
<p>Future extensions to this standard can add new fields with new user-agent behaviour constraints. User-agents are free to use the provided information to inform/warn users or refuse signing. Dapp implementers should not add private fields, new fields should be proposed through the EIP process.</p>
<p>The <code>EIP712Domain</code> fields should be the order as above, skipping any absent fields. Future field additions must be in alphabetical order and come after the above fields. User-agents should accept fields in any order as specified by the <code>EIP712Domain</code> type.</p>
<h3 id="specification-of-the-eth-signtypeddata-json-rpc">Specification of the <code>eth_signTypedData</code> JSON RPC</h3>
<p>The method <code>eth_signTypedData</code> is added to the Ethereum JSON-RPC. The method parallels <code>eth_sign</code>.</p>
<h4 id="eth-signtypeddata">eth_signTypedData</h4>
<p>The sign method calculates an Ethereum specific signature with: <code>sign(keccak256("\x19\x01" ‖ domainSeparator ‖ hashStruct(message)))</code>, as defined above.</p>
<p><strong>Note</strong>: the address to sign with must be unlocked.</p>
<h5 id="parameters">Parameters</h5>
<ol>
<li><code>Address</code> - 20 Bytes - Address of the account that will sign the messages.</li>
<li><code>TypedData</code> - Typed structured data to be signed.</li>
</ol>
<p>Typed data is a JSON object containing type information, domain separator parameters and the message object. Below is the json-schema definition for <code>TypedData</code> param.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> properties</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> types</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> properties</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> EIP712Domain</span><span>:</span><span> {</span><span class="z-entity z-name">type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">array</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>}</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> additionalProperties</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">array</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> items</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> properties</span><span>:</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> name</span><span>:</span><span> {</span><span class="z-entity z-name">type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">string</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>}</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> type</span><span>:</span><span> {</span><span class="z-entity z-name">type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">string</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> required</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">name</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">type</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> required</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">EIP712Domain</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> primaryType</span><span>:</span><span> {</span><span class="z-entity z-name">type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">string</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>}</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> domain</span><span>:</span><span> {</span><span class="z-entity z-name">type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>}</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> message</span><span>:</span><span> {</span><span class="z-entity z-name">type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>}</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> required</span><span>:</span><span> [</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">types</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">primaryType</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">domain</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">message</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>]</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h5 id="returns">Returns</h5>
<p><code>DATA</code>: Signature. As in <code>eth_sign</code> it is a hex encoded 65 byte array starting with <code>0x</code>. It encodes the <code>r</code>, <code>s</code> and <code>v</code> parameters from appendix F of the yellow paper in big-endian format. Bytes 0...32 contain the <code>r</code> parameter, bytes 32...64 the <code>s</code> parameter and the last byte the <code>v</code> parameter. Note that the <code>v</code> parameter includes the chain id as specified in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/155/">EIP-155</a>.</p>
<h5 id="example">Example</h5>
<p>Request:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="shellscript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name">curl</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">X</span><span class="z-string"> POST</span><span class="z-constant"> -</span><span class="z-constant">-data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_signTypedData","params":["0xCD2a3d9F938E13CD947Ec05AbC7FE734Df8DD826", {"types":{"EIP712Domain":[{"name":"name","type":"string"},{"name":"version","type":"string"},{"name":"chainId","type":"uint256"},{"name":"verifyingContract","type":"address"}],"Person":[{"name":"name","type":"string"},{"name":"wallet","type":"address"}],"Mail":[{"name":"from","type":"Person"},{"name":"to","type":"Person"},{"name":"contents","type":"string"}]},"primaryType":"Mail","domain":{"name":"Ether Mail","version":"1","chainId":1,"verifyingContract":"0xCcCCccccCCCCcCCCCCCcCcCccCcCCCcCcccccccC"},"message":{"from":{"name":"Cow","wallet":"0xCD2a3d9F938E13CD947Ec05AbC7FE734Df8DD826"},"to":{"name":"Bob","wallet":"0xbBbBBBBbbBBBbbbBbbBbbbbBBbBbbbbBbBbbBBbB"},"contents":"Hello, Bob!"}}],"id":1}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Result:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">id</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">result</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x4355c47d63924e8a72e509b65029052eb6c299d53a04e167c5775fd466751c9d07299936d304c153f6443dfa05f40ff007d72911b6f72307f996231605b915621c</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>An example how to use Solidity ecrecover to verify the signature calculated with <code>eth_signTypedData</code> can be found in the <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/712/./assets/Example.js">Example.js</a>. The contract is deployed on the testnet Ropsten and Rinkeby.</p>
<h4 id="personal-signtypeddata">personal_signTypedData</h4>
<p>There also should be a corresponding <code>personal_signTypedData</code> method which accepts the password for an account as the last argument.</p>
<h3 id="specification-of-the-web3-api">Specification of the Web3 API</h3>
<p>Two methods are added to Web3.js version 1 that parallel the <code>web3.eth.sign</code> and <code>web3.eth.personal.sign</code> methods.</p>
<h4 id="web3-eth-signtypeddata">web3.eth.signTypedData</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">web3</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">eth</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">signTypedData</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">typedData</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> address</span><span> [</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> callback</span><span>]</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Signs typed data using a specific account. This account needs to be unlocked.</p>
<h5 id="parameters-1">Parameters</h5>
<ol>
<li><code>Object</code> - Domain separator and typed data to sign. Structured according to the JSON-Schema specified above in the <code>eth_signTypedData</code> JSON RPC call.</li>
<li><code>String|Number</code> - Address to sign data with. Or an address or index of a local wallet in :ref:<code>web3.eth.accounts.wallet <eth_accounts_wallet></code>.</li>
<li><code>Function</code> - (optional) Optional callback, returns an error object as first parameter and the result as second.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Note</strong>: The 2. <code>address</code> parameter can also be an address or index from the <code>web3.eth.accounts.wallet <eth_accounts_wallet></code>. It will then sign locally using the private key of this account.</p>
<h5 id="returns-1">Returns</h5>
<p><code>Promise</code> returns <code>String</code> - The signature as returned by <code>eth_signTypedData</code>.</p>
<h5 id="example-1">Example</h5>
<p>See the <code>eth_signTypedData</code> JSON-API example above for the value of <code>typedData</code>.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">web3</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">eth</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">signTypedData</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">typedData</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0xCD2a3d9F938E13CD947Ec05AbC7FE734Df8DD826</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">then</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">log</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0x4355c47d63924e8a72e509b65029052eb6c299d53a04e167c5775fd466751c9d07299936d304c153f6443dfa05f40ff007d72911b6f72307f996231605b915621c</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span></code></pre><h4 id="web3-eth-personal-signtypeddata">web3.eth.personal.signTypedData</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">web3</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">eth</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">personal</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">signTypedData</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">typedData</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> address</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> password</span><span> [</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> callback</span><span>]</span><span>)</span></span></code></pre>
<p>Identical to <code>web3.eth.signTypedData</code> except for an additional <code>password</code> parameter analogous to <code>web3.eth.personal.sign</code>.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>The <code>encode</code> function is extended with a new case for the new types. The first byte of the encoding distinguishes the cases. For the same reason it is not safe to start immediately with the domain separator or a <code>typeHash</code>. While hard, it may be possible to construct a <code>typeHash</code> that also happens to be a prefix of a valid RLP encoded transaction.</p>
<p>The domain separator prevents collision of otherwise identical structures. It is possible that two DApps come up with an identical structure like <code>Transfer(address from,address to,uint256 amount)</code> that should not be compatible. By introducing a domain separator the DApp developers are guaranteed that there can be no signature collision.</p>
<p>The domain separator also allows for multiple distinct signatures use-cases on the same struct instance within a given DApp. In the previous example, perhaps signatures from both <code>from</code> and <code>to</code> are required. By providing two distinct domain separators these signatures can be distinguished from each other.</p>
<p><strong>Alternative 1</strong>: Use the target contract address as domain separator. This solves the first problem, contracts coming up with identical types, but does not address the second use-case. The standard does suggest implementors to use the target contract address where this is appropriate.</p>
<p>The function <code>hashStruct</code> starts with a <code>typeHash</code> to separate types. By giving different types a different prefix the <code>encodeData</code> function only has to be injective within a given type. It is okay for <code>encodeData(a)</code> to equal <code>encodeData(b)</code> as long as <code>typeOf(a)</code> is not <code>typeOf(b)</code>.</p>
<h3 id="rationale-for-typehash">Rationale for <code>typeHash</code></h3>
<p>The <code>typeHash</code> is designed to turn into a compile time constant in Solidity. For example:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="solidity"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support">bytes32</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> constant</span><span> MAIL_TYPEHASH </span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-support"> keccak256</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-string"> "Mail(address from,address to,string contents)"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span></code></pre>
<p>For the type hash several alternatives were considered and rejected for the reasons:</p>
<p><strong>Alternative 2</strong>: Use ABIv2 function signatures. <code>bytes4</code> is not enough to be collision resistant. Unlike function signatures, there is negligible runtime cost incurred by using longer hashes.</p>
<p><strong>Alternative 3</strong>: ABIv2 function signatures modified to be 256-bit. While this captures type info, it does not capture any of the semantics other than the function. This is already causing a practical collision between <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/20/">ERC-20</a>'s and <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/721/">ERC-721</a>'s <code>transfer(address,uint256)</code>, where in the former the <code>uint256</code> refers to an amount and the latter to a unique id. In general ABIv2 favors compatibility where a hashing standard should prefer incompatibility.</p>
<p><strong>Alternative 4</strong>: 256-bit ABIv2 signatures extended with parameter names and struct names. The <code>Mail</code> example from above would be encoded as <code>Mail(Person(string name,address wallet) from,Person(string name,address wallet) to,string contents)</code>. This is longer than the proposed solution. And indeed, the length of the string can grow exponentially in the length of the input (consider <code>struct A{B a;B b;}; struct B {C a;C b;}; …</code>). It also does not allow a recursive struct type (consider <code>struct List {uint256 value; List next;}</code>).</p>
<p><strong>Alternative 5</strong>: Include natspec documentation. This would include even more semantic information in the schemaHash and further reduces chances of collision. It makes extending and amending documentation a breaking changes, which contradicts common assumptions. It also makes the schemaHash mechanism very verbose.</p>
<h3 id="rationale-for-encodedata">Rationale for <code>encodeData</code></h3>
<p>The <code>encodeData</code> is designed to allow easy implementation of <code>hashStruct</code> in Solidity:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="solidity"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> hashStruct</span><span>(</span><span class="z-storage z-type">Mail</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> memory</span><span class="z-variable"> mail</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> pure</span><span class="z-keyword"> returns</span><span> (</span><span class="z-support">bytes32</span><span class="z-variable"> hash</span><span>)</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-support"> keccak256</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">abi</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">encode</span><span>(</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> MAIL_TYPEHASH</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> mail</span><span>.</span><span>from</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> mail</span><span>.</span><span>to</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> keccak256</span><span>(</span><span>mail</span><span>.</span><span>contents</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> )</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>it also allows for an efficient in-place implementation in EVM</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="solidity"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> hashStruct</span><span>(</span><span class="z-storage z-type">Mail</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> memory</span><span class="z-variable"> mail</span><span>)</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> pure</span><span class="z-keyword"> returns</span><span> (</span><span class="z-support">bytes32</span><span class="z-variable"> hash</span><span>)</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> Compute sub-hashes</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> bytes32</span><span> typeHash </span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span> MAIL_TYPEHASH</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> bytes32</span><span> contentsHash </span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-support"> keccak256</span><span>(</span><span>mail</span><span>.</span><span>contents</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> assembly</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> Back up select memory</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> let</span><span> temp1 </span><span class="z-keyword">:=</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> mload</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sub</span><span>(</span><span>mail</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> 32</span><span>)</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> let</span><span> temp2 </span><span class="z-keyword">:=</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> mload</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">add</span><span>(</span><span>mail</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> 128</span><span>)</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> Write typeHash and sub-hashes</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> mstore</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sub</span><span>(</span><span>mail</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> 32</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span> typeHash</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> mstore</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">add</span><span>(</span><span>mail</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> 64</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span> contentsHash</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> Compute hash</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> hash </span><span class="z-keyword">:=</span><span class="z-support"> keccak256</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sub</span><span>(</span><span>mail</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> 32</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> 128</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> Restore memory</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> mstore</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sub</span><span>(</span><span>mail</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> 32</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span> temp1</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> mstore</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">add</span><span>(</span><span>mail</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> 64</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span> temp2</span><span>)</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>The in-place implementation makes strong but reasonable assumptions on the memory layout of structs in memory. Specifically it assumes structs are not allocated below address 32, that members are stored in order, that all values are padded to 32-byte boundaries, and that dynamic and reference types are stored as a 32-byte pointers.</p>
<p><strong>Alternative 6</strong>: Tight packing. This is the default behaviour in Solidity when calling <code>keccak256</code> with multiple arguments. It minimizes the number of bytes to be hashed but requires complicated packing instructions in EVM to do so. It does not allow in-place computation.</p>
<p><strong>Alternative 7</strong>: ABIv2 encoding. Especially with the upcoming <code>abi.encode</code> it should be easy to use <code>abi.encode</code> as the <code>encodeData</code> function. The ABIv2 standard by itself fails the determinism security criteria. There are several valid ABIv2 encodings of the same data. ABIv2 does not allow in-place computation.</p>
<p><strong>Alternative 8</strong>: Leave <code>typeHash</code> out of <code>hashStruct</code> and instead combine it with the domain separator. This is more efficient, but then the semantics of the Solidity <code>keccak256</code> hash function are not injective.</p>
<p><strong>Alternative 9</strong>: Support cyclical data structures. The current standard is optimized for tree-like data structures and undefined for cyclical data structures. To support cyclical data a stack containing the path to the current node needs to be maintained and a stack offset substituted when a cycle is detected. This is prohibitively more complex to specify and implement. It also breaks composability where the hashes of the member values are used to construct the hash of the struct (the hash of the member values would depend on the path). It is possible to extend the standard in a compatible way to define hashes of cyclical data.</p>
<p>Similarly, a straightforward implementation is sub-optimal for directed acyclic graphs. A simple recursion through the members can visit the same node twice. Memoization can optimize this.</p>
<h3 id="rationale-for-domainseparator">Rationale for <code>domainSeparator</code></h3>
<p>Since different domains have different needs, an extensible scheme is used where the DApp specifies a <code>EIP712Domain</code> struct type and an instance <code>eip712Domain</code> which it passes to the user-agent. The user-agent can then apply different verification measures depending on the fields that are there.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>The RPC calls, web3 methods and <code>SomeStruct.typeHash</code> parameter are currently undefined. Defining them should not affect the behaviour of existing DApps.</p>
<p>The Solidity expression <code>keccak256(someInstance)</code> for an instance <code>someInstance</code> of a struct type <code>SomeStruct</code> is valid syntax. It currently evaluates to the <code>keccak256</code> hash of the memory address of the instance. This behaviour should be considered dangerous. In some scenarios it will appear to work correctly but in others it will fail determinism and/or injectiveness. DApps that depend on the current behaviour should be considered dangerously broken.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<p>An example contract can be found in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/712/./assets/Example.sol">Example.sol</a> and an example implementation of signing in JavaScript in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/712/./assets/Example.js">Example.js</a></p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<h3 id="replay-attacks">Replay attacks</h3>
<p>This standard is only about signing messages and verifying signatures. In many practical applications, signed messages are used to authorize an action, for example an exchange of tokens. It is <em>very important</em> that implementers make sure the application behaves correctly when it sees the same signed message twice. For example, the repeated message should be rejected or the authorized action should be idempotent. How this is implemented is specific to the application and out of scope for this standard.</p>
<h3 id="frontrunning-attacks">Frontrunning attacks</h3>
<p>The mechanism for reliably broadcasting a signature is application-specific and out of scope for this standard. When the signature is broadcast to a blockchain for use in a contract, the application has to be secure against frontrunning attacks. In this kind of attack, an attacker intercepts the signature and submits it to the contract before the original intended use takes place. The application should behave correctly when the signature is submitted first by an attacker, for example by rejecting it or simply producing exactly the same effect as intended by the signer.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Create `eth_chainId` method for JSON-RPC2017-08-21T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Isaac Ardisisaac.ardis@gmail.comWei Tanghttps://github.com/sorpaasFan Torchzhttps://github.com/tcz001Erik Markshttps://github.com/rekmarkshttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/695/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>Include <code>eth_chainId</code> method in <code>eth_</code>-namespaced JSON-RPC methods.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>The <code>eth_chainId</code> method should return a single STRING result
for an integer value in hexadecimal format, describing the
currently configured <code>CHAIN_ID</code> value used for signing replay-protected transactions,
introduced by <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/155/">EIP-155</a>.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Currently although we can use <code>net_version</code> RPC call to get the
current network ID, there's no RPC for querying the chain ID. This
makes it impossible to determine the current actual blockchain using
the RPC.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<h3 id="eth-chainid"><code>eth_chainId</code></h3>
<p>Returns the currently configured chain ID, a value used in replay-protected transaction
signing as introduced by <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/155/">EIP-155</a>.</p>
<p>The chain ID returned should always correspond to the information in the current known
head block. This ensures that caller of this RPC method can always use the retrieved
information to sign transactions built on top of the head.</p>
<p>If the current known head block does not specify a chain ID, the client should treat any
calls to <code>eth_chainId</code> as though the method were not supported, and return a suitable
error.</p>
<h4 id="parameters">Parameters</h4>
<p>None.</p>
<h4 id="returns">Returns</h4>
<p><code>QUANTITY</code> - integer of the current chain ID.</p>
<h4 id="example">Example</h4>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="javascript"><span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other">curl</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">X</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> POST</span><span class="z-keyword"> --</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_chainId","params":[],"id":83}</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">//</span><span class="z-comment"> Result</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">id</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>: </span><span class="z-constant">83</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">jsonrpc</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">2.0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">result</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0x3d</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> 61</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>An ETH/ETC client can accidentally connect to an ETC/ETH RPC
endpoint without knowing it unless it tries to sign a transaction or
it fetches a transaction that is known to have signed with a chain
ID. This has since caused trouble for application developers, such as
MetaMask, to add multi-chain support.</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>Not relevant.</p>
<h2 id="security-considerations">Security Considerations</h2>
<p>Consumers should prefer <code>eth_chainId</code> over <code>net_version</code>, so that they can reliably identify chain they are communicating with.</p>
<p>Implementers should take care to implement <code>eth_chainId</code> correctly and promote its use, since the chain ID is critical in replay attack prevention as described in <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/155/">EIP-155</a>, and consumers will rely on it to identify the chain they are communicating with.</p>
<h2 id="implementation">Implementation</h2>
<ul>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/paritytech/parity/pull/6329">Parity PR</a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/17617">Geth PR</a></li>
<li><a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereumproject/go-ethereum/pull/336">Geth Classic PR</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="reference">Reference</h2>
<p>Return value <code>QUANTITY</code> adheres to standard JSON RPC hex value encoding, as documented in the <a rel="external" href="https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/apis/json-rpc/#hex-encoding">Ethereum.org documentation</a>.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Rename opcodes for clarity2017-07-28T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Alex Beregszaszihttps://github.com/axichttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/1803/<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>Rename the <code>BALANCE</code>, <code>SHA3</code>, <code>NUMBER</code>, <code>GASLIMIT</code>, <code>GAS</code> and <code>INVALID</code> opcodes to reflect their true meaning.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>Rename the opcodes as follows:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>BALANCE</code> (<code>0x31</code>) to <code>EXTBALANCE</code> to be in line with <code>EXTCODESIZE</code>, <code>EXTCODECOPY</code> and <code>EXTCODEHASH</code></li>
<li><code>SHA3</code> (<code>0x20</code>) to <code>KECCAK256</code></li>
<li><code>NUMBER</code> (<code>0x43</code>) to <code>BLOCKNUMBER</code></li>
<li><code>GASLIMIT</code> (<code>0x45</code>) to <code>BLOCKGASLIMIT</code> to avoid confusion with the gas limit of the transaction</li>
<li><code>GAS</code> (<code>0x5a</code>) to <code>GASLEFT</code> to be clear what it refers to</li>
<li><code>INVALID</code> (<code>0xfe</code>) to <code>ABORT</code> to clearly articulate when someone refers this opcode as opposed to "any invalid opcode"</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>This has no effect on any code. It can influence what mnemonics assemblers will use.</p>
<h2 id="implementation">Implementation</h2>
<p>Not applicable.</p>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<p><a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6/">EIP-6</a> previously renamed <code>SUICIDE</code> (<code>0xff</code>) to <code>SELFDESTRUCT</code>.
Renaming <code>SHA3</code> was previously proposed by <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/59">EIP-59</a>.</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Add `blockHash` to JSON-RPC filter options.2017-03-24T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Micah Zoltuhttps://github.com/MicahZoltuhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/234/<h2 id="simple-summary">Simple Summary</h2>
<p>Add an option to JSON-RPC filter options (used by <code>eth_newFilter</code> and <code>eth_getLogs</code>) that allows specifying the block hash that should be included in the results. This option would be an alternative to <code>fromBlock</code>/<code>toBlock</code> options.</p>
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This addition would allow clients to fetch logs for specific blocks, whether those blocks were in the current main chain or not. This resolves some issues that make it difficult/expensive to author robust clients due to the nature of chain reorgs, unreliable network connections and the result set not containing enough details in the empty case.</p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>The filter options used by <code>eth_newFilter</code> would have an additional optional parameter named <code>blockHash</code> whose value is a single block hash. The Ethereum node responding to the request would either send back an error if the block hash was not found or it would return the results matching the filter (per normal operation) constrained to the block provided. Internally, this would function (presumably) similar to the <code>fromBlock</code> and <code>toBlock</code> filter options.</p>
<h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>A client (dApp) who needs reliable notification of both log additions (on new blocks) and log removals (on chain reorgs) cannot achieve this while relying solely on subscriptions and filters. This is because a combination of a network or remote node failure during a reorg can result in the client getting out of sync with reality. An example of where this can happen with Websockets is when the client opens a web socket connection, sets up a log filter subscription, gets notified of some new logs, then loses the web socket connection, then (while disconnected) a re-org occurs, then the client connects back and establishes a new log filter. In this scenario they will not receive notification of the log removals from the node because they were disconnected when the removals were broadcast and the loss of their connection resulted in the node forgetting about their existence. A similar scenario can be concocted for HTTP clients where between polls for updates, the node goes down and comes back (resulting in loss of filter state) and a re-org also occurs between the same two polls.</p>
<p>In order to deal with this while still providing a robust mechanism for internal block/log additional/removal, the client can maintain a blockchain internally (last <code>n</code> blocks) and only subscribe/poll for new blocks. When a new block is received, the client can reconcile their internal model with the new block, potentially back-filling parents or rolling back/removing blocks from their internal model to get in sync with the node. This can account for any type of disconnect/reorg/outage scenario and also allows the client (as an added benefit) to talk to a cluster of Ethereum nodes (e.g., via round-robin) rather than being tightly coupled to a single node.</p>
<p>Once the user has a reliable stream of blocks, they can then look at the bloom filter for the new block and if the block <em>may</em> have logs of interest they can fetch the filtered logs for that block from the node. The problem that arises is that a re-org may occur between when the client receives the block and when the client fetches the logs for that block. Given the current set of filter options, the client can only ask for logs by block number. In this scenario, the logs they get back will be for a block that <em>isn't</em> the block they want the logs for and is instead for a block that was re-orged in (and may not be fully reconciled with the internal client state). This can be partially worked around by looking at the resulting logs themselves and identifying whether or not they are for the block hash requested. However, if the result set is an empty array (no logs fetched) then the client is in a situation where they don't know what block the results are for. The results could have been legitimately empty (bloom filter can yield false positives) for the block in question, or they could be receiving empty logs for a block that they don't know about. At this point, there is no decision the client can make that allows them a guarantee of recovery. They can assume the empty logs were for the correct block, but if they weren't then they will never try to fetch again. This creates a problem if the block was only transiently re-orged out because it may come back before the next block poll so the client will never witness the reorg. They can assume the empty logs were for the wrong block, and refetch them, but they may continue to get empty results putting them right back into the same situation.</p>
<p>By adding the ability to fetch logs by hash, the client can be guaranteed that if they get a result set, it is for the block in question. If they get an error, then they can take appropriate action (e.g., rollback that block client-side and re-fetch latest).</p>
<h2 id="backwards-compatibility">Backwards Compatibility</h2>
<p>The only potential issue here is the <code>fromBlock</code> and <code>toBlock</code> fields. It wouldn't make sense to include both the hash and the number so it seems like <code>fromBlock</code>/<code>toBlock</code> should be mutually exclusive with <code>blockHash</code>.</p>
<h2 id="test-cases">Test Cases</h2>
<p><code>{ "jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 1, "method": "eth_getLogs", params: [{"blockHash": "0xbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0c"}] }</code> should return all of the logs for the block with hash <code>0xbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0c</code>. If a <code>topics</code> field is added to the filter options then a filtered set of logs for that block should be returned. If no block exists with that hash then an error should be returned with a <code>code</code> of <code>-32000</code>, a <code>message</code> of <code>"Block not found."</code> and a <code>data</code> of <code>"0xbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0cbl0c"</code>.</p>
<h2 id="implementation">Implementation</h2>
<ul>
<li><input disabled="" type="checkbox" checked=""/>
<a rel="external" href="https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/16734">Geth</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
safe "eth_sendTransaction" authorization via html popup2016-06-05T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Ronan Sandfordhttps://github.com/wighawaghttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/107/<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
<p>This draft EIP describes the details of an authorization method that if provided by rpc enabled ethereum nodes would allow regular websites to send transactions (via <code>eth_sendTransaction</code>) without the need to enable CORS. Instead, user would be asked to confirm the transaction via an html popup.</p>
<p>Every read only rpc call the dapp wants to perform is redirected to an invisible iframe from the node's domain and for every transaction that the dapp wish to execute, an html popup is presented to the user to allow him/her to cancel or confirm the transaction. This allows the dapp to connect to the node's rpc api without being granted any kind of privileges. This allows users to safely interact with dapps running in their everyday web browser while their accounts are unlocked. In case the account is not unlocked, and the node has allowed the "personal" api via rpc,the html page also allow the user to enter their password to unlock the account for the scope of the transaction.</p>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Currently, if a user navigates to a dapp running on a website using her/his everyday browser, the dapp will by default have no access to the rpc api for security reasons. The user will have to enable CORS for the website's domain in order for the dapp to work. Unfortunately if the user does so, the dapp will be able to send transactions from any unlocked account without the need for any user consent. In other words, not only does the user need to change the node's default setting, but the user is also forced to trust the dapp in order to use it. This is of course not acceptable and forces existing dapps to rely on the use of workarounds like:</p>
<ul>
<li>if the transaction is a plain ether transfer, the user is asked to enter it in a dedicated trusted wallet like "Mist"</li>
<li>For more complex case, the user is asked to enter the transaction manually via the node command line interface.</li>
</ul>
<p>This proposal aims to provide a safe and user friendly alternative.</p>
<p>Here are some screenshots of the provided implementation of that html popup:</p>
<h3 id="account-unlocked">Account unlocked</h3>
<p>When the account is already unlocked, the user is presented with the following popup for every transaction that the dapp attempts to make:</p>
<p><img src="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/107/./assets/authorization.png" alt="" /></p>
<h3 id="account-locked-and-no-personal-api-exposed-via-rpc">Account locked and no "personal" api exposed via rpc:</h3>
<p>When the account is locked, and the node does not provide access to account unlocking via its rpc interface, the following popup will be presented. This is not ideal since this requires the user to know how to unlock an account:</p>
<p><img src="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/107/./assets/authorization-locked.png" alt="" /></p>
<h3 id="account-locked-but-node-exposing-the-personal-api-via-rpc">Account locked but node exposing the "personal" api via rpc :</h3>
<p>A better option is to ask the user for their password, but this is only possible if the node allows access to the "personal" api via rpc. In such case, the following dialog will be presented to the user so he/she can accept the transaction by providing the password required to unlock the account:</p>
<p><img src="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/107/./assets/authorization-password.png" alt="" /></p>
<h2 id="specification">Specification</h2>
<p>In order for the mechanism to work, the node needs to serve an html file via http at the url <node url>/authorization.html</p>
<p>This file will then be used by the dapp in 2 different modes (invisible iframe and popup window).</p>
<p>The invisible iframe will be embedded in the dapp to allow the dapp to send its read-only rpc call without having to enable CORS for the dapp's website domain. This is done by sending message to the iframe (via javascript <code>window.postMessage</code>) which in turn execute the rpc call. This works since the iframe and the node share the same domain/port.</p>
<p>In the iframe mode, the html file's javascript code will ensure that no call requiring an unlocked key can be made. This is to prevent dapps from embedding the invisible iframe and tricking the user into clicking the confirm button.
If the dapp requires an <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> call, the dapp will instead open a new window using the same url.</p>
<p>In this popup window mode, the html file's javascript code will allow <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> (but not <code>eth_sign</code>, as there is no way to display to the user the meaningful content of the transaction to sign in a safe way) to be called. But instead of sending the call to the node directly, a confirmation dialog will be presented showing the sender and recipient addresses, as well as the amount being transferred along with the potential gas cost. Upon the user approving, the request will be sent and the result returned to the dapp. An error will be returned in case the user cancel the request.</p>
<p>The html page also checks for the availability of the "personal" api and if so, will ask the user to unlock the account if necessary. The unlocking is temporary (3s) so the password will be asked again if a transaction is attempted before the end of this short time.</p>
<p>In both iframe mode and window mode, the communication with the dapp is achieved using <code>window.postMessage</code>.
The first message the iframe/window sends is a message containing the string "ready" to let the dapp know that it now accepts messages. Then the dapp can start performing rpc call by sending message using the following object :</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> id:<an id>, //so responses can be match as there is no guarantee of the order of the response</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> payload:<json rpc object> //this is the exact object that usually send to the node</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>For <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> the "gas", "gasPrice" and "from" field need to be set in the rpc parameter so that the window can display the correct value. If not all of these are passed in, the window will return an error.</p>
<p>Upon receiving such message, the iframe will perform the actual rpc call to the node but only if such a call is a read only call (not requiring an unlocked key). If it is not it will return a error. The window on the other will only accept <code>eth_sendTransaction</code> calls but will display a dialog so the user can accept or cancel the request.</p>
<p>In all the cases, the iframe/window will send a message back to the dapp using the following object:</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> id:<id matching the request>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> result:<rpc result as is>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> error:<error object></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre>
<p>the error object cannot be a javascript Error object due to postMessage limitation. Instead it is</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="plain"><span class="giallo-l"><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> message:<a string describing the error>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> type:<a string defining the type of error> //type="cancel" means the user cancel the transaction</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span>}</span></span></code></pre><h2 id="rationale">Rationale</h2>
<p>The design for that proposal was chosen for its simplicity and security. A previous idea was to use an oauth-like protocol in order for the user to accept or deny a transaction request. It would have required deeper code change in the node and some geth contributors argues that such change did not fit into geth code base as it would have required dapp aware code.
The current design, instead has a very simple implementation (self contained html file that can be shared across node's implementation) and its safeness is guaranteed by browsers' cross domain policies.</p>
<p>The use of iframe/ window was required to have both security and user friendliness. The invisible iframe allows the dapp to execute read only calls without the need for user input, and the window ensures user approval before making a call. While we could have made it without the window mode by making the iframe confirmation use the native browser <code>window.confirm</code> dialog, this would have prevented the use of a more elegant confirmation popup that the current design allows. It also happens to be that the <code>window.confirm</code> is not safe in some browsers, as it gives focus to the accept option and can be triggered automatically (https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=260653).</p>
<h2 id="implementations">Implementations</h2>
<p>In order to implement this design, the following html file or an equivalent one needs to be served at the url <node url>/authorization.html</p>
<p>That's it.</p>
<pre class="giallo z-code"><code data-lang="html"><span class="giallo-l"><span><!</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">DOCTYPE</span><span class="z-entity"> html</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span><</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">html</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">head</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">title</span><span>></span><span>Ethereum Authorization</span><span></</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">title</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> </</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">head</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">script</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment">https://github.com/alexvandesande/blockies</span></span>
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z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">Math</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">floor</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span class="z-constant">.</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-entity z-name">t</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">reverse</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">concat</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> v</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">push</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> l</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> n</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">createElement</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">canvas</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">Math</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sqrt</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">width</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">height</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>;</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">getContext</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">2d</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">fillStyle</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">fillRect</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">width</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">height</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">fillStyle</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> h</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">Math</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">floor</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">fillStyle</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">fillRect</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> a</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> a</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">t</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span>{</span><span>}</span><span>;</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">size</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">8</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">scale</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">4</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">seed</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">Math</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">floor</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">Math</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">random</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">Math</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">pow</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">16</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toString</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">16</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-entity z-name">r</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">color</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-entity z-name">e</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">bgcolor</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-entity z-name">e</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">spotcolor</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-entity z-name">e</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">o</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">n</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> u</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Array</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">4</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">blockies</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>{</span><span>create</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>}</span><span>}</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> /*</span><span class="z-comment"> bignumber.js v2.3.0 https://github.com/MikeMcl/bignumber.js/LICENCE </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">*/</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> !</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">use strict</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> n</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword"> instanceof</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> j</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">L</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">26</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">constructor call without new</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">64</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">M</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">base</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword"> instanceof</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">U</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">P</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">k</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">number</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-keyword">typeof</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> RegExp</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">^-?</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">]+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">(?:</span><span class="z-constant">\\</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">)?$</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">37</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">i</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">test</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> h</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">j</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">replace</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">/</span><span class="z-keyword">^</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">0</span><span class="z-constant z-character z-escape">\.</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">0</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant z-character z-escape">\.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">/</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">15</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">L</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">M</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">45</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">charCodeAt</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">D</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword"> instanceof</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">void</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">number</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-keyword">typeof</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-keyword">~</span><span class="z-keyword">~</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">/=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">void</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">test</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> h</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">45</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">charCodeAt</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>}</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">indexOf</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">replace</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">search</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">/</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">/</span><span class="z-keyword">i</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">substring</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span class="z-constant">48</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">charCodeAt</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>;</span><span class="z-constant">48</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">charCodeAt</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">j</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">15</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">!==</span><span class="z-entity z-name">d</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">L</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">M</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">z</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">G</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">push</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">-=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">push</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> i</span><span class="z-keyword">-=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">push</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> D</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">i</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">indexOf</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">P</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">k</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">37</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toLowerCase</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">J</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">J</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">replace</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">pow</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">J</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">s</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">l</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">r</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">s</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>;</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">pop</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">C</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">4</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">4</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">6</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">8</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">7</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-entity z-name">l</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">unshift</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">charAt</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">l</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> F</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">i</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">8</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">k</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toString</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">r</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">19</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">24</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">B</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-entity z-name">f</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">l</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">U</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">r</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">19</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">24</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">B</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">f</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">-=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">l</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">-</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> _</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">u</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">break</span><span>}</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">call</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> t</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> x</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">i</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">c</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">L</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>,</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">decimal places</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string"> out of range</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string"> not an integer</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> I</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">t</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>[</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">pop</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">/=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">z</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">G</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> L</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">t</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Error</span><span>(</span><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">new BigNumber</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">cmp</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">config</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">div</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">divToInt</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eq</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">gt</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">gte</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">lt</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">lte</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">minus</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">mod</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">plus</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">precision</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">random</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">round</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">shift</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">times</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">toDigits</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">toExponential</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">toFixed</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">toFormat</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">toFraction</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">pow</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">toPrecision</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">toString</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">BigNumber</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">() </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">throw</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">name</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">BigNumber Error</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> U</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">r</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">S</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-entity z-name">e</span><span>:</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">/=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">p</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">break</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> e</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword"><=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">push</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">%=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">/=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">%=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">4</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">5</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">5</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">4</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">6</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span class="z-keyword">&</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">8</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">7</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">-=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-entity z-name">d</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span>;</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">/=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">/=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">b</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">break</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">b</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">break</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>;</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">pop</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span>}</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">z</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">G</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> C</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-support">E</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">prototype</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">q</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">P</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">20</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">k</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">4</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">B</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">7</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">$</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">21</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">G</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1e7</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">z</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1e7</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">j</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">H</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">x</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">V</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">W</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">J</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">100</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">X</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>{</span><span>decimalSeparator</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span>groupSeparator</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span>groupSize</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span>,</span><span>secondaryGroupSize</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span>fractionGroupSeparator</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span>,</span><span>fractionGroupSize</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>}</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> E</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">another</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">E</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">ROUND_UP</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">E</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">ROUND_DOWN</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">E</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">ROUND_CEIL</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">E</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">ROUND_FLOOR</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">E</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">ROUND_HALF_UP</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">4</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">E</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">ROUND_HALF_DOWN</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">5</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">E</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">ROUND_HALF_EVEN</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">6</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">E</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">ROUND_HALF_CEIL</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">7</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">E</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">ROUND_HALF_FLOOR</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">8</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">E</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">EUCLID</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">9</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">E</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">config</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>{</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-language">arguments</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-keyword">typeof</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> s</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">hasOwnProperty</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword">void</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword">void</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>}</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> f</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">DECIMAL_PLACES</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">P</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">P</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">f</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">ROUNDING_MODE</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">8</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">k</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">k</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">f</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">EXPONENTIAL_AT</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">u</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">B</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">$</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">B</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">$</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">B</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">$</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">f</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">RANGE</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">u</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">G</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">z</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">G</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">z</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">j</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">L</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string"> cannot be zero</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">G</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">z</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">f</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">ERRORS</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">H</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">j</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">x</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">j</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">L</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">j</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">f</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">CRYPTO</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">V</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">V</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">j</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">L</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">crypto unavailable</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">j</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">L</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">V</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">f</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">MODULO_MODE</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">9</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">W</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">W</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">f</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">POW_PRECISION</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">J</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">J</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">f</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">FORMAT</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-keyword">typeof</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">X</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">j</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">L</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string"> not an object</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">X</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">E</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">max</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> _</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">arguments</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">lt</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">E</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">min</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> _</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">arguments</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">gt</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">E</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">random</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">9007199254740992</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">Math</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">random</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&</span><span class="z-constant">2097151</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> d</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">Math</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">random</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-constant"> 8388608</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">1073741824</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">Math</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">random</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">8388608</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">Math</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">random</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">q</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">14</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">P</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">p</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">V</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">getRandomValues</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">getRandomValues</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Uint32Array</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">*=</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">131072</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">>>></span><span class="z-constant">11</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-constant">9e15</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">getRandomValues</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> Uint32Array</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">push</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-constant">1e14</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">randomBytes</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">randomBytes</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">*=</span><span class="z-constant">7</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">281474976710656</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">31</span><span class="z-keyword">&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1099511627776</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">4294967296</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">16777216</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">4</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword"><<</span><span class="z-constant">16</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">5</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword"><<</span><span class="z-constant">8</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">6</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-constant">9e15</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">randomBytes</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">7</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">copy</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">push</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-constant">1e14</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-constant">7</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-constant">7</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> j</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">L</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">14</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">crypto unavailable</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">n</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">9e15</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-constant">1e14</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>[</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">%=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">S</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">d</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">pop</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>;</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">shift</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">-=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">/=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">-=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> l</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>}</span><span>}</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">C</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> e</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">t</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">R</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">R</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">R</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">R</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">R</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">R</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">R</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> s</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">unshift</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> n</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">r</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-keyword"> for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">break</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> o</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> r</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">r</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">-=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">shift</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">f</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> l</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">S</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">R</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">D</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">F</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">_</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">x</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">I</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">I</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">I</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-keyword"> new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">I</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">I</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">I</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">I</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">x</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">x</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">NaN</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">x</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">x</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">b</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">t</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-entity z-name">t</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">x</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">x</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">I</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">I</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">x</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">push</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">I</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">F</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">x</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">d</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">e</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">I</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">e</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">I</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">F</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">I</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">R</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">F</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">I</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">F</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">F</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">_</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">_</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">unshift</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">D</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">D</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">do</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">n</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">F</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">S</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">F</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">S</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">S</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">d</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">S</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">D</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">e</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>;</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-entity z-name">n</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">r</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">F</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">_</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">unshift</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">r</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span>;</span><span class="z-entity z-name">n</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">F</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">r</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">F</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">_</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">L</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">I</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">R</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">I</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">R</span><span>]</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">while</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">R</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">x</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">shift</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">b</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">x</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">x</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">x</span><span class="z-keyword">/=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-entity z-name">U</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> w</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> w</span><span>}</span><span>}</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">h</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">/</span><span class="z-keyword">^</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">(</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">-</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">)</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">0</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">(</span><span class="z-constant">[</span><span class="z-constant">xbo</span><span class="z-constant">]</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">)</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">(</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">?=</span><span class="z-constant">\w</span><span class="z-constant">[</span><span class="z-constant">\w</span><span class="z-constant">.</span><span class="z-constant">]</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-keyword">$</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">)</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">/</span><span class="z-keyword">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">/</span><span class="z-keyword">^</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">(</span><span class="z-constant">[</span><span class="z-keyword">^</span><span class="z-constant">.</span><span class="z-constant">]</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">)</span><span class="z-constant z-character z-escape">\.</span><span class="z-keyword">$</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">/</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">/</span><span class="z-keyword">^</span><span class="z-constant z-character z-escape">\.</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">(</span><span class="z-constant">[</span><span class="z-keyword">^</span><span class="z-constant">.</span><span class="z-constant">]</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">)</span><span class="z-keyword">$</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">/</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">/</span><span class="z-keyword">^</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">-</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">(</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">Infinity</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">NaN</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">)</span><span class="z-keyword">$</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">/</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">/</span><span class="z-keyword">^</span><span class="z-constant">\s</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-constant z-character z-escape">\+</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">(</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">?=</span><span class="z-constant">[</span><span class="z-constant">\w</span><span class="z-constant">.</span><span class="z-constant">]</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">)</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-keyword">^</span><span class="z-constant">\s</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant">\s</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-keyword">$</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">/</span><span class="z-keyword">g</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">f</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> l</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">replace</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">test</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">isNaN</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">replace</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">t</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">x</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toLowerCase</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">16</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">b</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">8</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>}</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">replace</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">$1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">replace</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0.$1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-keyword"> new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">j</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">L</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">M</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">not a</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string"> base </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string"> number</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>}</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>}</span><span>}</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">absoluteValue</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">abs</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">ceil</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> U</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">comparedTo</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">cmp</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">i</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">decimalPlaces</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">dp</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-constant"> null</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-entity z-name">t</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">/=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">dividedBy</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">div</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">C</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">P</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">k</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">dividedToIntegerBy</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">divToInt</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">4</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">C</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">equals</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">eq</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">5</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-entity z-name">i</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">floor</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> U</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">greaterThan</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gt</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">6</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">i</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">greaterThanOrEqualTo</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gte</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">7</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">i</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">isFinite</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">isInteger</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">isInt</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">t</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">isNaN</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">isNegative</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">isNeg</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-language"> this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">isZero</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">lessThan</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">lt</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">8</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">i</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">lessThanOrEqualTo</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">lte</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">9</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">i</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">minus</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sub</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-keyword"> new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">NaN</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">plus</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> a</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">NaN</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">k</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">t</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">t</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">reverse</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">push</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">reverse</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-keyword"> for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">break</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">b</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">b</span><span>}</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">-=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>]</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span>;</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">shift</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> a</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-entity z-name">I</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">k</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">modulo</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">mod</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">11</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">NaN</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">9</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">W</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">C</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">*=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">C</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">W</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">minus</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">times</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">negated</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">neg</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">plus</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">add</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">12</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-keyword"> new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">NaN</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">minus</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-keyword"> new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> l</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">t</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">t</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">reverse</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">push</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">reverse</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>[</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other">b</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">%=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">b</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> o</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">unshift</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">I</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">precision</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sd</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">!==</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">!==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">!==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">j</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">L</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">13</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">argument</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-constant"> null</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">/=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">/=</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">round</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">15</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">U</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">~</span><span class="z-keyword">~</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">8</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">15</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">k</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">shift</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">16</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">argument</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">times</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">1e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-entity z-name">c</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">squareRoot</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sqrt</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">P</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">4</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0.5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">!==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-keyword"> new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">NaN</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">Math</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sqrt</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">r</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">Math</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">sqrt</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">t</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">1e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toExponential</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">indexOf</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">times</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">plus</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">C</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">r</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">r</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">9999</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">4999</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">charAt</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">U</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">P</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">times</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">eq</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">break</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">U</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">P</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">times</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">eq</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">break</span><span>}</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-constant">4</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-constant">4</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> U</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">P</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">k</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">times</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">mul</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">17</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">*=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">t</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-entity z-name">t</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">*=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">push</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">b</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">R</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>[</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> r</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">shift</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name">I</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toDigits</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">18</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">precision</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">8</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">18</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">k</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-entity z-name">U</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toExponential</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> F</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">19</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">~</span><span class="z-keyword">~</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">19</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toFixed</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> F</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">20</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">~</span><span class="z-keyword">~</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">20</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toFormat</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">F</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">21</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">~</span><span class="z-keyword">~</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">21</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">split</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">X</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">groupSize</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">X</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">secondaryGroupSize</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">X</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">groupSeparator</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">-=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">substr</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">substr</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">-</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">X</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">decimalSeparator</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">X</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">fractionGroupSize</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">replace</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> RegExp</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-constant">\\</span><span class="z-string">d{</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">}</span><span class="z-constant">\\</span><span class="z-string">B</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">g</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">$&</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">X</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">fractionGroupSeparator</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> t</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toFraction</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">j</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">q</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">q</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">q</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">j</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">j</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>,</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">isInt</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">lt</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">q</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">j</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">L</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">22</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">max denominator </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">out of range</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">not an integer</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">U</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gte</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">q</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> h</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toString</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">r</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">S</span><span>[</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">cmp</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">z</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">z</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">C</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">plus</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">times</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">cmp</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">plus</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">times</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">minus</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">times</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">C</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">minus</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">plus</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">times</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">plus</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">times</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">*=</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">C</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">k</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">minus</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">abs</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">cmp</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">C</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">k</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">minus</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>)</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">abs</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toString</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toString</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toString</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toString</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">z</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toNumber</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">toPower</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">pow</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">d</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">M</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">23</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">23</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">exponent</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-entity z-name">isFinite</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">/=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-entity z-name">parseFloat</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">NaN</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">Math</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">pow</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gt</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">q</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">isInt</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">gt</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">q</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">isInt</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">mod</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">J</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">p</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">J</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">q</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">times</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">break</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">mod</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">d</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">break</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">times</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">mod</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> n</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">q</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">div</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">mod</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-entity z-name">U</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">J</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">k</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toPrecision</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> F</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">24</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">precision</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">24</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toString</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-constant"> null</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">Infinity</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">-</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">NaN</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">r</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-entity z-name">H</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">2</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">64</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">25</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">base</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-entity z-name">D</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">l</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">B</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">$</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-entity z-name">f</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">l</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">-</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">truncated</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">trunc</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> U</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> E</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">valueOf</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">T</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toJSON</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-constant"> null</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toString</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">r</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">B</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">$</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-entity z-name">f</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">l</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">-</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">E</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">config</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">E</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> t</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> r</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>;</span><span class="z-constant">48</span><span class="z-keyword">===</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">charCodeAt</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> i</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">c</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-constant"> null</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> t</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> u</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> r</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">^</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> f</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">^</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> i</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">^</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> f</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">f</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">l</span><span class="z-keyword">^</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> o</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">t</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">c</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">>=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> u</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">[object Array]</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-support">Object</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">prototype</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">toString</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">call</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> s</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">t</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> r</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">s</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span>;</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">i</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">*=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">indexOf</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">charAt</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">u</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword"><</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span>)</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">-</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">/</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">o</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword">%=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> o</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">reverse</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> f</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">charAt</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">e</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">e+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> l</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> t</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">++</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">-=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">t</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">--</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">+=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">r</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> t</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">slice</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">n</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> c</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">e</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">parseFloat</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span class="z-keyword">></span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-entity z-name">p</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">d</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-storage z-type">var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> a</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">h</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">g</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">/</span><span class="z-keyword">^</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">-</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">(</span><span class="z-constant">\d</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">(</span><span class="z-constant z-character z-escape">\.</span><span class="z-constant">\d</span><span class="z-keyword">*</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">|</span><span class="z-constant z-character z-escape">\.</span><span class="z-constant">\d</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">)</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">(</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">e</span><span class="z-constant">[</span><span class="z-constant">+-</span><span class="z-constant">]</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-constant">\d</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-string z-regexp">)</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-keyword">$</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">/</span><span class="z-keyword">i</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">p</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">Math</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">ceil</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">d</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">Math</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">floor</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">m</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string"> not a boolean or binary digit</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">w</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">rounding mode</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">v</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">number type has more than 15 significant digits</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">N</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ$_</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">b</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1e14</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">O</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">14</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">y</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">9007199254740991</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">S</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">100</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1e3</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1e4</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1e5</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1e6</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1e7</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1e8</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1e9</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1e10</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1e11</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1e12</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1e13</span><span>]</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">R</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1e7</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">A</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-constant">1e9</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">undefined</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-keyword">typeof</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> crypto</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-variable z-other">crypto</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">function</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">==</span><span class="z-keyword">typeof</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> define</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-variable z-other">define</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">amd</span><span>)</span><span class="z-entity z-name">define</span><span>(</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">return</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> n</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">undefined</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-keyword">typeof</span><span class="z-support"> module</span><span class="z-keyword">&&</span><span class="z-support">module</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support">exports</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span class="z-keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-support">module</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support">exports</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">n</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword">try</span><span>{</span><span class="z-variable z-other">a</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">require</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">crypto</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">catch</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">E</span><span>)</span><span>{</span><span>}</span><span>}</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> e</span><span class="z-keyword">||</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">undefined</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword">!=</span><span class="z-keyword">typeof</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> self</span><span class="z-keyword">?</span><span class="z-variable z-other">self</span><span class="z-keyword">:</span><span class="z-entity z-name">Function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">return this</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">BigNumber</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-entity z-name">n</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>}</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-language">this</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span>/</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">script</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">style</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag"> body</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> font-family</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">HelveticaNeue-Light</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">Helvetica Neue Light</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">Helvetica Neue</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">Helvetica</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">Arial</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">Lucida Grande</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> sans-serif</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> background</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> #</span><span class="z-constant">E2E2E2</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag"> *</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag"> *</span><span class="z-entity">:</span><span class="z-entity">after</span><span>,</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag"> *</span><span class="z-entity">:</span><span class="z-entity">before</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> box-sizing</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> border-box</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> margin</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> padding</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity"> #</span><span class="z-entity">pleasewait</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> position</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> absolute</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> top</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> left</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> width</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 100</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> height</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 100</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> padding</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> margin</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity"> #</span><span class="z-entity">infomessage</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> text-align</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> center</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> font-size</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span class="z-keyword">rem</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> margin</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span class="z-constant"> 2</span><span class="z-keyword">rem</span><span class="z-constant"> 4.5</span><span class="z-keyword">rem</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity"> .</span><span class="z-entity">wrapper</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> background</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> #</span><span class="z-constant">E2E2E2</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> position</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> absolute</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> top</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> left</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> width</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 100</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> height</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 100</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> padding</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> margin</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> display</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant">none</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> text-align</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> center</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity"> .</span><span class="z-entity">title</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> text-align</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> center</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> font-size</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1.2</span><span class="z-keyword">rem</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> margin</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span class="z-keyword">rem</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span class="z-keyword">rem</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity"> .</span><span class="z-entity">message</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> text-align</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> center</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> font-size</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span class="z-keyword">rem</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> /*</span><span class="z-comment">margin: 0 2rem 4.5rem;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">*/</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity"> #</span><span class="z-entity">passwordField</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> text-align</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> center</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> font-size</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span class="z-keyword">rem</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> margin</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span class="z-keyword">rem</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span class="z-keyword">rem</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> /*</span><span class="z-comment">margin: 0 2rem 4.5rem;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment">*/</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity"> .</span><span class="z-entity">wrapper</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag"> button</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> background</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> transparent</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> border</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> none</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> color</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> #</span><span class="z-constant">1678E5</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> height</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 3</span><span class="z-keyword">rem</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> font-size</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span class="z-keyword">rem</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> width</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 50</span><span class="z-keyword">%</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> position</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> absolute</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> bottom</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> cursor</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> pointer</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity"> #</span><span class="z-entity">cancel-button</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> border-top</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span class="z-keyword">px</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> solid</span><span class="z-constant"> #</span><span class="z-constant">B4B4B4</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> border-right</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span class="z-keyword">px</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> solid</span><span class="z-constant"> #</span><span class="z-constant">B4B4B4</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> left</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> border-radius</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span class="z-constant"> 10</span><span class="z-keyword">px</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity"> #</span><span class="z-entity">confirm-button</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> border-top</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span class="z-keyword">px</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> solid</span><span class="z-constant"> #</span><span class="z-constant">B4B4B4</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> right</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> border-radius</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span class="z-constant"> 10</span><span class="z-keyword">px</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity"> .</span><span class="z-entity">wrapper</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag"> button</span><span class="z-entity">:</span><span class="z-entity">focus</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity"> .</span><span class="z-entity">wrapper</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag"> button</span><span class="z-entity">:</span><span class="z-entity">hover</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> font-weight</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> bold</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> background</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> #</span><span class="z-constant">EFEFEF</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity"> .</span><span class="z-entity">wrapper</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag"> button</span><span class="z-entity">:</span><span class="z-entity">active</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> background</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> #</span><span class="z-constant">D6D6D6</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity"> .</span><span class="z-entity">button</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> margin</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 1</span><span class="z-keyword">rem</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span class="z-keyword">rem</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> display</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> inline-block</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> padding</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 9</span><span class="z-keyword">px</span><span class="z-constant"> 15</span><span class="z-keyword">px</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> background-color</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> #</span><span class="z-constant">3898EC</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> color</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> white</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> border</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> line-height</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> inherit</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> text-decoration</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> none</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> cursor</span><span>:</span><span class="z-support z-constant"> pointer</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> border-radius</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag"> input</span><span class="z-entity">.</span><span class="z-entity">button</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-support"> -webkit-appearance</span><span>:</span><span> button</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span>/</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">style</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">body</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">div</span><span class="z-entity"> id</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">pleasewait</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">br</span><span>/></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">p</span><span class="z-entity"> id</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">infomessage</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>></span><span>Please wait...</span><span></</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">p</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> </</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">div</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">form</span><span class="z-entity"> id</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">form</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-entity"> class</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">wrapper</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">br</span><span>/></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">p</span><span class="z-entity"> id</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">message</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-entity"> class</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">message</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>></span><span></</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">p</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">p</span><span class="z-entity"> id</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">passwordField</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>></span><span><</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">label</span><span>></span><span>Password Required:</span><span></</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">label</span><span>></span><span><</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">input</span><span class="z-entity"> id</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">password</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-entity"> type</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">password</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span> /></span><span></</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">p</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">button</span><span class="z-entity"> id</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">cancel-button</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-entity"> type</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">button</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-entity"> autofocus</span><span>></span><span>Cancel</span><span></</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">button</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">button</span><span class="z-entity"> id</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">confirm-button</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-entity"> type</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">button</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span> ></span><span>Confirm</span><span></</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">button</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> </</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">form</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">div</span><span class="z-entity"> id</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">modal-dialog</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-entity"> class</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">wrapper</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">h3</span><span class="z-entity"> id</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">modal-dialog-title</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-entity"> class</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">title</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>></span><span>Title</span><span></</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">h3</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">p</span><span class="z-entity"> id</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">modal-dialog-message</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-entity"> class</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">message</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>></span><span>Message</span><span></</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">p</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">span</span><span class="z-entity"> id</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">modal-dialog-button</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-entity"> class</span><span>=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">button</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>></span><span>Ok</span><span></</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">span</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> </</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">div</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">script</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> noMessageReceivedYet</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> closedByCode</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> false</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> pleaseWait</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">getElementById</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">pleasewait</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> form</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">getElementById</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">form</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> cancelButton</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">getElementById</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">cancel-button</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> confirmButton</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">getElementById</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">confirm-button</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> message</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">getElementById</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">message</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> infoMessage</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">getElementById</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">infomessage</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> password</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">getElementById</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">password</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> passwordField</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">getElementById</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">passwordField</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> modalDialog</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">getElementById</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">modal-dialog</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> modalDialogButton</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">getElementById</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">modal-dialog-button</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> modalDialogTitle</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">getElementById</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">modal-dialog-title</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> modalDialogMessage</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">getElementById</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">modal-dialog-message</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> firstUrl</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> null</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> inIframe</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> source</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> null</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">opener</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> inIframe</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> false</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> source</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">opener</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">parent</span><span class="z-keyword"> !=</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> window</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> source</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">parent</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> console</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">log</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">closing</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">close</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> closeWindow</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> closedByCode</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">close</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> showWaiting</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">text</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">text</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> text</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Please wait...</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> infoMessage</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">innerHTML</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> text</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> pleaseWait</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">style</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">display</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">block</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> form</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">style</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">display</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">none</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> hideWaiting</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> pleaseWait</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">style</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">display</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">none</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> form</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">style</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">display</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">block</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">onbeforeunload</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> null</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> showMessage</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">title</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable"> message</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable"> callback</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable"> buttonText</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> modalDialog</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">style</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">display</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">block</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> modalDialogTitle</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">innerHTML</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> title</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> modalDialogMessage</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">innerHTML</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">typeof</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> message</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"> ==</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">string</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> modalDialogMessage</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">innerHTML</span><span class="z-keyword"> +=</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> message</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> modalDialogMessage</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">appendChild</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">message</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> modalDialogMessage</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">appendChild</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">createElement</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">br</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">buttonText</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> buttonText</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Ok</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> modalDialogButton</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">innerHTML</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> buttonText</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> modalDialogButton</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">onclick</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> modalDialogButton</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">onclick</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> null</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> modalDialog</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">style</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">display</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">none</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">callback</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> callback</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> hideMessage</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> modalDialog</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">style</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">display</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">none</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> modalDialogButton</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">onclick</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> null</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> sendAsync</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">url</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">payload</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable"> callback</span><span>)</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> request</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-keyword"> new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> XMLHttpRequest</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> request</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">open</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">POST</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> url</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant"> true</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> request</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">setRequestHeader</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">Content-Type</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">application/json</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> request</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">onreadystatechange</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable z-other">request</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">readyState</span><span class="z-keyword"> ===</span><span class="z-constant"> 4</span><span>)</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> result</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> request</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">responseText</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> error</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> null</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> try</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> result</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> JSON</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">parse</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">result</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword"> catch</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> message</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-keyword"> !</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">result</span><span class="z-keyword"> &&</span><span class="z-keyword"> !</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">result</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span class="z-keyword"> &&</span><span class="z-keyword"> !</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">result</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">message</span><span class="z-keyword"> ?</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> result</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">message</span><span class="z-keyword"> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> '</span><span class="z-string">Invalid JSON RPC response: </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant"> JSON</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">stringify</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">result</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> error</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> {</span><span>message</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">message</span><span>,</span><span>type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">JsonParse</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> callback</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> result</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> try</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> request</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">send</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other z-constant">JSON</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">stringify</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">payload</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword"> catch</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> callback</span><span>(</span><span>{</span><span>message</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">CONNECTION ERROR: Couldn</span><span class="z-constant">\'</span><span class="z-string">t connect to node </span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-keyword">+</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> url</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>,</span><span>type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">noConnection</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> addBlocky</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">message</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable"> address</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> icon</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> blockies</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">create</span><span>(</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> seed</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> address</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> size</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 8</span><span>,</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> scale</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant"> 6</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> message</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">appendChild</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">icon</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> askAuthorization</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">transactionInfo</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable"> data</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable"> requireUnlock</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable"> sourceWindow</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> value</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> transactionInfo</span><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">value</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword"> ?</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> transactionInfo</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">value</span><span class="z-keyword"> :</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> gasProvided</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> transactionInfo</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">gas</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> gasPriceProvided</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> transactionInfo</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">gasPrice</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> gasPrice</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-keyword"> new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> BigNumber</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">gasPriceProvided</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">16</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> gas</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-keyword"> new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> BigNumber</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">gasProvided</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">16</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> weiValue</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-keyword"> new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> BigNumber</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">value</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">16</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> gasWeiValue</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> gas</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">times</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">gasPrice</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> etherValue</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> weiValue</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">dividedBy</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> BigNumber</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">1000000000000000000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> gasEtherValue</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> gasWeiValue</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">dividedBy</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">new</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> BigNumber</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">1000000000000000000</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> hideWaiting</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> message</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">innerHTML</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> addBlocky</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">message</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">transactionInfo</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">from</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> span</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">createElement</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">span</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> span</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">style</span><span class="z-keyword">=</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">font-size:3em;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> span</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">innerHTML</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">&#x2192;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> message</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">appendChild</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">span</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> addBlocky</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">message</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">transactionInfo</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">to</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> message</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">appendChild</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">createElement</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">br</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> textSpan</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">createElement</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">span</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> message</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">appendChild</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">textSpan</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> textSpan</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">innerHTML</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> etherValue</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toFormat</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string"> ether <br/> + gas cost (</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> gasEtherValue</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">toFormat</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string"> ether )</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">requireUnlock</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> passwordField</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">style</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">display</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">block</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> passwordField</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">style</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">display</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">none</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> cancelButton</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">onclick</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> sourceWindow</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">postMessage</span><span>(</span><span>{</span><span>id</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">id</span><span>,</span><span>result</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>,</span><span>error</span><span>:</span><span>{</span><span>message</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">Not Authorized</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span>type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">cancel</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">firstUrl</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> closeWindow</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> submitFunc</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">onbeforeunload</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span> (</span><span class="z-variable">event</span><span>)</span><span> {</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">closedByCode</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">do not close now as a transaction is progress, this cannot be canceled and we wait for an answer</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">requireUnlock</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">password</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">value</span><span class="z-keyword"> ==</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> password</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">style</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">border</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">2px solid red</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-constant"> false</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> password</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">style</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">border</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">none</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> params</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> [</span><span class="z-variable z-other">transactionInfo</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">from</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">password</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">value</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">3</span><span>]</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> showWaiting</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">Please wait...<br/>Do not close the window.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> sendAsync</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">url</span><span>,</span><span>{</span><span>id</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">999992</span><span>,</span><span>method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">personal_unlockAccount</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span>params</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">params</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">error</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">result</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span class="z-keyword"> ||</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> result</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> showMessage</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">Error unlocking account</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Please retry.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> hideWaiting</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> sendAsync</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">url</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">payload</span><span>,</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">error</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">result</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> sourceWindow</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">postMessage</span><span>(</span><span>{</span><span>id</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">id</span><span>,</span><span>result</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">result</span><span>,</span><span>error</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">firstUrl</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> closeWindow</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> sendAsync</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">url</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">payload</span><span>,</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">error</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">result</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">result</span><span class="z-keyword"> &&</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> result</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> processMessage</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">sourceWindow</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> sourceWindow</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">postMessage</span><span>(</span><span>{</span><span>id</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">id</span><span>,</span><span>result</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">result</span><span>,</span><span>error</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">firstUrl</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> closeWindow</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> showWaiting</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-constant"> false</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> form</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">onsubmit</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> submitFunc</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> confirmButton</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">onclick</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> submitFunc</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> needToAndCanUnlockAccount</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">address</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">url</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">callback</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> sendAsync</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">url</span><span>,</span><span>{</span><span>id</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">9999990</span><span>,</span><span>method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_sign</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span>params</span><span>:</span><span>[</span><span class="z-variable z-other">address</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">0xc6888fa8d57087278718986382264244252f8d57087278718986382264244252f</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">error</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">result</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span class="z-keyword"> ||</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> result</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> sendAsync</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">url</span><span>,</span><span>{</span><span>id</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">9999991</span><span>,</span><span>method</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">personal_listAccounts</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span>params</span><span>:</span><span>[</span><span>]</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">error</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">result</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span class="z-keyword"> ||</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> result</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> callback</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">true</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">false</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> callback</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">true</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">true</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> callback</span><span>(</span><span class="z-constant">false</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> receiveMessage</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">event</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">event</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">source</span><span class="z-keyword"> !=</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> source</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">firstUrl</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">firstUrl</span><span class="z-keyword"> !=</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> event</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">origin</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> firstUrl</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> event</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">origin</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> hideMessage</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> noMessageReceivedYet</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> false</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> data</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> event</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> try</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> processMessage</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">event</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">source</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword">catch</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">e</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> event</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">source</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">postMessage</span><span>(</span><span>{</span><span>id</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">id</span><span>,</span><span>result</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>,</span><span>error</span><span>:</span><span>{</span><span>message</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">Could not process message data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span>type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">notValid</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">firstUrl</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> showMessage</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">Error</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">The application has sent invalid data</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> closeWindow</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> allowedMethods</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span> [</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">web3_clientVersion</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">web3_sha3</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">net_version</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">net_peerCount</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">net_listening</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_protocolVersion</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_syncing</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_coinbase</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_mining</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_hashrate</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_gasPrice</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_accounts</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_blockNumber</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getBalance</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getStorageAt</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getTransactionCount</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getBlockTransactionCountByHash</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getBlockTransactionCountByNumber</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getUncleCountByBlockHash</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getUncleCountByBlockNumber</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getCode</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_sendRawTransaction</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_call</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_estimateGas</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getBlockByHash</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getBlockByNumber</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getTransactionByHash</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getTransactionByBlockHashAndIndex</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getTransactionByBlockNumberAndIndex</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getTransactionReceipt</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getUncleByBlockHashAndIndex</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getUncleByBlockNumberAndIndex</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getCompilers</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_compileLLL</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_compileSolidity</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_compileSerpent</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_newFilter</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_newBlockFilter</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_newPendingTransactionFilter</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_uninstallFilter</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getFilterChanges</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getFilterLogs</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getLogs</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_getWork</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_submitWork</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">eth_submitHashrate</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> ,"shh_post"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> ,"shh_version"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> ,"shh_newIdentity"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> ,"shh_hasIdentity"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> ,"shh_newGroup"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> ,"shh_addToGroup"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> ,"shh_newFilter"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> ,"shh_uninstallFilter"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> ,"shh_getFilterChanges"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment"> //</span><span class="z-comment"> ,"shh_getMessages"</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> ]</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> isMethodAllowed</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">method</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> return</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> allowedMethods</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">indexOf</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">method</span><span>)</span><span class="z-keyword"> !=</span><span class="z-keyword"> -</span><span class="z-constant">1</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> processMessage</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">data</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable"> sourceWindow</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">inIframe</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-entity z-name">isMethodAllowed</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">payload</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">method</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> sendAsync</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">url</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">payload</span><span>,</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">error</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">result</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> sourceWindow</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">postMessage</span><span>(</span><span>{</span><span>id</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">id</span><span>,</span><span>result</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">result</span><span>,</span><span>error</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">error</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">firstUrl</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> sourceWindow</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">postMessage</span><span>(</span><span>{</span><span>id</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">id</span><span>,</span><span>result</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>,</span><span>error</span><span>:</span><span>{</span><span>message</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">method (</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">payload</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">method</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">) not allowed in iframe</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span>type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">notAllowed</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">firstUrl</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">payload</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">method</span><span class="z-keyword"> ==</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">eth_sendTransaction</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> transactionInfo</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-constant"> null</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">payload</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">params</span><span>.</span><span class="z-support z-variable">length</span><span class="z-keyword"> ></span><span class="z-constant"> 0</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">payload</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">params</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">gas</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword"> &&</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">payload</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">params</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">gasPrice</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword"> &&</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">payload</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">params</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">to</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span class="z-keyword"> &&</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">payload</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">params</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">from</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>]</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> transactionInfo</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">payload</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">params</span><span>[</span><span class="z-constant">0</span><span>]</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">transactionInfo</span><span class="z-keyword"> !=</span><span class="z-constant"> null</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> needToAndCanUnlockAccount</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">transactionInfo</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">from</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">url</span><span>,</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable">requireUnlock</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable">canUnlock</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">requireUnlock</span><span class="z-keyword"> &&</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> canUnlock</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> askAuthorization</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">transactionInfo</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">true</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> sourceWindow</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-keyword">!</span><span class="z-variable z-other">requireUnlock</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> askAuthorization</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">transactionInfo</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">false</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">sourceWindow</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">requireUnlock</span><span class="z-keyword"> &&</span><span class="z-keyword"> !</span><span class="z-variable z-other">canUnlock</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> messageHtml</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">createElement</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">span</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> addBlocky</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">messageHtml</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">transactionInfo</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">from</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> messageHtml</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">appendChild</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">createElement</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">br</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>)</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> var</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> span</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> document</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">createElement</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span class="z-string">span</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">'</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> span</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">innerHTML</span><span class="z-keyword"> =</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">You need to unlock your account first : <br/></span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> transactionInfo</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">from</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> messageHtml</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">appendChild</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">span</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> showMessage</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">Account Locked</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">messageHtml</span><span>,</span><span class="z-storage z-type">function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> processMessage</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">sourceWindow</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">Done</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> sourceWindow</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">postMessage</span><span>(</span><span>{</span><span>id</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">id</span><span>,</span><span>result</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>,</span><span>error</span><span>:</span><span>{</span><span>message</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">Need to specify from , to, gas and gasPrice</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span>type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">notValid</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">firstUrl</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> closeWindow</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span class="z-keyword">else</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> sourceWindow</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">postMessage</span><span>(</span><span>{</span><span>id</span><span>:</span><span class="z-variable z-other">data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">id</span><span>,</span><span>result</span><span>:</span><span class="z-constant">null</span><span>,</span><span>error</span><span>:</span><span>{</span><span>message</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">method (</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> data</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">payload</span><span>.</span><span class="z-variable z-other">method</span><span class="z-keyword"> +</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string"> "</span><span class="z-string">) not allowed in popup</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span>type</span><span>:</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">notAllowed</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>}</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other">firstUrl</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span> </span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span class="z-entity z-name"> checkMessageNotReceived</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">noMessageReceivedYet</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> showMessage</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">Error</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">No transaction received. Please make sure popup are not blocked.</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-storage z-type"> function</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> closeWindow</span><span>(</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-entity z-name"> setTimeout</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">checkMessageNotReceived</span><span>,</span><span class="z-constant">1000</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> window</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">addEventListener</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">message</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-variable z-other"> receiveMessage</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-keyword"> if</span><span>(</span><span class="z-variable z-other">source</span><span>)</span><span>{</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span class="z-variable z-other"> source</span><span>.</span><span class="z-entity z-name">postMessage</span><span>(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">ready</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>,</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span class="z-string">*</span><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string">"</span><span>)</span><span>;</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> }</span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> <</span><span>/</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">script</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span> </</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">body</span><span>></span></span>
<span class="giallo-l"><span></</span><span class="z-entity z-name z-tag">html</span><span>></span></span></code></pre><h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://wg-eips.ritovision.com/license/">CC0</a>.</p>
Renaming SUICIDE opcode2015-11-22T00:00:00+00:002026-02-11T14:49:27+00:00Hudson Jamesonhudson@hudsonjameson.comhttps://wg-eips.ritovision.com/6/<h3 id="abstract">Abstract</h3>
<p>The solution proposed in this EIP is to change the name of the <code>SUICIDE</code> opcode in Ethereum programming languages with <code>SELFDESTRUCT</code>.</p>
<h3 id="motivation">Motivation</h3>
<p>Mental health is a very real issue for many people and small notions can make a difference. Those dealing with loss or depression would benefit from not seeing the word suicide in our programming languages. By some estimates, 350 million people worldwide suffer from depression. The semantics of Ethereum's programming languages need to be reviewed often if we wish to grow our ecosystem to all types of developers.</p>
<p>An Ethereum security audit commissioned by DEVolution, GmbH and <a rel="external" href="https://github.com/LeastAuthority/ethereum-analyses/blob/master/README.md">performed by Least Authority</a> recommended the following:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Replace the instruction name "suicide" with a less connotative word like "self-destruct", "destroy", "terminate", or "close", especially since that is a term describing the natural conclusion of a contract.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The primary reason for us to change the term suicide is to show that people matter more than code and Ethereum is a mature enough of a project to recognize the need for a change. Suicide is a heavy subject and we should make every effort possible to not affect those in our development community who suffer from depression or who have recently lost someone to suicide. Ethereum is a young platform and it will cause less headaches if we implement this change early on in its life.</p>
<h3 id="implementation">Implementation</h3>
<p><code>SELFDESTRUCT</code> is added as an alias of <code>SUICIDE</code> opcode (rather than replacing it).
https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/commit/a8736b7b271dac117f15164cf4d2dfabcdd2c6fd
https://github.com/ethereum/serpent/commit/1106c3bdc8f1bd9ded58a452681788ff2e03ee7c</p>